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GEO  LOGIT 


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GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


FINAL  REPORT 


OF  THE. 


STATE  GEOLOGI  ST. 


YOL.  I. 


TOPOGRAPHY, 

MAGNETISM. 

CLIMATE.. 


TRENTON,  N.  J.  : 

Printed  by  The  John  L.  Murphy  Publishing  Company. 
1888. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/topographymagnet1188cook 


BOARD  OF  MANAGERS. 


His  Excellency  Robert  S.  Green,  Governor  and  ex-officio 

President  of  the  Board. Trenton. 

I.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

♦Charles  E.  Elmer,  Esq Bridgeton. 

Hon.  Clement  H.  Sinnickson Salem. 

II.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

|Hon.  William  Parry Parry. 

Hon.  H.  S.  Little Trenton. 

III.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Henry  Aitkin,  Esq Elizabeth. 

Hon.  Wm.  H.  Hendrickson Middletown. 

IV.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Selden  T.  Scranton,  Esq Oxford. 

Hon.  Thomas  Lawrence Hamburg. 

V.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Hon.  Augustus  W.  Cutler ...  Morristown. 

George  Richards,  Esq Dover. 

VI.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

W illiam  M.  Force,  Esq Newark. 

Thomas  T.  Kinney,  Esq Newark. 

vii.  congressional  district. 

Lebbeus  B.  Ward,  C.E Jersey  City. 

Rev.  Samuel  B.  Dod... Hoboken. 

GEO.  H.  COOK, 

State  Geologist. 

* Died  October  20th,  1888.  t Died  February  28th,  1888. 

(iii) 


) 


New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  October  10th,  1888. 

To  His  Excellency  Robert  S.  Green,  Governor  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey , and  ex-officio  President  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey : 

Sir — I have  the  honor  herewith  to  submit  the  first  volume  of  my 
final  report  as  State  Geologist.  It  contains  an  account  of  the  Geodesy, 
Topography,  Magnetism  and  Climate  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

With  high  respect, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

GEO.  H.  COOK, 

State  Geologist. 


(v) 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

I.  Introduction 1-9 

Governors  of  New  Jersey  since  1864 4-5 

Members  of  Board  of  Managers 5-6 

Assistants  in  Surveying 6-8 

Titles  of  Maps 9 

II.  Geodetic  Survey 10-38 

Reconnoissance 10-11 

Triangulation 11-12 

Office  Work 12-13 

Monuments 13 

Geographical  Positions 14-38 

III.  Physical  Description 39-199 

Geographical  Position 39 

Boundaries 40-89 

Territorial  Boundaries 41-43 

Limits  of  Jurisdiction.. 43-44 

Northern  Boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  New 

York 44-73 

Eastern  Boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  New 

York 73-81 

Boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  Delaware 81-84 

Boundary  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 84-89 

Political  Divisions  and  Areas 89-112 

East  and  West  New  Jersey 89-91 

Formation  of  Counties 91-93 

Areas 93-112 

Summary  of  Areas 94 

Areas  by  Counties 95 

Townships. 96-108 

of  Lakes  and  Ponds 109-111 

Tidal  Waters 111-112 

Topographical  Description 112-187 

Effect  of  Glacial  Action  on  the  Topography 116-117 

Minisink  Valley 117-119 

Kittatinny  Mountain 120-122 

Kittatinny  Valley 122-132 

The  Highlands 132-135 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


Physical  Description — Continued.  page. 

Hudson  Range 135 

Wanaque  Valley 135-136 

Passaic  Range 136-140 

German-Longwood  Valley... 140-143 

Central  Highland  Plateau 143-147 

Sparta  and  Musconetcong  Valleys 147-148 

Alamuche-Pohatcong  Range 149-150 

Pohatcong  Valley 150-151 

Scott’s  Mountain 151-152 

Red  Sandstone  Plain 152-153 

Watchung  Mountains  and  Passaic  Valley... 153-161 

Palisades  Mountain 161-162 

Hackensack  Valley 162-164 

Valley  of  the  Raritan 164-167 

West  Hunterdon  Sandstone  Plateau 167 

Sourland  Mountain 167-169 

Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Plain 169-172 

Clay  and  Marl  Region 172-173 

The  Pine  Plains 173-178 

Tidal  Plain 178-187 

Elevations  of  Tide-Marsh,  High,  Mean  and  Low 

Water 133-187 

Drainage  Systems  and  Public  Water-Supply 188-199 

Areas  of  Water-Sheds 190-195 

Water- Power 195-198 

Water-Supply 198-199 

IV.  Population 200-230 

Population  at  Different  Periods 202 

Elements  of  the  Population 203-205 

Movement  of  Population 205-206 

Analysis  of  Growth  by  Counties 207 

Causes  of  Increase. 208 

Population  of  Towns  and  Cities 209-210 

Distribution  of  the  Population 211-213 

Occupations 213-216 

Census  of  1885 216-230 

V.  Bench-Marks 231-297 

Descriptions  and  Elevations  of  Bench-Marks 231-275 

Elevations  of  Prominent  Points 275-297 

VI.  Magnetic  Survey 298-324 

Collection  of  Magnetic  Declinations 301-317 

Magnetic  Dips  and  Intensities 318-319 

Decennial  Values  of  Magnetic  Declinations... 319-321 

Solar  Diurnal  Variation 321-322 

Magnetic  Disturbances  and  Storms 322-323 

Imperfections  cf  Needle  Instruments 323-421 


CONTENTS.  ix 

PAGE. 

VII.  Climatology 325-421 

Introduction 325-326 

Temperature 326-354 

Highlands  and  Kittatinny  Valley 331-336 

Red  Sandstone  Plain 337-342 

Southern  Interior. 342-347 

Atlantic  Coast,  or  Seashore  Belt 347-354 

Winds 354-359 

Sea  Breezes 356-359 

Barometric  Pressure,  Weight  of  the  Atmosphere 359-362 

Relative  Humidity 360-362 

Atmospheric  Precipitation 362-378 

Rain  and  Snow 362-373 

Extreme  Precipitation  and  Droughts 373-377 

Snow 377-378 

Sanitary  Relations 378-379 

Permanency  of  Climate 379-383 

Historical  Notes  of  Climate  and  Weather  Phenomena 383-387 

Tables  of  Temperature,  Rainfall,  etc 388-402 

Chronological  Notes  of  the  Weather 403-412 

Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  Hudson  River 413-416 

Dates  of  Closing  of  Navigation  on  the  Delaware  River....  417 

Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on  Delaware 

and  Raritan  Canal 418-419 

Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on  Morris 

Canal  420 

First-Frost  Notes 421 


MAPS  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE. 

The  Map  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  on  a scale  of  5 miles  to  an 
inch.  It  shows  the  boundaries  of  all  the  counties  and  town- 
ships, all  county  seats,  post-offices,  cities,  towns  and  villages, 
by  different  styles  of  type.;  all  railroads  and  common  roads, 
and  the  natural  features  of  streams  and  bodies  of  water,  marsh 
and  upland In  first  pocket. 

A Relief  Map  of  New  Jersey,  on  a scale  of  5 miles  to  an  inch.  This 
map  is  printed  in  9 shades  of  color,  to  show  lands  less  than  50 
feet  above  sea-level,  those  between  50  and  100,  those  between 
100  and  200,  between  200  and  300,  between  300  and  500,  between 
500  and  700,  between  700  and  1,000,  between  1,000  and  1,500, 
and  above  1,500;  also,  elevations  of  hill  and  mountain  sum- 
mits. It  also  shows  ponds,  lakes,  streams  and  drainage  areas. 

Also,  the  location  of  railroad  lines,  with  their  stations 

In  pocket  at  end  of  book. 


An  Old  Map  of  New  Jersey,  of  about  a.  d.  1650 42 

Maps  showing  county  divisions  of  New  Jersey  at  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth and  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century 92 

I*ogonic  Chart  of  New  Jersey facing  324 

Mean  Annual  Curves  of  Temperature 329 


Curves  of  Secular  Change  in  the  Mean  Annual  Temperature, 


381 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  is  the  first  volume  of  the  final  report  upon  the  Geological 
Survey  of  New  Jersey.  The  Survey  was  authorized  by  the  act  of 
the  Legislature  passed  March  30th,  1864,  entitled  “An  act  to  com- 
plete* the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State/’ f Under  this  act  and  its 

*Prof.  Henry  D.  Rogers  made  a Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey  in  1836-40,  and 
published  his  first  report  in  the  former  year,  and  his  final  report  in  the  latter  year. 
Dr.  William  Kitchell  began  a Geological  Survey  of  the  State  in  1854,  which  was 
continued  through  1855  and  1856,  and  reports  of  its  progress  were  published  for  each 
of  those  years,  but  the  work  was  suspended  at  the  end  of  that  period. 

f “An  xIct  to  complete  the  geological  survey  of  the  state.” 

“Whereas,  The  senate  and  general  assembly  of  the  state,  by  an  act  passed  March 
second,  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-four,  authorized  a geological  survey  of  the  state  to 
be  made,  which  survey  was  subsequently  suspended  by  the  state ; and  whereas,  the 
state  agricultural  society,  under  the  authority  granted  to  it  by  the  act  of  February 
twenty-fifth,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-three,  has  shown  a laudable  zeal  in  continu- 
ing the  said  survey ; and  whereas,  it  appears  by  the  report  of  Robert  C.  Bacot  and 
Jacob  Herbert  (committee  of  the  legislature),  made  March  eleventh,  eighteen  hftm- 
dred  and  fifty-seven,  that  of  the  former  appropriations  made  by  the  state  there  was, 
at  that  date,  an  unexpended  balance  amounting  to  eight  thousand  and  ninety-seven 
dollars  and  thirty-one  cents,  which  balance  still  remains  to  the  credit  of  that  account ; 
and  whereas,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  state  to  develop  and  render  available  to  the  fullest 
extent  the  facts  relative  to  its  great  natural  resources,  as  also  of  its  agricultural,  min- 
ing, mechanical  and  other  industrial  interests  ; therefore, 

“1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
That  the  duty  of  completing  the  said  survey  be  and  is  hereby  resumed  by  the  state, 
said  survey  to  be  completed  within  a period  not  to  exceed  four  years,  and  at  an  ex- 
pense not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  aside  from  the  cost  of  publi- 
cation, and  all  laws  conferring  on  the  state  agricultural  society  authority  to  continue 
the  survey,  or  transferring  to  it  the  state  property  used  by  the  survey,  be  and  the 
same  are  hereby  repealed. 

“2.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  of  which  the  un- 
expended balance  of  former  appropriations  shall  be  part,  be  and  is  hereby  appropri- 
ated to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

“3.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  appointment  of  George  H.  Cook,  by  the  state  agri- 
cultural society,  is  approved  of,  and  that  the  said  George  H.  Cook  is  hereby  appointed 

A 


2 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


several  supplements,  the  Survey  has  been  continued  to  the  present 
time.  A general  report  on  the  “Geology  of  New  Jersey”  was 
published  in  1868,  in  an  8vo.  of  xxiv.  and  900  pages,  with  port- 
folio of  8 maps.  Yearly  reports  of  its  progress  have  been  made  to 
the  Governor,  and  have  been  printed  in  liberal  editions  by  the  Legis- 
lature, and  have  been  widely  distributed  among  our  citizens.  The 
annual  reports  have  been  somewhat  miscellaneous  in  the  subjects  dis- 
cussed, being  directed  in  some  measure  by  the  wants  of  the  people 
for  their  industrial  and  economic  interests.  The  various  branches  of 
the  Survey  have,  however,  been  kept  advancing,  and  now  that  the 
Geodetic  and  Topographic  Surveys  of  the  State  are  completed,  the 
final  report  of  the  Geography  of  New  Jersey  is  presented  in  this 
volume. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Survey  no  such  work  as  is  here  given 
entered  into  our  plans.  But  as  the  successive  reports  appeared,  and 
as  the  attempts  at  descriptive  geology  were  made,  it  became  apparent 
that  for  the  study  and  preparation  of  useful  geological  reports  it  was 
necessary  to  have  accurate  maps — maps  which  would  show  the  loca- 
tion of  all  the  important  geographical  points,  and  also  the  outlines 

state  geologist,  with  authority  to  receive  from  the  state  agricultural  society  the  state 
property  used  by  the  survey,  and  employ,  control  and  use  the  same ; to  employ  such 
assistant  or  assistants  as  shall  seem  to  him  necessary  for  the  proper  prosecution  of  the 
survey  ; and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  George  H.  Cook  and  the  person  or  persons 
employed  by  him,  to  enter,  without  molestation,  upon  any  lands  in  this  state  which 
he  or  they  may  deem  necessary  to  further  the  object  of  the  said  survey ; and  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  state  geologist,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  January  of  each  year, 
to  furnish  to  the  president  of  a board  of  managers  (hereinafter  to  be  created)  a de- 
tailed statement  of  his  expenditures,  with  the  vouchers  therefor,  and  also  a report  of 
his  operations  for  the  preceding  year. 

“ 4.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  to  promote  the  objects  which  this  act  has  in  view,  there 
shall  be  a board  of  managers  of  the  same,  to  consist  of  eleven  members,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  the  governor  of  the  state,  who  also  shall  be  president  of  the  board,  and  two 
members  from  each  of  the  five  congressional  districts  of  the  state ; and  the  state  geolo- 
gist shall  make  his  annual  report  to  the  president,  who  shall  appoint  from  the  mem- 
bers of  the  board  a committee  to  examine  the  annual  accounts  of  expenditure,  and 
the  president  shall  submit  the  same  and  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  survey  at  the 
first  following  session  of  the  legislature ; and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  president  and 
board  of  managers,  or  a majority  of  them,  to  make  yearly  agreements  with  the  state 
geologist  as  to  his  own  and  the  salaries  of  his  assistant  or  assistants,  but  such  tempo- 
rary assistance  as  may  be  needed,  the  purchase  of  the  necessary  implements  and 
materials,  the  means  necessary  for  transportation  and  all  other  incidental  expenses 
shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  state  geologist;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  board,  in  addition  to  those  already  specified,  to  furnish  from  time  to  time 
to  the  state  geologist,  any  and  all  information  which  will  contribute  to  the  more  full 


INTRODUCTION. 


3 


and  elevations  of  the  hills  and  valleys,  and  their  heights  above  the 
sea  level.  There  were  no  such  maps  of  New  Jersey  in  existence,  nor, 
indeed,  of  any  others  of  the  United  States.  In  the  first  attempts  to 
prepare  such  it  was  considered  doubtful  whether  the  expense  could 
properly  be  incurred,  but  when  they  were  issued  the  approval  they 
met,  both  from  the  people  and  the  Legislature,  gave  assurance  that 
they  supplied  a felt  want.  Since  that  time  the  various  surveys  and 
explorations  needed  for  the  maps  have  been  carried  forward  with  all 
the  accuracy  that  was  deemed  necessary  for  the  end  in  view,  and 
some  of  those  first  made  have  been  revised  and  brought  up  to  the 
present  time. 

Several  circumstances  have  favored  the  prosecution  of  the  Survey 
and  have  served  to  render  its  expenses  less  burdensome.  The  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  which  is  carried  on  at  the  expense 
of  the  general  government,  has  authority  to  assist  States  which  are 
conducting  Geological  or  Topographical  Surveys,  by  furnishing  them 
with  the  exact  latitude  and  longitude  of  numerous  points  within  the 
State,  and  in  that  way  providing  for  the  proper  location  upon  the 


and  complete  development  of  the  facts  relating  to  the  agricultural,  mining,  mechani- 
cal and  other  industrial  interests  of  the  state. 

“ 5.  And  be  it  enacted , That  the  governor  of  the  state  is  hereby  authorized,  by  his 
draft  in  favor  of  the  state  geologist,  to  draw  on  the  treasurer  of  the  state  for  such  sum 
or  sums  of  money  as  may  be  called  for  by  thfe  state  geologist ; provided,  the  several 
sums  so  called  for  shall  not  in  any  one  year  exceed  the  one-fourth  part  of  the  appro- 
priation made  in  section  two  of  this  act,  to  wit,  twenty  thousand  dollars. 

“ 6.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  state  geologist  to  take  from  the 
first  yearly  installment  a sum  not  to  exceed  five  hundred  dollars,  to  reimburse  himself 
for  the  expenses  incurred  in  prosecuting  the  survey  the  past  year. 

“ 7.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  board  created  by  this  act  shall  be  a committee  of 
publication,  with  authority  to  print  and  publish  the  annual  and  final  reports  of  the 
state  geologist,  and  also  to  direct  the  distribution  of  suites  of  the  geological,  miner- 
alogical  and  other  specimens  collected  in  the  survey,  to  such  literary,  scientific  and 
other  institutions  as  will  best  conduce  to  the  interests  of  the  citizens  of  the  state. 

“ 8.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  the  following-named  persons  are  hereby  appointed  and 
shall  constitute  the  board  of  managers  of  the  geological  survey  of  the  state,  viz. : pres- 
ident, Joel  Parker;  managers,  David  Potter,  of  Cumberland;  Andrew  K.  Hay,  of 
Camden,  in  the  first  district;  William  Parry,  of  Burlington;  John  A.  Roebling,  of 
Mercer,  in  the  second  district;  Isaac  R.  Cornell,  of  Somerset;  Henry  Aitkin,  of 
Union,  in  the  third  district ; Abraham  S.  Hewitt,  of  Passaic ; Andrew  B.  Cobb, 
of  Morris,  in  the  fourth  district;  William  M.  Force,  of  Essex;  J.  R.  Wortendyke, 
of  Hudson,  in  the  fifth  district ; and  power  is  hereby  given  to  the  said  board,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  to  fill  any  vacancies  which  may  occur. 

“9.  And  be  it  enacted,  That  this  shall  take  effect  immediately. 

“Approved  March  30,  1864.” 


4 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


map  of  all  minor  and  more  detailed  surveys.  This  work  has  been 
continued  from  year  to  year  till  the  whole  State  is  covered  with  their 
net-work  of  triangles,  in  which  the  geographical  position  of  each 
angle  has  been  computed  with  so  much  care  that  there  cannot  be  an 
error  in  their  locations  of  more  than  a few  inches.  This  work,  so 
essential  to  the  accurate  drawing  of  reliable  maps,  has  been  done 
without  expense  to  the  State. 

When  the  Topographic  Survey  was  about  half  done  at  the  expense 
of  the  State,  the  further  expense  of  completing  the  work  was  assumed 
by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  This  arrangement  greatly 
relieved  the  funds  of  the  Survey,  and  facilitated  the  early  completion 
of  the  topographic  work.  This  joining  of  the  two  Surveys  was 
profitable  for  the  United  States,  in  that  it  furnished  the  materials  for 
a complete  map  of  the  State,  at  half  its  cost,  and  to  the  State  it  be- 
came a relief  to  its  finances.  The  work  was  done  under  the  direction 
of  the  State  Geologist,  and  the  methods  which  were  adopted  at  first 
were  continued  throughout,  and  the  assistants  who  were  engaged  in 
the  work  for  the  State  continued  on  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
until  the  whole  was  done  ; and  at  the  end,  both  Surveys  were  supplied 
with  copies  of  all  the  field-notes  taken,  and  all  the  maps  drawn. 

A further  advantage  has  come  to  the  Survey  from  the  long-contin- 
ued tidal  observations  made  at  Sandy  Hook  by  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  These  observations  gave  the  mean  level 
of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  furnished  a datum  plane  of  reference  to 
which  all  the  elevations  could  be  referred,  and  which  are  so  referred 
to  on  all  the  maps. 

The  Survey,  in  its  progress,  has  received  the  hearty  support  of  the 
successive  Governors  of  the  State  who  have  held  office  since  1864,  viz., 
Governors  Parker,  Ward,  Randolph,  Parker,  Bedle,  McClellan,  Lud- 
low, Abbett  and  Green. 

The  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Survey  have  given  to  it  their  strong 
support  and  their  active  interest  in  all  its  affairs. 


Governors  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  and  Ex-officio  Presidents  or  the  Board  of  managers 
SINCE  THE  PASSAGE  OF  “AN  ACT  TO  COMPLETE  THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  STATE." 


Joel  Parker 

Marcus  L.  Ward 

Theodore  F.  Randolph 

Joel  Parker 

Joseph  D.  Bedle 

George  B.  McClellan.... 


1864  to  1866. 
1866  to  1869. 
1869  to  1872. 
1872  to  1875. 
1875  to  1878. 
1878  to  1881. 


INTRODUCTION. 


5 


George  C.  Ludlow 1881  to  1884. 

Leon  Abbett ;. 1884  to  1887. 

Robert  S.  Green 1887  to  18 — . 

Original  List  of  Members  of  the  Board  of  Managers. 

I.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Gen.  David  Potter.  Hon.  Andrew  K.  Hay. 

II.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

William  Parry.  John  A.  Roebling. 

III.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Isaac.  R.  Cornell.  Henry  Aitkin. 

IV.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Hon.  Andrew  B.  Cobb.  Hon.  Abram  S.  Hewitt. 

V.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

William  M.  Force.  J.  R.  Wortendyke. 

Full  List  of  Members  of  the  Board  of  Managers .* 

I.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Gen.  David  Potter,  Bridgeton. 1864.  Deceased,  1865. 

Hon.  Andrew  K.  Hay,  Winslow 1864.  Deceased,  1881. 

Hon.  Robert  Matlack,  Woodbury 1865.  Deceased,  1867. 

Charles  E.  Elmer,  Bridgeton 1867. 

Hon.  Clement  H.  Sinnickson,  Salem 1881. 

II.  congressional  district. 

HonAViLLiAM  Parry,  Cinnaminson. 1864.  Deceased,  1888. 

John  A.  Roebling,  Esq.,  Trenton 1864.  Deceased,  1869. 

Hon.  H.  S.  Little,  Trenton 1869. 

III.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Isaac  R.  Cornell,  Esq.,  Weston 1864.  Resigned,  1866. 

Henry  Aitkin,  Esq.,  Elizabeth  1864. 

Selden  T.  Scranton,  Esq.,  Oxford 1866.  1875. 

Dr.  John  Yought,  Freehold 1875.  Deceased,  1882. 

Hon.  Wm.  H.  Hendrickson,  Middletown 1882. 

iv.  congressional  district. 

Hon.  Andrew  B.  Cobb 1864.  Deceased,  1872. 

Hon.  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Ringwood 1864.  Resigned,  1874. 

Hon.  Augustus  W.  Cutler,  Morristown 1872.  1875. 


*In  1875,  the  number  of  Congressional  Districts  in  the  State  was  changed  from  five 
to  seven,  making  necessary  the  appointment  of  four  new  members  to  the  Board,  and 
some  changes  in  the  distribution  of  the  members. 


6 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Col.  Benj.  Aycrigg,  Passaic 1874.  1875. 

Hon.  Thomas  Lawrence,  Hamburg 1875. 

Selden  T.  Scranton,  Esq.,  Oxford 1875. 

Y.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

William  M.  Force,  Esq.,  Newark 1864.  1875. 

J.  R.  Wortendyke,  Esq.,  Jersey  City 1864.  Deceased,  1869. 

Hon.  Joseph  P.  Bradley 1869.  Resigned,  1870. 

Thomas  T.  Kinney,  Esq.,  Newark 1870.  1875.. 

Hon.  Augustus  W.  Cutler,  Morristown 1875. 

Col.  Benj.  Aycrigg,  Passaic 1875.  . Resigned,  1885. 

George  Richards,  Esq.,  Dover 1885. 

VI.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

William  M.  Force,  Esq.,  Newark. 1875. 

Thomas  T.  Kinney,  Esq.,  Newark 1875. 

VII.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT. 

Benj.  G.  Clark,  Esq 1875.  1885.. 

Wm.  W.  Shippen,  Esq 1875.  Deceased,  1885. 

Lebbeus  B.  Ward,  C.E.,  Jersey  City 1885. 

Rev.  Samuel  B.  Dod,  Hoboken 1885. 


The  legislation  needed  for  the  establishment  and  continuance  of 
the  Survey  has  been  promptly  given,  and  to  the  full  extent  that  has 
been  asked,  and  with  practically  unanimous  votes. 

With  all  these  circumstances  in  its  favor,  the  work  has  been  com- 
paratively  easy  and  pleasant. 

Of  those  who  have  taken  part  in  carrying  out  the  details  of  this 
Survey,  it  is  proper  to  make  honorable  mention. 

Prof.  John  C.  Smock,  Assistant  Geologist,  in  the  Survey  from  its 
beginning  in  1864  to  1885,  and  who,  from  the  first,  urged  the 
importance  of  an  accurate  and  detailed  topographic  map  of  the  State 
as  necessary,  before  any  detailed  geological  description  could  be 
written. 

Prof.  Edward  A.  Bowser,  who,  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  has  been  occupied  every  year  since  1874 
in  fixing  with  care  and  accuracy  the  geographic  points  which  form 
the  basis  of  all  our  maps. 

Jas.  K.  Barton,  who  began  the  first  of  these  Surveys,  in  making  the 
map  covering  the  Raritan  clay  beds,  in  1877. 

Geo.  W.  Howell,  who  made  the  levels  and  sketched  the  contour- 
lines for  the  map  of  Northern  New  Jersey,  in  1877  and  1878. 


INTRODUCTION. 


7 


C.  C.  Vermeule,  who  has  conducted  all  the  Topographic  Surveys 
from  1879  to  the  present  time,  and  who  has  prepared  most  of  this 
report. 

Irving  S.  Upson,  who  has  attended  to  the  clerical  duties  of  the 
Survey  from  1881  to  the  close  of  the  work. 

There  have  been  employed,  as  assistants  in  the  topographic  field 
and  office  work,  the  following-named  persons : 

Wm.  F.  Gregory Surveying,  1876. 

Wm.  E.  King Leveling,  1876. 

Peter  D.  Staats Odometer  Surveying,  1881. 

Surveying  and  Leveling,  1882-84. 

Topography,  1884-87. 

John  T.  Marshall Leveling  and  Topography,  1881. 

Frederick  W.  Bennett Leveling  and  Topography,  1881-86. 

Topography  and  Magnetic  Observations,  1887. 

Philip  H.  Bevier  Leveling  and  Topography,  1881-83,  ’85. 

Running  Primary  Levels,  1885-86. 

Setting  Bench-Marks,  1886. 

Topography  and  Triangulation,  1887. 

Solomon  Le  Fevre Leveling  and  Topography,  1881-82. 

N.  D.  Van  Syckel Rodman,  1881. 

Cyrus  W.  F.  Sproul  Leveling  and  Topography,  1881,  ’83,  ’84,  ’86. 

Draughting,  1885,  ’87. 

Wm.  McKelvey Rodman,  1881. 

Nath.  B.  K.  Hoffman Surveying,  1882,  ’86-87. 

Odometer  Recorder,  1886. 

George  W.  Blakeley Rodman,  1882. 

H.  R.  Worrall Rodman,  1882. 

Frank  Van  Brakle Rodman,  1882-84. 

Draughting,  Miscellaneous  Office  Work,  1884,  ’87. 

Wm.  L.  Haynes Rodman,  1882-83. 

Philip  Lindsley Draughting,  1882. 

De  Mott Rodman,  1882. 

Geo.  Hill Leveling,  Topography  and  Mapping,  1883-85. 

John  G.  Tait Rodman,  1883. 

Field  Aid,  1885. 

Office  Work,  1886. 

Charles  Deshler Rodman,  1883. 

Arthur  C.  Payne Rodman,  1883. 

Surveying  Roads,  1884. 

Wm.  F.  Marvin Rodman,  1883-85. 

Draughting,  1884-85. 

Surveying  Roads,  1885-86. 

Geo.  E.  Jenkins Mapping  and  Office  Duties,  1885. 

John  E.  Hill Surveying  Roads,  1884. 

Mapping  and  Triangulation,  1885-86. 

Surveying  Roads,  1884. 


Louis  F.  Ruf. 


8 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


George  G.  Earl  Rodman  Topography,  1884,  ’85.' 

Wm,  H.  Luster,  Jr Rodman  and  Draughtsman,  1884. 

Surveying  Roads,  1885. 

Leveling  and  Sketching  Topography,  1885-87. 

Asher  Atkinson  ...  Rodman  and  Draughtsman,  1884. 

Odometer  Recorder  and  Surveying  Roads,  1885. 
Topography  and  Magnetic  Observations,  1886-87. 

Joseph  B.  Reynolds  Rodman  and  Draughtsman,  1884. 

Field  Aid,  1885-87. 

Geo.  D.  Smith  ...  Rodman,  1884. 

David  L.  Bruce  Rodman,  1884. 

Jackson  Jaques  Rodman,  1884. 

Clarence  M.  Du  Bois.  Rodman,  1884. 

Field  Aid,  1886-87. 

Wm.  H.  Barnes Mapping  and  Office  Duties,  1885. 

Leaming  M.  Rice,  Jr Field  Aid,  1885-87. 

Harry  S.  Sproul Field  Aid,  1885  86. 

Harryt  J.  Sherman.  Field  Aid,  1885. 

Thos.  T.  Watson Field  Aid,  1885. 

Prof.  A.  A.  Titsworth Triangulation  of  Southern  New  Jersey,  1886. 

H.  M.  Veghte  Field  Aid,  1886. 

C.  B.  Marshall Field  Aid,  1886. 

H.  L.  Lehr Field  Aid,  1886. 

H.  A.  Irick Field  Aid,  1886. 

Wm.  C.  Ogden  Field  Aid,  1887. 

Harry'  J.  March Field  Aid,  1887. 

I.  L.  Winckler Field  Aid,  1887. 

The  topographic  and  magnetic  descriptions  of  the  report  have  ail 
been  written  by  Mr.  Vermeule,  and  constitute  a fitting  conclusion  of 
the  work  which  he  has  done  so  faithfully  and  well. 

The  meteorology  of  the  State  here  given  has  been  prepared  by  Prof. 
Smock,  who  was  so  long  connected  with  the  Geological  Survey.  He 
has  given  attention  to  the  subject  for  many  years,  and  here  sums  up 
the  result  of  his  studies.  For  the  records  of  1887  and  1888  and 
their  combination  with  those  of  an  earlier  date,  he  has  had  the  assist- 
ance of  Sergeant  E.  W.  McGann,  of  the  United  States  Signal  Service 
and  the  New  Jersey  State  Weather  Service. 

It  is  only  just  to  add  that  for  the  beautiful  and  accurately- executed 
maps  of  the  Survey  we  are  indebted  to  the  taste  and  skill  of  Messrs. 
Julius  Bien  & Co.,  lithographers  and  cartographers,  of  New  York 
city.  It  is  to  them  that  we  owe  the  ability  to  bring  out  a series  of 
maps  such  as  no  others  of  the  United  States  have  secured,  and  which 
stand  as  a monument  to  the  enterprise  and  public  spirit  of  New  Jersey. 
But  in  undertaking  to  mention  those  who  have  taken  an  active  part 


INTRODUCTION. 


9 


in  this  public  work,  it  is  not  easy  to  stop.  Assistance  in  securing  and 
preparing  the  materials  for  the  report  has  been  cheerfully  and  liber- 
ally rendered  by  all  who  have  been  asked,  and  the  list  must  be  closed 
with  this  general  and  public  acknowledgment.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  titles  of  the  sheets,  with  their  numbers : 

No.  0.  New  Jersey  State  J lap.  Scale,  5 miles  to  an  inch.  Geographic. 

No.  i.  Kittatinny  Valley  and  Mountain , from  Hope  to  the  State  line. 

No.  2.  Southwestern  Highlands,  with  the  southwest  part  of  Kittatinny  valley. 

No.  3.  Central  Highlands,  including  all  of  Morris  county  west  of  Boonton,  and  Sussex 
south  and  east  of  Newton. 

No.  4-  Northeastern  Highlands,  including  the  country  lying  between  Deckertown, 
Dover,  Paterson  and  Suffern. 

No.  5.  Vicinity  of  Flemington,  from  Somerville  and  Princeton,  westward  to  the 
Delaware. 

No.  6‘.  The  Valley  of  the  Passaic,  with  the  country  eastward  to  Newark  and  south- 
ward to  the  Raritan  river. 

No.  7.  The  Counties  of  Bergen,  Hudson  and  Essex,  with  parts  of  Passaic  and  Union. 
No.  8.  Vicinity  of  Trenton,  from  New  Brunswick  to  Bordentown. 

No.  9.  Monmouth  Shore,  with  the  interior  from  Metuchen  to  Lakewood. 

No.  10.  Vicinity  of  Salem,  from  Swedesboro  and  Bridgeton,  westward  to  the  Delaware. 
No.  11.  Vicinity  of  Camden , to  Burlington,  Winslow,  Elmer  and  Swedesboro. 

No.  12.  Vicinity  of  Mount  Holly,  from  Bordentown  southward  to  Winslow  and  Wood- 
mansie. 

No.  13.  Vicinity  of  Barnegat  Bay,  with  the  greater  part  of  Ocean  county. 

No.  14.  Vicinity  of  Bridgeton,  from  Alloway,  Elmer  and  Newfield,  southward  to  the 
Delaware  bay  shore. 

No.  15.  Southern  Interior,  from  Millville  to  Atco  and  Egg  Harbor  City. 

ATo.  16.  Egg  Harbor  and  Vicinity,  including  the  Atlantic  shore  from  Barnegat  to  Great 
Egg  Harbor. 

No.  17.  Peninsula  of  Cape  May,  with  the  country  westward  to  Maurice  river. 

New  Jersey  Relief  Map.  Scale,  5 miles  to  the  inch.  Hypsometric. 


10  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


THE  GEODETIC  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


BY  PROF.  EDWARD  A.  BOWSER,  LL.D.,  ASSISTANT  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES  COAST  AND  GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


The  Geodetic  Survey  of  the  State  was  made  in  order  to  fix  accu- 
rately the  latitudes  and  longitudes  of  points  in  the  various  parts  of 
the  State.  They  were  necessary  for  furnishing  correctly-located  points 
about  which  the  Topographical  Surveys  could  be  arranged  and  located. 
This  work  was  done  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  by  its  officers,  and  at  its  expense.  Being 
for  the  special  use  of  New  Jersey,  it  was,  however,  always  directed  so 
as  to  meet  the  needs  of  its  Topographical  Survey. 

RECONNOISSANCE. 

This  Survey  was  begun  in  June,  1875.  The  primary  stations, 
Mount  Rose,  in  New  Jersey,  and  Newtown,  in  Pennsylvania,  accu- 
rately-known stations  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey,  were  chosen  for  the  starting  points.  Several  months  were 
passed  in  making  a reconnoissance  for  stations  suitable  for  this  Sur- 
vey. In  the  following  summer  this  reconnoissance  was  improved  by 
slightly  altering  the  position  of  some  of  the  stations  and  selecting 
new  ones.  By  continuing  the  reconnoissance  from  season  to  season,  it 
was  made,  finally,  to  include  the  northern  part  of  New  Jersey,  from 
the  Coast  Survey  primary  triangulation,  at  Mount  Rose  and  Newtown, 
northward  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  State,  the  stations  being 
from  10  to  30  miles  apart. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1875,  I obtained  the  services  of  Mr.  A.  A. 
Titsworth,  a graduate  of  Rutgers  Scientific  School,  of  the  Class  of  1877, 
and  now  Professor  of  Graphics  and  Mathematics  in  Rutgers  College. 
Prof.  Titsworth  has  been  with  me  from  that  date  to  the  present,  ex- 
cepting the  two  years,  1885  and  1886,  when  I was  assisted  by  Mr.  John 
E.  Hill,  a graduate  of  the  same  institution,  of  the  Class  of  1884. 


GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


11 


The  labor  involved  in  making  a reconnoissance  over  a thickly- 
wooded  country,  containing  no  prominent  elevations,  is  very  consid- 
erable. The  uniformity  in  height  of  the  hills  and  ridges,  their 
sameness  in  contour,  and  the  consequent  difficulty  of  identification, 
added  to  the  dense  undergrowth  through  which  lines  of  sight  must 
be  cut,  greatly  increase  the  hardships  of  the  work.  An  essential 
point  in  reconnoissance  is  to  determine,  beyond  the  possibility  of 
doubt,  the  intervisibility  of  every  primary  line  essential  to  the  scheme. 
In  the  case  of  lines  20  or  30  miles  long,  and  in  hazy  weather,  this  is 
often  very  difficult.  The  greatest  care  has  to  be  taken  to  obtain  only 
“ well-conditioned  ” triangles.  In  the  older  works  on  Geodesy,  30° 
is  prescribed  as  the  smallest  admissible  angle  in  a primary  chain  of 
triangles,  but  in  the  case  of  triangles  forming  parts  of  quadrilaterals, 
the  above  rule  need  not  be  rigidly  adhered  to. 

TRIANGULATION. 

Early  in  August,  1876,  scaffolds  and  tripods  were  erected  at  Mount 
Rose  and  Goat  Hill,  each  40  feet  high,  to  support  the  theodolite  and 
observer,  and  in  order  to  see  over  the  intervening  ridges  without 
laborious  and  expensive  cutting  through  the  timber.  The  signals 
observed  on  were  poles,  either  black  or  white,  or  with  alternate  bands 
of  each,  depending  upon  the  background,  or  upon  the  atmospheric 
difficulties.  In  the  case  of  long  lines,  or  those  rendered  difficult  by 
haze  or  smoke,  the  heliotrope  was  used.  When  the  scaffolds  and  sig- 
nals were  built,  Goat  Hill  and  Newtown  were  occupied,  and  all  the 
angles  at  these  stations  were  measured  in  the  course  of  the  season. 
The  instrument  used  was  a 14-inch  repeating  theodolite  with  a large 
telescope.  In  measuring  the  primary  angles,  each  one  was  determined 
by  not  less  than  6 sets  of  measurements,  each  set  consisting  of  6 repeti- 
tions in  the  direct  and  6 in  the  reversed  position  of  the  telescope,  thus 
making  72  measurements  in  all.  In  the  triangles  belonging  to  the 
tertiary  series,  such  as  those  for  determining  the  position  of  church- 
steeples,  chimneys  and  other  auxiliary  points,  to  facilitate  the  topo- 
graphical work,  2 sets  of  measurements  were  taken,  each  of  3 repeti- 
tions in  the  direct  and  3 in  the  reversed  position,  making  12 
measurements.  All  these  observations  had  to  be  taken  only  under 
the  most  favorable  conditions,  when  the  air  was  clear  and  steady. 
The  probable  error  of  an  angle  in  the  primary  triangulation  was  in 
no  case  allowed  to  exceed  0".3.  To  attain  this  degree  of  accuracy, 


12  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


days  were  frequently  spent  without  a single  satisfactory  observation, 
and  sometimes  whole  weeks.  Patient  waiting,  so  as  to  observe  under 
no  doubtful  conditions  of  the  atmosphere,  however  annoying,  or 
whatever  hardship  it  may  entail,  is  better  than  to  allow  any  doubt  to 
cloud  the  results. 

In  the  following  seasons  of  1877,  1878,  1879,  1880,  1881,  1882 
and  1883,  the  stations  Mount  Rose,  Pickles,  Mount  Horeb,  Mount 
Olive,  Haycock,  Montana,  Culver’s  Gap,  High  Point,  Hamburgh, 
Bear-Fort,  Bald  Hill,  High  Mount  and  High  Torne,  were  occupied, 
and  all  the  angles  measured,  primary  and  tertiary. 

In  th£  season  of  1883  the  Survey  was  begun  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  State.  Nine  stations  were  selected,  starting  with  the  line  Mount 
Holly,  Apple-pie  Hill,  and  extending  southward.  As  the  country 
is  flat  and  thickly  covered  with  tall  timber,  high  scaffolds  had  to  be 
built  at  nearly  all  the  stations,  from  which  to  observe.  In  the  seasons 
of  1884,  1885,  1886  and  1887,  the  stations  Mount  Holly,  Apple-pie 
Hill,  Berlin,  Martha,  Blangie,  Hammonton,  Richland  and  Newfield, 
were  occupied,  and  all  the  angles  measured,  besides  a great  many  obser- 
vations for  determining  the  positions  of  tertiary  points. 

OFFICE  WORK. 

At  the  close  of  each  summer,  the  computations  were  made  of  the 
field-work  of  that  season.  These  computations  were  carried  on  with 
all  the  refinement  that  the  present  condition  of  the  science  of  Geodesy 
will  permit.  The  observed  angles  were  adjusted  by  the  “ Method  of 
Least  Squares;”  the  spherical  excess  was  computed,  and  the  difference 
between  this  and  the  observed  excess  was*  divided  among  the  angles 
proportionally ; then  the  triangle  sides,  and  the  geodetic  latitudes, 
longitudes  and  azimuths,  were  computed  of  all  the  lines  and  stations 
in  the  chain  of  triangles.  These  computations,  with  a sketch  showing 
the  progress  of  the  Survey,  and  a report  of  the  season’s  work,  and  the 
records,  were  sent  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Coast 
Survey,  at  Washington. 

Primary  geodetic  work  is  executed  with  the  greatest  possible  accu- 
racy. Primary  triangulation  over  any  extended  area  must  be  so  laid 
out  and  conducted  that  its  results  shall  approach  as  near  to  absolute 
precision  as  the  present  condition  of  scientific  research,  theoretical, 
instrumental  and  practical,  will  permit.  No  refinement  in  observa- 
tion or  reduction  must  be  omitted  which  it  is  possible  to  supply.  The 


GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


13 


uncertainty  in  the  resulting  linear  measures  of  primary  geodetic  work 
“ may  be  less  than  about  Tq  owo  °f  the  length,  and  is  rarely  as  great 
as  fr  (which  represents  an  error  of  about  one  inch  to  the  mile). 
To  reach  a higher  standard  of  excellence,  as,  for  instance,  or 

even  a smaller  fraction,  requires  the  application  of  the  most  refined 
means  at  our  disposal.”  In  the  Survey  of  Northern  New  Jersey,  in 
closing  the  hexagon  at  Montana,  with  Pickles  for  center,  the  following 
four  equations  had  to  be  satisfied:  First,  the  length  of  the  connecting 
side,  Pickles- Montana,  must  come  out  the  same,  when  arrived  at  by 
computation  in  either  of  the  triangles,  Pickles,  Montana,  Mount  Olive, 
or  Pickles,  Montana,  Haycock.  Second,  the  resulting  azimuths  of  this 
line  must  be  the  same.  Third  and  fourth,  the  latitude  and  longitude , 
respectively,  of  Montana,  must  show  no  discrepancy.  As  the  compu- 
tation of  these  two  triangles  was  nearing  completion,  considerable 
anxiety  was  felt  as  to  how  the  work  was  coming  out.  The  hexagon 
closed  as  follows  : The  azimuths  of  the  connecting  side,  Pickles-Mon- 
tana,  as  arrived  at  from  opposite  directions,  agreed  within  1" . The 
lengths  of  this  line  agreed  within  ^ of  a metre  (or  about  \ of  an  inch 
to  the  mile).  The  latitude  of  Montana  agreed  within  OVOOG.  The 
longitude  agreed  within  0".001. 

MONUMENTS. 

With  a few  exceptions,  each  primary  station  is  marked  with  a granite 
post,  4 feet  long,  dressed  6 inches  square  at  one  end,  and  for  a length 
of  6 inches,  with  the  letters  “ U.  S.”  cut  in  each  of  the  four  faces,  and 
a triangle  on  the  top.  This  post  is  set  in  hydraulic  cement,  to  within 
6 inches  of  the  top.  In  the  case  of  a few  stations  selected  on  the  solid 
rock,  the  mark  is  a copper  bolt,  driven  into  a hole  which  is  drilled 
into  the  rock. 

The  tertiary  points  are  not  generally  well  marked.  Each  of  them 
should  have  a durable  stone  post  for  the  security  and  identification  of 
the  station.  I have  several  times  suggested  that  an  appropriation  be 
made  for  marking  them,  but  no  provision  has  yet  been  made  for  this 
purpose.  It  is  of  the  highest  importance  that  each  triangulation 
point,  whether  primary  or  tertiary,  shall  be  so  marked,  and  the  record 
of  the  marking  made  so  clear  and  definite  that  the  exact  position  can 
be  found  at  any  future  time. 


E.  A.  BOWSER. 


14  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


LIST  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  POSITIONS. 

The  following  table  has  been  prepared  from  published  reports  of 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  from  manuscript 
furnished  by  that  organization,  and  from  work  done  by  Acting 
Assistant  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser,  for  that  survey,  since  1875. 

The  primary  stations  are  printed  in  small  capitals  in  the  table. 
Most  of  the  stations  can  be  found  on  the  two  State  maps  which  accom- 
pany this  report.  So  far  as  it  can  be  done  without  interfering  with 
other  details,  the  points  are  shown  on  the  sheets  of  the  Topographical 
Atlas,  and  parties  wishing  to  find  them  should  consult  these  maps  first. 

Many  of  the  points  are  prominent  spires,  chimneys  or  other  struct- 
ures which  may  be  readily  found  by  any  one ; many  others  are 
marked  by  conspicuous  stone  monuments;  some  only  by  buried 
marks ; while  still  others  were  never  permanently  marked,  being 
only  intended  for  immediate  use  by  topographical  parties.  Many  of 
the  older  points  have  not  been  found  during  the  prosecution  of  the 
Topographical  Survey;  these  are  followed  by  an  interrogation  point  (?). 
Some  of  these  were  located  near  enough  for  topographical  purposes  by 
witness-marks,  etc.,  without  the  actual  station-mark  being  recovered, 
while  others  were  utilized  through  the  medium  of  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  plane-table  sheets.  As  a rule,  the  stations  will 
be  found  upon  the  highest  or  most  commanding  ground  in  the  vicinity. 

The  name  by  which  the  station  is  known  to  the  Survey  is  first 
given  ; this  is  followed  by  a short  description  as  full  as  space  permits  ; 
and,  as  the  description  will  often  be  unintelligible  without,  it  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  date  of  selecting  or  determining  the  point.  When  this 
is  not  exactly  known,  the  date  of  the  report  in  which  it  first  appeared 
is  given ; thus  (a.  1851)  signifies  that  the  point  antedates  1851,  etc. 
Those  determined  since  1875,  by  Prof.  Bowser,  are  indicated  by  (B.) 

The  stations  are  arranged  by  counties  geographically.  Under  each 
county  the  older  points,  computed  on  the  Bessel  spheroid,  are  given 
first.  Following  these,  under  the  heading  Clarke’s  Spheroid , are  the 
later  points  computed  from  the  latest  and  best  data  as  to  shape  and 
size  of  the  earth,  and  with  corrected  telegraphic  longitudes.  Many  of 
the  stations  in  the  first  list  are  repeated  in  the  second.  At  the  head 
of  the  second  list  under  each  county,  in  the  columns  of  seconds,  are 
given  the  average  differences  of  latitude  and  longitude  between  the 
two  lists.  Any  one  desiring  the  latest  and  most  accurate  locations, 
correct  to  one- tenth  of  a second,  should  add  these  quantities  to  the 


GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


15 


figures  in  the  list  preceding.  This  should  always  be  done  when  the 
stations  are  to  be  used  for  constructing  maps. 

Following  this  table  is  a supplementary  table  of  latitudes  and  lon- 
gitudes determined  by  the  Topographical  Survey,  which  will  be  found 
to  include  many  prominent  spires  and  buildings  not  given  in  the  first. 

The  total  number  of  points  utilized  in  making  the  Topographical 
Survey  of  the  State  is  457.  Excluding  the  close  tertiary  triangula- 
tion along  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  rivers  and  the  sea-coast,  they 
average  one  to  each  25  square  miles.  In  one  or  two  cases  where 
unusually  large  intervals  occur  between  stations,  the  topography  has 
been  laid  down  by  means  of  transit  traverses. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


ATLANTIC  COUNTY. 

Leed’s  Point.  \ mile  S.  of  hotel  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Little  Egg  Harbor  Light,  (a.  1851)  

Brigantine  Beach  (?)  (a.  1851)..  

Absecom.  On  point,  1 mile  S.  E.  of  Abse- 

con  village  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Peter’s  Beach.  1 mile  N.  E.  of  Absecon 

Inlet  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Risley’s  Landing.  On  Lake’s  Bay  (?) 

(a.  1851).  . 

Dry  Inlet  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Leedsville.  Near  edge  of  upland,  E.  of 

Linwood.  (a.  1851) 

New  Inlet  (?)  (a.  1851)..  

Somers’  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Clarke's  Spheroid.  Difference 

Oyster  Creek  (?)  (1867).... 

Leed’s  Point  (?)  (1867).  (See  above) 

Absecom  (?).  (See  above.)  (1867) 

By  on  (?)  (1867)  

Absecom.  Light-house.  (1867) 

Leedsville  (?)  (1867)  

Grove  (?)  (1867) 

Linwood  (?)  (1867).. 

Fish.(?)  (1867) 

Somers’  Point  (?)  (1841) 

Somers  (2)  (?)  (1867) 

River.  (1883) 

Ocean.  (1883) 

New  Inlet  (?)  ...  

Hammonton.  Stone  monument,  on  hill 
S.  side  of  C.  & A.  R.  R.,  1£  miles  N.  W. 
of  village 


LATITUDE. 


Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

39 

28 

58.63 

39 

30 

18.41 

39 

25 

48.98 

39 

25 

08.55 

39 

23 

16.50 

39 

22 

48.75 

39 

20 

31.28 

39 

20 

52.82 

39 

19 

08.49 

39 

18 

38.78 

+03.7 

39 

30 

27.04 

39 

29 

02.37 

39 

25 

12.43 

39 

22 

45.09 

39 

21 

58.74 

39 

20 

55.88 

39 

20 

03.74 

39 

20 

54.06 

39 

18 

39.50 

39 

18 

41.90 

39 

18 

42.68 

39 

18 

23.07 

39 

17 

18.69 

39 

19 

11.58 

39 

38 

48.05 

LONGITUDE. 


Deg.  Min.  Sec. 

74  25  39.63 

74  16  48.02 

74  19  37.01 

74  29  06.57 

74  24  01.60 

74  31  11.49 

74  27  57.42 

74  33  19.98 

74  30  30.65 

74  35  02.95 

+20.3 

74  24  35.04 

74  26  00.00 

74  29  27.03 

74  31  33.70 

74  24  52.27 

74  33  39.42 

74  30  17.18 

74  33  38.76 

74  32  34.26 

74  35  22.46 

74  35  23.39 

74  37  12.11 

74  34  13.14 

74  30  50.17 


74  49 


19.29 


16  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.  — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

• 

LONGITUDE. 

Atlantic  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Blangie.  Stone  monument  on  summit, 

2f  miles  N.  E.  of  May’s  Landing 

39 

28 

44.36 

74 

41 

16.71 

Richland  

39 

29 

18.96  - 

74 

51 

12.59 

El  wood — , 

39 

34 

40.33 

74 

42 

55.55 

39 

36 

26.48 

74 

' 50 

49.07 

We  v mouth  

39 

31 

02.18 

74 

46 

48.46 

Doughty’s  Tavern  

39 

26 

53.96 

74 

51 

46.69 

BERGEN  COUNTY. 

Cherry  Hill.  N.  of  Highland,  on  hill  (?).. 

40 

54 

43.31 

73 

57 

52.37 

Banta.  Summit  of  Hackensack  and  Tea 
Neck  road  (?) 

40 

53 

09.94 

74 

00 

39.66 

Terhune.  Hill  W.  of  Corona  (?) 

40 

51 

38.11 

74 

04 

36.76 

Bury.  Hill  N.  of  Carlstadt... 

40 

50 

26.17 

74 

05 

02.57 

Vreeland.  At  Ridgefield  cross-roads  (?).... 

40 

49 

58.12 

74 

00 

19.67 

Kingsland.  On  ridge,  h mile  S.  of  village  (?) 

40 

47 

45.16 

74 

07 

12.75 

Didery.  Yonkers,  N.  Y 

40 

57 

59.98 

73 

50 

13.95 

Bald  Mountain.  Summit  Ramapo  Moun- 
tain, k mile  S.  of  State  line.  (B.) 

41 

07 

11.94 

74 

11 

43.11 

Ramsey’s.  Church  tower.  (B.) 

41 

03 

31.01 

74 

08 

12.30 

Wykoff.  Church  cupola.  (B.) 

41 

00 

25.13 

74 

10 

06.18 

Allendale.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

41 

01 

46.96 

74 

07 

■ 14.94 

Paramus.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

40 

59 

04.52 

74 

05 

13.48 

Hackensack.  Church  spire.  (B.)  

40 

53 

15.95 

74 

02 

12.85 

Palisade.  (B.) 

40 

59 

50.33 

73 

53 

57.69 

Englewood.  (B.)  

40 

53 

25.56 

73 

57 

56.25 

Bergen  Fields.  Church  «pire 

40 

55 

43.04 

73 

59 

53.38 

Coytesville ... 

40 

51 

34.99 

73 

58 

25.47 

Schraalenburg.  Church  spire 

High  Torne.  Summit,  1 mile  N.  of 
Ramapo,  N.  Y 

40 

56 

22.48 

73 

59 

20.53 

41 

09 

02.79 

74 

09 

27.53 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  ■ Difference 

Piermont.  N.  Y 

41 

02 

+02.6 

57.26 

73 

55 

+ 19.8 
38.52 

Didery.  Yonkers,  N.  Y 

40 

58 

02.57 

73 

50 

33.88 

Buttermilk.  N.  Y 

41 

06 

36.44 

73 

48 

38.90 

Burv.  Hill  N.  of  Carlstadt 

40 

50 

28.80 

74 

05 

22.41 

Fort  Lee  flag-staff. 

40 

50 

49.00 

73 

57 

53.76 

State  Line,  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
Stone  on  bank  of  Hudson  river 

40 

54 

50.10- 

73 

55 

28.95 

Duer.  N.  Y 

40 

59 

53.46 

73 

54 

10.37 

BURLINGTON  COUNTY. 

Bordentown  Observatory.  (1840) 

40 

09 

17.57 

74 

42 

24.14 

Bordentown  flag-pole.  (1840) 

40 

08 

49.95 

74 

42 

29.99 

White  Hill  (?)  (1840) 

40 

08 

19.49 

74 

43 

33.66 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


17 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Burlington  County.— Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Stony  Hill.  Buried  cone,  with  locust 
post  at  surface,  on  hill  1 mile  S.  of  Ellis- 
dale.  (1840) 

40 

07 

09.59 

75 

34 

33.06 

Clay  banks  (?)  (1840) 

40 

07 

11.49 

74 

47 

33.41 

King  (?)  (1840) 

40 

01 

18.05 

74 

56 

10.10 

Mount  Holly.  Granite  monument,  top 
of  mount.  (1840)  

40 

00 

06.12 

74 

46 

59.70 

Arney.  Summit  of  Arney’s  Mount  (?) 
(1840) 

40 

00 

25.66 

74 

41 

53.02 

Woodside  (?)  (1840) 

40 

03 

44.52 

74 

49 

14.43 

Moorestown  spire.  Episcopal  Church. 
(1840) 

39 

57 

42.27 

74 

56 

42.09 

Evesham.  Summit  of  Mt.  Laurel  (?) 
(1840) 

39 

56 

00.45 

74 

53 

20.81 

Rancocas  (?)  (1840). 

40 

02 

3310 

74 

58 

20.84 

Washington  Hunter  (1)  (?)  (1840) 

40 

00 

52.51 

74 

58 

48.73 

Washington  Hunter  (2)  (?)  (1840) 

40 

00 

52.73 

74 

58 

57.20 

Tuckerton.  (Near  edge  of  upland  E.  of 
village  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

36 

06.69 

74 

19 

27.59 

Cedar  Hummock.  On  a well-known  small 
island  in  the  marsh,  24  miles  S.  of  Tuck- 
erton (?)  (a.  1851)  

39 

34 

07 .05 

74 

20 

19.06 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

Collegeville,  Pa.  (?)  (1878) 

40 

02 

+03.0 

44.22 

75 

01 

+19.6 

01.96 

Partridge,  Pa.  Jack  Island,  bank  of  Dela- 
ware. (1878) 

40 

03 

16.62 

74 

58 

33.33 

Delanco  Church  spire.  (1878) 

40 

02 

58.11 

74 

57 

25.15 

Delanco.  Bank  of  Delaware  at  village. 

(1878) 

Harrison’s  house  cupola,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

02 

46.15 

74 

57 

46.20 

40 

02 

22.67 

74 

59 

47.93 

Pennypack,  Pa.  (?)  (1878) 

40 

02 

11.35 

75 

00 

00.32 

Hawk.  S.  W.  end  of  Hawk  Island,  River- 
side. (1878) 

40 

02 

35.95 

74 

58 

39.21 

Fisher,  Pa.  Fisher’s  wharf,  S.  of  Torres- 
dale.  (1878) 

40 

02 

37.01 

74 

59 

15.71 

Plum.  At  water-edge  on  Plum  Point. 
(1878) 

40 

01 

56.99 

74 

59 

26.61 

Saint  Vincent’s  school  cupola,  Pa.  (1878)... 

40 

01 

21.10 

75 

01 

53.09 

House  of  Correction  flag-staff;  Pa.  ( 1878) . . . 

40 

01 

43.63 

75 

00 

58.73 

House  of  Correction  chirrjney,  Pa.  (1878)... 

40 

01 

48.94 

75 

01 

04.44 

Ten-Mile  Point,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

01 

26.06 

75 

01 

04.88 

Tacony  water  tower.  (1878).. 

40 

01 

42.92 

75 

02 

41.24 

Tacony.  Methodist  Church  spire,  Pa. 

(1878) : 

South’s  house  cupola,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

01 

28.92 

75 

02 

34.55 

40 

01 

26.18 

75 

02 

24.01 

Bristol.  Stone  at  Bristol  street  and  Dela- 
ware avenue,  Bridesburg,  Pa.  (1878).... 

39 

59 

22.64 

75 

C4 

13.22 

Washington.  Washington  street  and  Dela- 
ware avenue,  Tacony,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

01 

07.64 

75 

02 

11.75 

Disston’s  flag-staff)  Tacony,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

01 

07.15 

75 

02 

14.71 

B 


18  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Burlington  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Disston’s  chimney,  Taconv,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

01 

05.93 

75 

02 

23.04 

Fitter's  chimney,  Pa.  (1878)  

40 

00 

39.22 

75 

03 

36.95 

Frishmuth.  On  river  bank,  S.  end  of  Riv- 
erton. (1878) 

40 

00 

45.49 

75 

01 

27.16 

House  of  Correction,  Tacony,  Pa.  Near  S. 
corner  of  wharf.  (1878)  

40 

01 

30.72 

75 

00 

52.70 

Hunter's  house.  N.  chimney  of  Clayton 
Cole’s  house,  1J  miles  S.  E.  from  River- 
ton. (1878) 

40 

00 

47.91 

74 

59 

07.46 

Henning’s  round  chimney,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

00 

21.34 

75 

03 

40.29 

Bridesburg,  Pa.  S.  W.  corner  of  Brides- 
burg  wharf.  (1878)  

40 

00 

02.75 

75 

03 

42.51 

Lenning’s  square  chimney,  Pa  

40 

00 

15.74 

75 

03 

36.57 

Van  Kirk.  Van  Kirk  street,  370  feet  S. 
E.  of  N.  W.  side  of  Delaware  avenue, 
Bridesburg,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

00 

33.06 

75 

03 

21.12 

Mount  Holly.  Granite  monument  on 

top  of  the  mount.  (1840) 

Apple  Pie  Hill.  Stone  monument  on 
summit  of  hill,  3 miles  S.  W.  of  Sha- 
mong  R.  R.  station.  (1871) 

40 

00 

09.10 

74 

47 

19.35 

39 

48 

26.62 

74 

35 

23.83 

Tuckerton.  (See  above.)  (1866) 

39 

36 

10.16 

74 

19 

47.82 

Cedar  Hummock  (2).  (See  above.)  (1866).. 

39 

34 

10.58 

74 

20 

39.31 

Martha.  Stone  monument  on  summit, 
21  miles  E.  of  Martha  Furnace.  (B.).... 

39 

40 

35.87 

74 

28 

13.12 

CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Fishcove  (Hatchis)  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

58 

v 20.87 

75 

03 

33.67 

Woods  Point  (?)  (a.  1851).. 

39 

57 

25.27 

75 

05 

19.23 

Walnut  Street  Ferry  (?)  (a.  1851).. 

39 

56 

34.08 

75 

07 

27.22 

Kaighn’s  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

55 

42.89 

75 

07 

33.04 

Cooper’s  Point  (?)  (a.  1851)  

39 

57 

* 12.58 

75 

07 

22.69 

Haddonfield.  Hill  1 mile  S.  of  village  (?) 
(a.  1851) 

39 

52 

50.37 

75 

02 

03.80 

Gibbsboro  (?)  (a.  1851)  

39 

50 

17.57 

74 

56 

39.88 

Pine  Hill.  Granite  monument  N.  W.  brow 
of  hill,  1 mile  S.  of  Clementon.  (1840). 

39 

47 

51.03 

74 

59 

16.50 

Morris  Hill  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

59 

21.78 

75 

02 

17.26 

Camden  Church  spire,  (a.  1851) 

39 

56 

4l!06 

75 

07 

10.19 

Gloucester  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

53 

46.11 

75 

07 

27.36 

Fish  Club  flag  staff  (?)  (a.  1851)  

39 

53 

13.54 

75 

07 

24.32 

Powder  Wharf  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

54 

10.47 

75 

07 

43.73 

Mickle  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

54 

37.24 

75 

07 

02.97 

Girard  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (a.  1851) 

39 

58 

’ 23.58 

75 

09 

54.09 

State  House  spire,  Philadelphia,  Pa.(a.  1851) 

39 

56 

52.61 

75 

08 

41.90 

Clarke's  Spheroid.  Difference  

Frankford  Pumping  Station  ch’y,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

00 

-[-03.0 

50.61 

75 

02 

+19.5 

51.83 

Frankford  Catholic  Church  cross,  Pa.  (1878) 

40 

00 

42.48 

75 

05 

25.03 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


19 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


LATITUDE. 


Camden  County. — Continued. 


Deg.  Min. 


Sec. 


Deg.  Min. 


Horner.  Buried  terra-cotta  pipe,  800  yards 
N.  E.  from  Camden  Water  Works  and  150 

yards  back  from  river  bank.  (1878)  

Jenks.  Jenks  street  and  Delaware  avenue, 

Bridesburg,  Pa.  (1878) 

Morris  (2).  On  hill  just  E.  of  Morris  K.  R. 

station.  (1878) 

Tioga  (2),  Pa.  S.  W.  butting  pile,  end  of 
Elevated  R.  R.  track,  Gas  Works  wharf, 

Tioga  street,  Philadelphia.  (1878).. 

Fairview.  Terra-cotta  pipe,  buried  170  feet 
N.  E.  of  Hatch  Bros.’  brick-yard  chimney, 
E.  side  of  R.  R.  cut,  Fish  House  station. 

(1878) 

Pike,  Pa.  Pike  street  and  Delaware  ave- 
nue. (1878) 

Berlin.  Stone  monument,  on  summit,  2 
miles  N.  E.  of  village.  (B.) 


CAPE  MAY  COUNTY. 

Stipson  (?)  (1842) , 

Ludlam’s  Landing.  N.  side  of  Dennis 

Creek  (?)  (1842) 

McCrea  (?)  (1842)  

Goshen  (?)  (1842) 

Pierce’s  Landing  (?)  (1842)  

Fishing  Creek  (?)  (1842) 

Higbee  (?)  (1842; 

Cape  May  Old  Light-house,  (a.  1851) 

Cape  May  New  Light-house,  (a.  1851) 

Congress  Hall.  (a.  1851) 

Week’s  Landing  (?)  (1851) 

Two-Mile  Beach  (?)  (a.  1851)  . 

Learning’s  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Town  Bank  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Crese  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Nummy’s  Island  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Cyrus  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Eldridge  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Holmes  (?)  (1840)  

Learning’s  Beach  North  (?)  (1840) 

Townsend  (?)  (1840)  

Ludlam’s  Beach  (?)  (1840) 

Corson  (?)  (1840) 

Mountain  Creek  (?)  (1840) 

Weakfish  Creek  (?)  (1840) 

Blackman  (?)  (1840)  

Beasley’s  Point  (?)  (1840) 


LONGITUDE. 


Sec. 


39 

57 

40.85 

75 

05 

42.31 

39 

59 

52.82 

75 

03 

53.26 

39 

59 

23.70 

75 

02 

36’51 

39 

58 

45.36 

75 

05 

14.26 

39 

58 

28.13 

75 

03 

56.89 

39 

59 

05.80 

75 

04 

45.48 

39 

48 

55.85 

74 

54 

45.07 

39 

11 

51.41 

74 

54 

18.31 

39 

10 

38.46 

74 

50 

50.00 

39 

09 

49.32 

74 

50 

26.09 

39 

07 

36.35 

74 

53 

10.93 

39 

04 

54.33 

74 

54 

05.78 

39 

01 

04.08 

74 

56 

32.26 

38 

57 

14.12 

74 

57 

31.95 

38 

55 

48.64 

74 

57 

38.90 

38 

55 

50.42 

74 

57 

15.57 

38 

55 

51.01 

74 

55 

09.77 

38 

58 

55.59 

74 

52 

49.60 

38 

57 

26.13 

74 

50 

40.10 

39 

00 

56.64 

74 

50 

58.48 

38 

58 

36.94 

74 

57 

21.96 

39 

03 

00.05 

74 

49 

28.91 

39 

01 

39.50 

74 

47 

09.31 

39 

04 

28.55 

74 

44 

01.20 

39 

06 

03.41 

74 

47 

17.07 

39 

07 

32.71 

74 

45 

53.73 

39 

06 

26.06 

74 

42 

12.54 

39 

10 

23.84 

74 

43 

09.98 

39 

08 

41.50 

74 

41 

29.69 

39 

13 

41.40' 

74 

40 

35.77 

39 

11 

42.80 

74 

38 

51.74 

39 

13 

28.80 

74 

37 

38.73 

39 

15 

04.74 

74 

39 

13.93 

39 

16 

46.91 

74 

37 

21.48 

20  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Cape  May  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Peck’s  Beach  (?)  (1840) 

39 

16 

11.77 

74 

34 

51.52 

Cape  Henlopen  Light-house,  Del.  (a.  1851) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

Beaslev’s  Point  (?)  (1840) 

38 

46 

38.35 

75 

04 

43.24 

39 

16 

+03.2 

50.07 

74 

37 

+19.6 

41.01 

Beasley’s  (2).  (1884) 

39 

17 

02.53 

74 

37 

00.L0 

Blackman  (?)  (1840) 

39 

15 

07.92 

74 

39 

33.47 

Corson  (?)  (1884) 

39 

12 

01.01 

74 

39 

21.35 

Corson  (?)  (1840) ' 

Stipson  Island  (?)  (1842)  

39 

13 

44.60 

74 

40 

55.32 

39 

11 

54.67 

74 

54 

38.00 

Ludlam’s  Landing  (?)  (1842) 

39 

10 

41.75 

74 

51 

09.74 

McCrea.  (1842) 

39 

09 

52.62 

74 

50 

45.96 

Goshen.  (1881) 

39 

07 

39.64 

74 

53 

30.63 

Public.  (1884) 

39 

09 

03.43 

74 

44 

48.17 

Tatham.  (1884) 

39 

06 

20.34 

74 

43 

31.72 

View.  (1884) 

39 

10 

39.38 

74 

43 

11.40 

Isle.  (1884)  

39 

10 

36.65 

74 

40 

32.66 

Marshall.  (1884) 

39 

12 

13.47 

74 

41 

47.00 

Sea.  (1884) 

39 

08 

59.50 

74 

42 

15.64 

Town  Bank.  Hotel  cupola.  (1881) 

39 

59 

14.32 

74 

57 

30.84 

Hammock.  (1881) 

39 

07 

00.00 

74 

53 

30.65 

Young.  (1884) 

39 

13 

48.24 

74 

40 

19.20 

Cedar.  (1884) 

39 

13 

34.08 

74 

38 

12.08 

Heart.  (1884) 

39 

15 

34.23 

74 

38 

35.80 

Road.  (1884) 

39 

15 

05.28 

74 

36 

53.77 

Eldridge  (2).  Cedar  stub,  Ephraim  Eld- 

ridge’s  bay  front.  (1881) 

Limerick  chimney.  Tallest  on  old  dwell- 
ing, Tatham’s  Beach.  (1881) 

39 

06 

06.63 

74 

47 

36.46 

39 

05 

43.37 

74 

43 

23.69 

Peck’s  Beach  (?)  (1840) 

39 

16 

14.93 

74 

35 

11.10 

Cape  May  Court-house  spire 

39 

04 

53.00 

74 

49 

29.00 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 
Barker  (?)  (1839) 

39 

26 

16.76 

75 

21 

45.94 

Pine  Mount  (?)  (1839) 

39 

25 

00.57 

75 

19 

56.46 

Harris  (?)  (1839) 

39 

25 

06.89 

75 

17 

'16.25 

Hann  (No.  2)  (?)  (1839) 

39 

25 

24.01 

75 

15 

07.01 

Buck  (?)  (1839) 

39 

25 

07.50 

75 

13 

16.99 

Greenwich  (?)  (1839) 

39 

23 

24.39 

75 

20 

21.71 

Davis  (?)  (1839) 

39 

22 

37.32 

75 

20 

11.84 

Heusted  (No.  2)  >(?) 

39 

22 

55.14 

75 

18 

38.64 

Wheaton  (?)  (1839) 

39 

23 

26.60 

75 

19 

05.89 

Mount  Pleasant.  N.  side  Cohansey  Creek, 
3 miles  below  Bridgeton.  (1839)  (?) 

39 

23 

21.96 

75 

15 

02.76 

Bush  Hill  (?)  (1842) 

39 

23 

56.56 

75 

15 

23.71 

Garrison  (?)  Hill  E.  side  of  Bridgeton  and 
' Fairton  road.  (1840) 

39 

23 

33.66 

75 

13 

02.91 

Dunck’s  Beach  (?)  (1839) 

39 

20 

32.91 

75 

21 

50.90 

Dayre  (?)  (1839) 

39 

21 

44.55 

75 

19 

53.57 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


21 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


Cumberland  County. — Continued. 


1839). 


Old  light-house. 


(1839). 


Old 


of 


Sheppard  (?) 

Cohansey 

(1840)  

Big  Island.  Buried  cone. 

West  Point  (?)  (1840) 

Ben  Davis  (?)  (18^9)  

Eagle  Island  (?)  (1840) 

Nantuxent  (?)  (18401 

Flax  Farm  (?)  (1840) 

Joscelyne(?)  (1840) 

Turkey  Point  (?)  (1840) 

Fortesque  (?)  (1840) 

Egg  Island  Point  (?)  (1841) 

Egg  Island  Light-house.  (1840.) 

light-house,  now  destroyed 

Oranoken  (?)  (1840)  

Egg  Island  Point  (2)  (?)  

Dividing  Creek.  Buried  cone,  S.  side 
creek,  f mile  below  bridge.  (1840).... 

Port  Norris  (?)  (1839) 

East  Point  (?)  (1840) 

Elder  Point  (?)  (1842) 

Bird  Island  (?)  (1842) 

Tomlin  (?)  (1842)  

Wiggins  (?)  (1842) 

Bobinson  (?)  (1842) 

West  Creek  (?)  (1842) 

Carlisle  (?)  (1842)  

Bombay  Hook  Light-house,  Del.  (1840) 
Mahon’s  River  Light-house,  Del.  (1840) 

Clarke's  Spheroid.  Difference 

Barker  (?)  (1839) 

Pine  Mount  (?)  (1839) 

John  Davre.  Buried  cone,  1J  miles  N.  E. 
of  Bridgeton  (?)  (1840) 

Hawkins  (?)  (1839) 

Hann.  Buried  cone,  S.  side  of  Bridgeton 

and  Bowentown  road.  (1839) 

Buck  (?)  (1839) 

Harris  (?)  (1839) 

Wheaton  (?)  (1839)  

Hann  (2).  (Same  as  Hann,  nearly)  (?) 

Greenwich  (?)  (1839) 

Bush  (?)  (1839)  

Sheppard  (?)  (1839)  

Davis  (?)  (1839) 

Heusted  (?)  

Heusted  (2)  (?) 

Mt.  Pleasant  (?) 

Bridgeton  spire.  (1840) 


LATITUDE. 


LONGITUDE. 


Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

39 

22 

38.22 

75  . 

21 

03.34 

39 

20 

18.39 

75 

21 

17.48 

39  . 

19 

45.61 

75 

18 

14.08 

39 

19 

03.05 

75 

15 

10.69 

39 

17 

12.09 

75 

17 

09.57 

39 

17 

46  00 

75 

14 

07.56 

39 

16 

33.54 

75 

14 

25.95 

39 

16 

3=3.25 

75 

12 

54.39 

39 

18 

37.02 

75 

08 

03.49 

39 

14 

55.97 

75 

07 

21.46 

39 

14 

09.39 

75 

09 

59.99 

39 

10 

23.53 

75 

07 

49.00 

39 

10 

30.89 

75 

08 

01.74 

39 

12 

04.47 

75 

06 

24.62 

39 

10 

21.79 

75 

07 

45.94 

39 

15 

16.96 

75 

05 

04.11 

39 

14 

33.03 

75 

00 

57.47 

39 

11 

28.35 

75 

00 

58.06 

39 

12 

39.59 

75 

02 

32.32 

39 

11 

44.34 

75 

01 

09.96 

39 

13 

43.58 

74 

59 

49.96 

39 

14 

33.23 

74 

59 

47.70 

39 

11 

23.73 

74 

59 

22.90 

39 

10 

27.02 

74 

54 

44.79 

39 

12 

03.25 

74 

56 

48.15 

39 

21 

46.22 

75 

30 

18.92 

39 

10 

16.40 

75 

23 

43.43 

+03.1 

+19.4 

39 

26 

19.96 

75 

22 

05.40 

39 

25 

03.79 

75 

20 

15.94 

39 

26 

23.79 

75 

12 

46.93 

39 

25 

35.42 

75 

20 

40.87 

39 

25 

27.09 

75 

15 

26.63 

39 

25 

10.71 

75 

13 

36.54 

39 

25 

10.11 

75 

17 

35.77 

39 

23 

29.83 

75 

19 

25.40 

39 

25 

27.22 

75 

15 

26.55 

39 

23 

27.61 

75 

20 

41.20 

39 

23 

59.79 

75 

15 

43.25 

39 

22 

41.43 

75 

21 

22.81 

39 

22 

40.55 

75 

20 

31.34 

39 

22 

58.37 

75 

18 

58.15 

39 

22 

58.36 

75 

18 

58.15 

39 

23 

25.17 

75 

15 

22.30 

39 

25 

46.48 

75 

13 

57.71 

22  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Cumberland  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

S§c. 

Laurel  (?) 

39 

26 

21.44 

75 

13 

43.04 

Woodruff.  N.  side  of  Bridgeton  and  Mill- 
ville road,  1 mile  W.  of  Millville  town- 
ship line  (?)  (1840) 

39 

24 

49.75 

75 

08 

47.25 

Cedarville  spire.  (1840) 

39 

20 

01.99 

75 

12 

07.72 

Cedarville.  Summit,  N.  E.  of  new  brick 
church  (?)  (1840) 

39 

20 

38.48 

75 

11 

50.65 

Fairton.  Buried  cone  on  Tlieoph.  Harris’ 
land.  (1839)  (?) 

39 

22 

33.37 

75 

13 

12.26 

Ogden  (?)  (1839) 

39 

22 

06.57 

75 

15 

28.23 

Jacob’s  Creek  (2).  1J  miles  N.  of  Cohan- 
sey  Light-house.  Cedar  stub.  (1875)... 

39 

21 

40.07 

75 

23 

38.25 

Jacob’s  Creek  (?) 

39 

21 

37.25 

75 

23 

36.45 

Dunck’s  Beach.  On  sand  ridge,  J mile  N. 
of  Cohansev  Light-house 

39 

20 

36.17 

75 

22 

10.38 

Dunck’s  Beach  (2)  

39 

20 

36.34 

75 

22 

10.63 

Dayre  (?)  

39 

21 

47.78 

75 

20 

13.07 

Cohansey  Light-house.  (1840).  Disused... 

39 

20 

21.64 

75 

21 

36.98 

Big  Island.  Buried  cone.  (1839)  (?) 

39 

19 

48.86 

75 

18 

33.60 

Sea  Breeze.  Warner  House  flag-staff.  (1882) 

39 

19 

26.71 

75 

19 

14.83 

Garrison  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous)... 

39 

23 

36.88 

75 

13 

22.47 

West  Point  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

19 

06.31 

75 

15 

30.23 

Ben  Davis  (?)  (1839).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

17 

15.36 

75 

17 

29.10 

Ben  Davis  (2)  (?) 

39 

17 

18.36 

75 

17 

26.98 

Eagle  Island  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

17 

49.26 

75 

14 

27.10 

Nantuxent  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

16 

36.81 

75 

14 

45.49 

Flax  Farm  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

16 

36.52 

75 

13 

13.95 

Joscelyne  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

18 

40.25 

75 

08 

23.09 

Ben.  Drain-pipe  sunk  in  sand  at  extreme 
high-water  mark,  Ben  Davis  Point.  (1882) 

39 

17 

18.47 

, 75 

17 

26.97 

Nan.  Drain-pipe  and  cement,  below  mouth 
of  Nanticoke  Creek.  (1882)  

39 

16 

40.53 

75 

14 

46.80 

Dyer’s  Cove.  Drain-pipe  planted  in  marsh. 
(1882) 

39 

16 

06.54  ' 

75 

13 

42.42 

Turkey  Point  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

14 

59.23 

75 

07 

41.06 

Bradford’s  Point.  Terra-cotta  pipe,  £ mile 
below  Padget’s  Creek.  (1881) 

39 

15 

56.35 

75 

11 

53.95 

Fortesque.  Pavilion  flag-staff  (1882) 

39 

14 

12.23 

75 

10 

19.14 

Fortesque.  Big  flag-staff.  (1882) 

39 

14 

15.38 

75 

10 

14.22 

Fortesque  (?)  (1840) 

39 

14 

12.65 

75 

10 

19.60 

Fortesque  (2).  Terra-cotta  pipe  on  sand 
hill,  332  feet  S.  E.  of  pavilion.  (1881). 

39 

14 

07.19 

75 

10 

16.10 

Dividing  Creek  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  pre- 
vious)  

39 

15 

20.22 

75 

05 

23.72 

Oranoken  (?)  (1840).  (Same  as  previous). 

39 

12 

07.74 

75 

06 

44.21 

False  Point  (?)  (1840) 

39 

12 

00.55 

75 

10 

17.92 

False  Egg  Point,  at  high-water  mark. 
(1882)  

39 

12 

01.23 

75 

10 

11.92 

Egg  Island  Light-house.  (1882) 

39 

10 

43.82 

75 

08 

13.22 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


23 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Cumberland  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Port  Norris.  Buried  cone,  land  of  Harriet 

Ogden.  (1839) 

Elder  Point  (?)  (1842) 

39 

14 

36.29 

75 

01 

17.09 

39 

12 

42.86 

75 

02 

51.93 

Bird  Island.  (1842) 

39 

11 

47.61 

75 

01 

29.58 

Wiggins.  (1842.)  (Same  as  previous) 

39 

14 

36.49 

75 

00 

07.31 

Tomlin.  (1842.)  (Same  as  previous) 

East  Point.  On  sand  hill,  1£  miles  E.  of 

39 

13 

46.84 

75 

00 

09.58 

Maurice  river  (?) 

39 

11 

31.62 

75 

01 

17.70 

Tripod  (?) 

Maurice  River  West.  Buried  cone,  W. 

39 

12 

36.04 

75 

02 

43.10 

side  of  river  mouth.  (1840)  (?) 

39 

12 

43.20 

75 

02 

53.16 

Robinson  (?)  (1842) 

39 

11 

27.01 

74 

59 

42.54 

Egg  Island  (2) 

39 

10 

25.07 

75 

08 

05.52 

Maurice  River  Light-house.  (1877) 

Carlisle.  Buried  cone  (1842)  on  farm  of 

39 

11 

45.23 

75 

01 

39.53 

Wm,  Carlisle,  of  Leesburg 

39 

12 

06.52 

74 

57 

07.80 

West  Creek.  (1842)... 

39 

10 

30.30 

74 

55 

04.47 

West  Creek  (2).  (1881) 

39 

10 

37.79 

74 

54 

58.35 

Elmer  (?). 

39 

22 

13.17 

75 

09 

09.39 

Ship  John  Light-house.  (1882) 

39 

18 

19.10 

75 

22 

37.08 

Bombav  Hook  Light-house.  (1882)  

39 

21 

49.49 

75 

30 

38.34 

Vineland  Church 

39 

29 

10.17 

75 

01 

16.12 

Roman  Catholic  Seminary 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

39 

29 

43.26 

75 

01 

37.26 

Crane  (2).  Summit  First  Mountain,  N.  of 

Montclair  (?)  (a.  1851)  

40 

50 

05.42 

74 

12 

48.86 

Wallace.  In  Newark  city  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

44 

30.41 

74 

10 

56.09 

Newark  Neck  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

42 

44.97 

74 

08 

00.00 

Fairfield.  Reformed  Church  spire.  (B.). 

40 

53 

01.94 

74 

16 

38.13 

Caldwell.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

Caldwell.  Iron  bar,  projecting  3 inches,  1 

40 

50 

18.38 

74 

16 

14.02 

mile  E.  of  village,  near  top  of  hill.  (B.) 
Newark.  First  Presbyterian  Church  spire. 

40 

50 

21.69 

74 

15 

04.77 

(a.  1859) 

Newark.  Methodist  Church  spire.  Broad 

40 

44 

01.18 

74 

10 

02.26 

street,  (a  1859)..  

40 

44 

03.58 

74 

09 

52.60 

Newark  Bay  Light  or  Passaic  Light,  (a.  1859) 

40 

41 

43.69 

74 

07 

19.23 

Newark  Bav  Beacon,  (a.  1859) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

40 

42 

05.60 
-f -02.6 

74 

07 

07.97 
+ 19.9 

Newark.  Episcopal  Church  spire 

40 

44 

25.42 

74 

10 

10.35 

GLOUCESTER  COUNTY. 

Big  Timber  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

52 

42.68 

75 

07 

45.54 

Red  Bank  flag-staff,  (a.  1851) 

39 

52 

17.35 

75 

11 

01.59 

Woodbury  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

39 

51 

50.06 

75 

11 

33.29 

24  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


Gloucester  County. — Continued. 

Mathew  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Billingsport  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Isaac  (?)  (a  1851) 

Cliew.  Hill,  1 mile  N.  of  Mantua  (?)  (a. 

1851) 

Oldman  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Opposite  Marcus  Hook  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Tonkin’s  Island.  West  (?)  (a  1851)  

Tonkin’s  Island.  East  (?)  (a.  1851).. 

Man  Island  (?)  (a.  1851) 1 

Thompson  Point  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Crab  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Eagle  Point  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Opposite  Chester  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Robbins  (2).  (1843) 

Scull  (1).  (1843) 

Lippencott.  On  hill,  2 miles  S.  of  Swedes- 

boro.  (1843)  

Swedesboro  spire.  Episcopal  Church.  (1843) 
Caffery.  J mile  S.  E.  from  Clarksboro. 

(1843)  

West.  2 miles  from  Mullica  Hill,  summit 

of  road  to  Mantua.  (1843)  

Fort  Mifflin  flag-staff,  Pa.  (a.  1851). 

Chester  Roman  Cath.  Church,  Pa.  (a.  1851) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid . Difference 

Lippencott.  (See  above.)  (1843)  

Newfield  

Forest  Grove 

Williamstown  Ch 

Clayton  Ch 


HUDSON  COUNTY. 

Schuyler.  On  ridge,  E.  of  Bellville  (?) 

(a.  1851) 

Bergen  Neck  (?)  On  ridge  in  West  Hobo- 
ken (?)  (1818) 

Stevens.  In  front  of  Stevens  residence, 

Hoboken,  (a.  1851)  

Bergen  spire.  Old  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 

(a.  1851)  

Caven  Point  (?)  (a.  1851).... 

Palmerpaw  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Constable’s  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Vanhorne  (?)  (2)  (a.  1851) 

Shooter’s  Island  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Rowan  (?)  (a.  1851) 


LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

39 

51 

16.54 

75 

12 

23.33 

39 

51 

00.24 

75 

14 

15.88 

39 

50 

44.84 

75 

15 

23.37 

39 

48 

13.89 

75 

09 

42.28 

39 

47 

01.84 

75 

25 

33.11 

39 

47 

39.07 

75 

24 

02.17 

• 39 

48 

48.96 

75 

22 

31.28 

39 

49 

11.40 

75 

21 

40.94 

39 

50 

19.67 

75 

19 

08.59 

39 

50 

31.83 

75 

18 

04.50 

39 

50 

36.40 

75 

17 

20.33 

39 

52 

39.28 

75 

09 

41.21 

39 

49 

40.27 

75 

20 

20.24 

39 

44 

31.29 

75 

19 

42.75 

39 

43 

30.01 

75 

20 

22.73 

39 

43 

17.44 

75 

18 

30.36 

39 

44 

58.94 

75 

18 

07.32 

39 

47 

28.44 

75 

12 

59.73 

39 

45 

36.73 

75 

12 

00.61 

39 

52 

28.57 

75 

12 

25.88 

39 

51 

02.20 

75 

21 

19.52 

4-03.1 

+194 

39 

43 

20.56 

75 

18 

49.81 

39 

32 

13.84 

75 

00 

16.13 

39 

31 

45.77 

74 

59 

21.81 

39 

40 

54.60 

74 

59 

23.20 

39 

39 

26.29 

75 

05 

29.73 

40 

46 

46.28 

74 

08 

10.17 

40 

45 

49.40 

74 

02 

16.62 

40 

44 

38.49 

74 

01 

06.54 

40 

43 

39.51 

74 

03 

43.22 

40 

41 

31.36 

74 

03 

59  07 

40 

40 

38.24 

74 

05 

39.32 

49 

39 

23.52 

74 

05 

25.61 

40 

39 

05.63 

74 

08 

06.80 

40 

38 

34.24 

74 

09 

20.04 

40 

38 

51.54 

74 

07 

13.72 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


25 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Hudson  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Bedloe’s  Island  (flag-staff).  New  York  Bay. 
(a.  1851) .*.. 

40 

41 

17.48 

74 

02 

20.85 

Gibbet  Island  (tree).  Now  Ellis  Island, 
New  York  Bay.  (a,  1851)  

40 

41 

55.72 

74 

02 

05.49 

Jersey  City  (flag-staff'),  (a.  1851)  

40 

42 

52.43 

74 

01 

57.20 

Passionate  Fathers’  Monastery.  West  Ho- 
boken. (B.).. 

40 

45 

54.38 

74 

01 

52.28 

Brooklyn  Bridge.  New  York  pier.  (B)  .. 

40 

42 

23.57 

73 

59 

35.51 

Bergen  Point  spire,  (a.  1859) 

40 

38 

49.58 

74 

07 

19.24 

Centerville.  Church  spire,  (a.  1859)  

40 

40 

03.23 

74 

06 

33.26 

Kill’s  Light.  Bergen  Point,  (a.  1859)  

40 

38 

32.23 

74 

08 

35.84 

Bobin’s  Beef  Light.  New  York  Bay.  (a. 
1859) 

40 

39 

23.85 

74 

03 

36.78 

New  York  City  Hall,  N.  Y.  (a.  1851) 

40 

42 

43.16 

74 

00 

03.09 

New  York,  Trinity  Church  spire,  (a.  1851) 

40 

42 

25.71 

74 

00 

24.29 

Brooklyn,  Trinity  Church  spire 

40 

40 

56.33 

73 

57 

43.06 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

High  wood  (2;  Brick  pillar,  marble  cap  in 
miniature  redoubt,  near  residence  of  Mrs. 
James  G.  King  (1867),  2 miles  N.  of  Ho- 
boken   

40 

46 

-f  02.6 
12.70 

74 

01 

-\-19.9 

02.06 

Bergen  Neck  (?)  (1818) 

40 

45 

52.06 

74 

02 

36.50 

Stevens,  (a.  1851) 

40 

44 

41.14 

74 

01 

26.44 

Bergen  Dutch  Beformed  Church.  (Same 
as  above.)  (1885) 

40 

43 

37.14 

74 

04 

04.35 

Jersey  City.  Spire,  (a.  1851) 

40 

42 

53.18 

74 

02 

16.75 

Oil  Co.’s  chimney.  N.  side  of  Kill  von 
Kull.  (1885)..*. 

40 

39 

18.82 

74 

06 

33.44 

Shooter’s  Island.  Chimney.  (1885) 

40 

38 

32.58 

74 

09 

39.70 

HUNTEBDON  COUNTY. 

Fox  Hill.  Stone  monument  on  summit,  2 
miles  N.  E.  of  Califon.  (B.)  

40 

43 

56.31 

74 

47 

59.45 

Bethlehem.  Masonry  monument  over  Le- 
high Valley  B.  B.  tunnel.  (B.) 

40 

38 

49.95 

75 

01 

18.99 

Gravel  Hill.  Cross  cut  on  rock  on  summit, 
3 miles  N.  W.  of  Milford.  (B.) 

40 

35 

18.87 

75 

08 

06.80 

Pickles.  Stone  monument,  most  southerly 
summit  of  mountain.  (B.) 

40 

35 

38.26 

74 

49 

06.57 

Beadington.  Beformed  Church  spire.  (B.) 

40 

34 

02.46 

74 

43 

49.59 

Cherryville.  Stone  monument,  J mile  W. 
of  village.  (B.) 

40 

33 

42.45 

74 

54 

11.41 

Croton.  Stone  monument  on  summit,  2 
miles  S.  E.  of  village.  (B.) 

40 

29 

01.42 

74 

54 

25.95 

Three  Bridges.  Church  spire.  (B.)... 

40 

31 

20.53 

74 

47 

29.89 

Flemington.  Methodist  Church  spire.  (B.) 

40 

30 

17.53 

74 

51 

10.62 

Pleasant  Corner.  Church  spire.  (B.)  

40 

26 

25.98 

74 

51 

04.55 

Sand  Bidge.  Baptist  Church  spire.  (B.).. 

40 

25 

20.45 

74 

56 

54.99 

26  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE.  • 

Hunterdon  County. — Continued. 
Sourland.  White-oak  stump,  \ mile^W.  of 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Amwell  village.  (B.) 

Goat  Hill.  Stone  monument  on  summit, 

40 

25 

48.96 

74 

45 

19.50 

1J  miles  S.  of  Lambertville.  (B.) 

Haycock,  Pa.  Summit,  2 miles  S.  of 

Bucksville.  (B.) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

MERCER  COUNTY. 

Mount  Rose.  Top  of  mountain,  f mile 

40 

20 

42.05 

74 

55 

57.45 

40 

29 

16.09 
+ 02.7 

75 

12 

50.97 

+19.6 

E.  of  village.  (1840) 

40 

22 

00.56 

74 

43 

06.14 

Poplar  Ridge  (?)  (1840) 

Mount  Canoe.  Buried  cone  on  hill,  If 

40 

22 

14.30 

74 

42 

10.75 

miles  N.  E.  from  Titusville  (?)  (1840) 

40 

19 

37.76 

74 

51 

19.98 

Cold  Soil  (2)  (?)  (1840) .... 

40 

20 

37.84 

74 

42 

13.90 

Pennington  Seminary  (cupola).  (1840) 

40 

19 

35.36 

74 

47 

18.30 

Princeton  Seminary  (cupola).  (1840) 

40 

20 

40.00 

74 

39 

34.26 

Princeton  College  (cupola).  (1840) 

40 

20 

52.06 

74 

39 

15.26 

Mapleton  (2)  (?)  (1840) 

Lawrenceville.  Buried  cone.  Hill  N.  W. 

40 

21 

08.62 

74 

36 

23.83 

of  village  (1840) 

40 

18 

05.01 

74 

43 

48.71 

Lawrenceville  (spire).  (1840) 

Hazel’s  Farm  (2).  Middle  of  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Trenton  turnpike,  30  yards  N. 

40 

17 

51.00 

74 

43 

25.25 

of  Clias.  Updeck’s  house.  (1840). 

40 

18 

02.77 

74 

40 

08.69 

Trenton.  First  Presb.  Church  spire.  (1840) 

40 

13 

10.23 

74 

45 

29.54 

White  Horse  (?)  (1840) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

MIDDLESEX  COUNTY. 

40 

11 

10.70 
-f  02.8 

74 

42 

07.51 

+19.6 

Williams  (2)  (?)  (a.  1851).. 

40 

34 

51.18 

74 

12 

31.94 

Woodbridge  (?)  (a.  1851)  

W oodbridge.  Spire  of  Presbyterian  Church. 

40 

33 

22.51 

74 

14 

20.83 

(a.  1859) 

Zellis  (2).  On  hill,  J mile  S.  of  Wood- 

40 

33 

39.82 

74 

16 

05.95 

bridge  (?)  (a.  1851) .'. 

40 

32 

43.02 

74 

16 

17.64 

Shotwell  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Bloomfield.  Summit  of  Bloomfield’s 

40 

32 

45.43 

74 

15 

,01.06- 

Hill,  2 miles  E.  of  Metuchen.  (a.  1851)... 
Perth  Amboy.  Episcopal  Church  spire. 

40 

32 

04.01 

74 

19 

08.84 

(a.  1859) 

40 

30 

10.64 

74 

15 

36.15 

South  Amboy,  (a.  1851) 

40 

28 

44.61 

74 

16 

59.98 

Morgan  (?)  (a.  1851). 

40 

28 

01.06 

74 

15 

39.33 

Chestnaquack  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Sandhills.  Summit  on  New  Brunswick  and 

40 

27 

37.43 

74 

14 

43.39 

Trenton  turnpike,  (a.  1851) 

40 

24 

27.30 

74 

32 

19.03 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


27 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Middlesex  County.— Continued. 
Cranbury.  Steeple  First  Presb.  Church. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

(a.  1851) 

40 

18 

23.68 

74 

30 

48.32 

New  Brunswick.  Rutgers  Col.  cupola.  (B.) 

40 

29 

52.73 

74 

26 

28.12 

Woodbridge  Landing  (?)  (a.  1859) 

Fire  Brick  "Works.  A.  Hall  & Son’s  ch’y, 

40 

32 

43.23 

74 

14 

59.71 

Perth  Amboy,  (a.  1859) 

40 

30 

51.06 

74 

15 

16.06 

Perth  Amboy.  Presb.  Church,  (a.  1859).. 
South  Amboy  Depot.  Pennsylvania  R.  R. 

40 

30 

18.09 

74 

15 

37.80 

(a.  1859)  

40 

29 

26.32 

74 

16 

15.58 

Seward  (?)  (a.  1859)  

40 

28 

52.90 

74 

16 

13.05 

Morgan  (2)  (?)  (a.  1859) 

40 

28 

08.05 

74 

15 

36.15 

Morgan  (3)  (?)  (a.  1859) 

40 

28 

05.18 

74 

15 

33.80 

Chestnaquack  Point  (2)  (?)  (a.  1859) 

Clarke? s Spheroid.  Difference 

Bavard.  Bank  of  Arthur  Kill,  N.  of  Island 

40 

27 

36.88 

+02.7 

74 

14 

42.36 

+20.0 

View  landing.  Buried  bottle.  (1885)... 
Sawyer.  Tuft’s  Point,  N.  bank  Arthur  Kill. 

40 

35 

01  66 

74 

12 

43.94 

Buried  bottle.  (1885)  

Woodbridge.  Spire  of  Presbyterian  Church. 

40 

33 

38.86 

74 

13 

26.27 

(1885,  same  as  a.  1851)  

Hawk.  18  yards  E.  of  Clark’s  Creek, 

40 

33 

42.50 

74 

16 

25.94 

(1885)  

Sewaren.  Cedar  stub,  160  yards  N.  of 

40 

33 

41.77 

74 

14 

25.40 

Sewaren  Hotel.  (1885) 

Boynton’s  Tile  Works  chimney.  Near  Wood- 

40 

32 

47.50 

74 

15 

18.54 

bridge  Landing.  (1885) 

MONMOUTH  COUNTY. 

40 

32 

26.58 

74 

15 

21.56 

Matayan  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

26 

50.28 

74 

12 

19.53 

Conasconck  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

27 

30.90 

74 

10 

24721 

Point  Comfort  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

27 

20.79 

74 

07 

45.05 

Compton  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

26 

19.74 

74 

05 

09.94 

Sandy  Hook  (?)  (a  1851) 

40 

27 

42.18 

74 

00 

04.80 

Sandy  Hook  Light-house,  (a.  1859) 

40 

27 

39.49 

73 

59 

48.56 

Pigeon  Hill  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Mount  Mitchell.  N.  edge  of  Highlands. 

40 

24 

24.49 

74 

04 

23.33 

(a.  1851)  

Beacon  Hill.  Hill  1 mile  S.  E.  of  Mor- 

40 

24 

27.77 

74 

00 

06.30 

ganville.  (1839) 

Beers.  Hill  W.  side  of  Keyport  and  Holm- 

40 

22 

23.74 

74 

13 

22.06 

del  road.  (1843). 

40 

23 

30.96 

74 

11 

06.29 

Navesink  (?)  (a.  1851)  

40 

23 

45.06 

73 

58 

49.77 

Navesink  Light-house,  (a.  1851) 

40 

23 

42.43 

73 

58 

48.62 

Ocean  House  (flag-staff),  (a.  1851) 

Burdge.  Hill  N.  bank  of  Navesink  river. 

40 

22 

51.74 

73 

58 

13.90 

(1843) 

40 

22 

59.43 

74 

01 

25.80 

Navesink  (2)  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Garriell.  Hill  1 mile  S.  E.  of  Red  Bank. 

40 

23 

15.34 

73 

58 

53.50 

(a.  1851)  

40 

20 

31.69 

74 

02 

45.79 

28  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Monmouth  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Conover  (?)  (a.  1843) 

40 

20 

38.28 

74 

01 

07.42 

Beach  (1)  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

20 

39.12 

73 

58 

01.68 

Beach  (2)  (?)  (a.  1851)  

Polhemus.  Hill  miles  N.  E.  of  Colt’s 

40 

20 

11.87 

73 

58 

02.84 

Neck.  (1843) 

40 

19 

00.00 

74 

08 

36.62 

Shrewsbury  spire,  (a.  1851). 

Liberty  pole.  Long  Branch  village,  (a. 

40 

19 

22.20 

74 

03 

21.63 

1840) 

Disboro.  Hill  H miles  N.  W.  of  Perrine- 

40 

17 

55.55 

73 

59 

52.30 

ville.  (1840) 

Baird.  N.  end  Pine  Hill,  1^  miles  N.  E. 

40 

14 

45.43 

74 

27 

06.10 

of  Pei'rineville.  (1840) '. 

Debow.  Hill  1 mile  S.  E.  of  Clarksburgh 

40 

14 

07.05 

74 

24 

31.26 

(?)  (1840) 

40 

10 

55.37 

74 

25 

16.89 

Freehold.  Spire  old  Court  House  (?)  (1840) 
Grandon.  Hill  2 miles  E.  of  Freehold. 

40 

15 

34.38 

74 

16 

08.50 

(1840)  

Throckmorton.  Hill  2J  miles  S.  of  Colt’s 

40 

15 

44.62 

74 

13 

35.86 

Neck.  (1836) 

Lippencott.  Hill  1J  miles  N.  of  Shark 

40 

15 

01.08 

74 

10 

28.68 

River  R.  R.  station  (?)  (1836) 

West.  Hill  J mile  N.  of  Elberon  R.  R. 

40 

15 

17.63 

74 

07 

18.27 

station  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Red  Bog.  On  hill,  2\  miles  W.  of  Asbury 

Park.  (a.  1851)...“ 

Newell.  On  hill,  2 miles  S.  E.  of  Turkey. 

40 

16 

16.24 

73 

59 

34.71 

40 

14 

03.28 

74 

02 

54.16 

(a.  1851) 

40 

11 

41.15 

74 

14 

05.77 

Highland  of  Squan  (?)  (a.  1851) 

40 

06 

07.68 

74 

04 

17.70 

Sandv  Hook  Signal  (?)  (a.  1859) 

40 

28 

17.05 

74 

00 

03.21 

Conasconck  Point  (2)  (?)  (a.  1859) 

Wilson’s  Beacon.  Back  of  Point  Comfort. 

40 

27 

30.60 

74 

10 

24.74 

(a.  1859) 

Light-house  flag.  Near  Point  Comfort,  (a. 

40 

26 

35.80 

74 

07 

51.32 

1859)  

40 

26 

50.75 

74 

06 

56.81 

Matayan  (?)  (a.  1859) 

40 

26 

48.87 

74 

12 

18.90 

Key  port  spire,  (a.  1859) 1 

40 

26 

12.41 

74 

11 

47.24 

Conover’s  Beacon,  (a.  1859) 

40 

25 

14.21 

74 

03 

01.39 

Hilton  (?)  (a.  1859) 

40 

25 

17.19 

74 

03 

09.44 

Carhart  (?)  (a.  1859)  

40 

25 

01.13 

74 

02 

11.66 

Chapel  Hill.  Back  Light,  (a.  1859) 

40 

23 

51.00 

74 

03 

12.76 

Chapel  Hill.  Light-house  pole.  (a.  1859) 

40 

23 

51.68 

74 

03 

12.67 

Wilson  (?)  (a.  1859)  

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

40 

26 

18.87 
+ 02.8 

74 

05 

08.92 

+19.9 

Beacon  Hill.  (See  above)  

40 

22 

26.55 

74 

13 

41.91 

Throckmorton.  (See  above) 

40 

15 

03.90 

74 

10 

48.57 

Garriell.  (See  above)  

40 

20 

34.44 

74 

03 

05.72 

West.  (See  above) 

40 

16 

18.98 

73 

59 

54.71 

Red  Bog.  (See  above) 

40 

14 

06.10 

74 

03 

13.71 

Red  Bog  (2)  (?)  

40 

14 

05.81 

74 

03 

13.71 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


29 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


LATITUDE. 


LONGITUDE 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


MORRIS  COUNTY. 


East  and  West  Jersey  Line.  1 J miles  N.  of 

Budd’s  Lake.  (B.) 

Green  Pond.  Blazed  pine  on  summit,  1 

mile  N.  of  Denmark.  (B.) 

Sheep  Hill.  Cross  cut  on  large  rock  on 

summit,  1 mile  N.  of  Boonton.  (B.) 

Boonton.  Presb.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

Parsippany.  Presb.  Church  spire.  (B.)... 
Schooley’s  Mountain.  Cross  on  center  one 
of  3 stones  on  summit,  1 £ miles  S.  W.  of 

Drakestown.  (B.) 

Watnong.  Bar  of  iron,  projecting  6 inches, 
on  summit,  1^  miles  N.  W.  of  Morris 

Plains.  (B.) 

Morristown.  Presb.  Church  spire.  (B)... 
Mt.  Olive.  Stone  monument  on  summit, 

lj  miles  E.  of  Budd’s  Lake.  (B.) 

Bald  Hill.  Stone  monument,  1 mile  S.  E. 

of  Brook  Valley.  (B.) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 


OCEAN  COUNTY. 

Christopher.  On  a hill  If  miles  S.  E.  of 
Lakewood,  now  a cemetery  (?)  (a.  1851).. 

Green  Island  (?)  fa.  1851) 

Fleming  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Page  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Stout  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Goose  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Cranberry  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Good  Luck  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Philipp  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Cedar  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Forked  River  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Island  Beach  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Barnegat  Inlet  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Barnegat  Light-house  (a.  1851),  old  posi- 
tion ; for  new  light-house,  see  below.  ... 

Double  Creek  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Hickory  Island  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Great  Swamp  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Dinner  Point  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Hickey  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Cramer  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Long  Beach  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference  

Whitings  Hotel  flag-staff.  (1873) 


Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

40 

53 

46.46 

74 

44 

34.43 

40 

58 

31.04 

74 

31 

41.93 

40 

55 

06.58 

74 

24 

04.35 

40 

54 

20.92 

74 

24 

17.68 

40 

51 

50.17 

74 

24 

04.17 

40 

49 

44.93 

74 

47 

13.45 

40 

50 

52.88 

74 

59 

20.23 

40 

47 

47.83 

74 

28 

30.19 

40 

51 

59.88 

74 

42 

32.80 

40 

57 

37.21 

74 

20 

43.91 

-f  02.6 

+19.7 

40 

04 

10.42 

74 

11 

36.75 

40 

00 

32.22 

74 

06 

06.49 

40 

00 

12.97 

74 

03 

11.79 

39 

59 

06.18 

74 

06 

4-8.18 

39 

57 

34.71 

74 

04 

15.43 

39 

57 

04.97 

74 

06 

20.38 

39 

56 

37.21 

74 

03 

58.55 

39 

55 

18.58 

74 

06 

47.10 

39 

53 

50.37 

74 

04 

25.90 

39 

51 

44.44 

74 

07 

52.94 

39 

49 

19.83 

74 

09 

08.41 

39 

49 

02.52 

74 

05 

08.73 

39 

45 

55.47 

74 

05 

55.43 

39 

45 

57.21 

74 

06 

02.20 

39 

44 

24.84 

74 

10 

20.39 

39 

41 

11.94 

74 

12 

43.12 

39 

40 

39.53 

74 

08 

39.32 

39 

37 

57.40 

74 

14 

54.94 

39 

37 

34.20 

74 

11 

03.36 

39 

35 

09.24 

74 

12 

52.76 

39 

33 

15.89 

74 

14 

21.23 

+03.0 

+20.0 

39 

57 

13.04 

74 

22 

46.62 

30  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


LATITUDE. 


Ocean  County. — Continued. 


Deg.  Min. 


Sec. 


Dec.  Min. 


Balcony".  Buried  jug  at  summit,  2 miles 

S.  W.  of  Whitings.  (1871) 

Ridgeway".  Summit,  N.  side  of  Cedar 
Bridge  road,  5J  miles  N.  W.  from  Barne- 

gat.  (1872) 

Barnegat  Light-house.  Present  light- 
house. (1873) 

Barnegat.  Methodist  Church  spire.  (1873) 
Gowdy’s  house.  Cupola  of  Mr.  J.  G. 
Gowdy’s  residence,  1 mile  E.  of  Toms 
River.  (1873) 

PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

Van  Riper.  Summit,  S.  edge  of  Paterson  (?) 
Weasel.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  First  Moun- 
tain, N.  of  Great  Notch 

Aquackanonk.  Summit  of  hill,  Passaic 

City  (?) 

Beach  Mountain.  Summit,  near  State  line, 

E.  of  Greenwood  Lake.  (,B.)  

Dunker  Pond.  Blazed  oak  on  summit,  \ 

mile  S.  W.  of  pond.  (B.) 

Bear  Fort.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  on  sum- 
mit, 1^  miles  N.  W.  of  West  Milford.  (B.) 
Macopin.  Blazed  chestnut  on  summit,  £ 

mile  E.  of  pond  outlet.  (B.)  ...  

High  Mountain.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  on 
summit,  4 miles  N.  W.  of  Paterson.  (B.) 
Powder  Mills.  Machine  shop  chimney.  (B.) 
Greenwood  Lake,  N.  Y.  Bearfort  Moun- 
tain, N.  of  State  line.  (B.) 

Clarke's  Spheroid.  Difference  

Weasel.  (Same  as  Weasel  above) 

SALEM  COUNTY. 

Oldman’s  Point  (?)  (1843) 

Penn’s  Grove  (?).  (1843) 

Church  Landing  Point  (?)  (1843).... 

Allen.  Buried  cone,  on  hill  miles  S.  W. 

of  Auburn.  (1843) 

Scull  (2).  Buried  cone,  2 miles  N.  from 

Sharpstown  (?) ' 

Ellet.  Buried  cone,  2£  miles  from  Sharps- 
town, on  land  of  Widow  Ellet.  (1843).. 

Reeves  (?)  (1843) 

Acton.  Buried  cone,  2 miles  E.  of  Sharps- 
town, on  land  of  Widow  Acton  (?)  (1843) 


LONGITUDE. 


Sec. 


39 

55 

27.09 

74 

23 

40.94 

39 

46 

34.43 

74 

19 

33.26 

39 

45 

51.61 

74 

06 

23.78 

39 

45 

09.81 

74 

13 

20.04 

39 

57 

11.73 

74 

10 

34.90 

40 

53 

34.04 

74 

08 

04.34 

40 

52 

34.18 

74 

10 

52.41 

40 

51 

01.13 

74 

07 

25.80 

41 

09 

57.56 

74 

17 

20.29 

41 

04 

55.90 

74 

28 

37.23 

41 

08 

23.55 

74 

23 

11.70 

41 

02 

53.61 

74 

23 

43.79 

40 

58 

11.52 

74 

11 

35.58 

40 

55 

27.51 

74 

16 

13.59 

41 

11 

38.07 
4 -02.6 

74 

20 

02.88 

+19.8 

40 

52 

36.81 

74 

11 

12.21 

39 

45 

37.24 

75 

27 

21.92 

39 

43 

59.74 

75 

28 

19.10 

39 

39 

36  75 

75 

31 

00.87 

39 

41 

14.14 

75 

22 

28.26 

39 

40 

56.57 

75 

20 

32.89 

39 

38 

19.55 

75 

23 

37.05 

39 

39 

03.38 

75 

22 

46.20 

39 

38 

08.61 

75 

22 

45.32 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


31 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Salem  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Mill. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Big  Mannington  Hill.  Buried  cone,  3 
miles  S.  W.  of  Woodstown  (1843) 

39 

36 

54.09 

75 

21 

21.79 

TCinsev  (‘?)  (1843) 

39 

38 

03.11 

75 

33 

02.74 

Finn’s  Point.  Bank  of  Delaware  (?)  (1841) 

39 

35 

58.11 

75 

32 

45.92 

Penn’s  Neck  (?)  (1843) 

39 

35 

38.05 

75 

32 

16.88 

Fort  Delaware,  Del.  (1839) 

39 

35 

18.79 

75 

33 

49.20 

Salem  spire,  Episcopal  Church.  (1841).... 

39 

34 

25.42 

75 

27 

37.98 

Elsinborough  Point.  In  old  Swedish  fort. 

(1841)  (?)..- 

Allowav’s  Point.  Buried  cone,  147  yards  N. 
of  mouth  of  Alloway’s  Creek  (?)  (1840). 

39 

32 

21.74 

75 

31 

44.41 

39 

30 

04.77 

75 

31 

30.83 

Burden.  2\  miles  S.  E.  from  Quinton, 
and  300  yards  W.  of  the  cross-roads  (?) 
(1840) 

39 

31 

45.74 

75 

22 

33.40 

Stony  Point  (?)  (1840)  

39 

27 

29.89 

75 

30 

49.85 

Round  Island  (?)  (1840).  (See  below)  

39 

25 

18.79 

75 

27 

13.74 

Arnold  (?)  (1840) 

39 

*3 

14.78 

75 

25 

40.49 

Wilmington  Light-house.  (1841)  

39 

43 

15.25 

75 

30 

55.69 

Wilmington  Town  Hall,  Del.  (1841) 

Delaware  City.  Presbyterian  Church  spire, 
Del.  (1841) 

39 

44 

26.56 

75 

32 

42.43 

39 

34 

38.14 

75 

35 

17.59 

New  Castle.  Episcopal  Church  spire,  Del. 

(1841) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

Finn’s  Point  (2).  Bank  of  Delaware  (1875) 

39 

39 

35.71 

75 

33 

27.34 

39 

36 

+ 03.2 

00.15 

75 

33 

+ 194 
02.57 

Finn’s  Point.  Bank  of  Delaware  (?)  (1841) 

39 

36 

01.32 

75 

33 

05.22 

Salem  Presbyterian  Church  spire 

39 

34 

24.10 

75 

27 

59.28 

Salem  Episcopal  Church  spire.  (See  above) 

39 

34 

28.58 

75 

27 

57.30 

Elsinborough.  (8ee  Elsinborough  above) 
(1841)  

39 

32 

24.91 

75 

32 

03.76 

Elsinborough  (2)  (1875).  Pine  stub,  near 
old  Elsinborough  (?)  

39 

32 

26.33 

75 

32 

03.54 

Elsinborough  (3)  (1881).  90  yards  N.  of 
last  point 

39 

32 

27.48 

75 

32 

03.46 

Alloway.  (See  Alloway  above) 

39 

30 

07.97 

75 

31 

50.20 

Alloway  (2).  Pine  stub,  174  yards  above 
mouth  of  Alloway’s  Creek 

39 

30 

08.53 

75 

31 

48.25 

Alloway  (3) 

39 

30 

15.97 

75 

31 

48.92 

Burden.  (See  Burden  above)  

39 

31 

48.93 

75 

22 

52.85 

Stony  (?)  

39 

27 

33.11 

75 

31 

09.25 

Stonv  (2)  (?) 

39 

27 

47.42 

75 

31 

12.55 

Stony  (3).  Drain-pipe  planted  5 feet  from 
high-watermark.  Stony  Point.  (1882). 

39 

28 

01.83 

75 

31 

16.12 

Round  Island.  Buried  cone  in  marsh. 
(1840)  (?) 

39 

25 

22.02 

75 

27 

33.17 

Round  Island  (2) 

39 

25 

27.04  ] 

75 

27 

36.01 

Sneed  (?)  (1882) 

39 

27 

32.96 

75 

31 

01.94 

Cove  (?)  (1882) 

39 

26 

13.73 

75 

28 

18.14 

Pot.  Drain-pipe  20  feet  back  from  high- 
water  mark.  (1882) 

39 

29 

06.11 

75 

31 

27.73 

32  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OP  STATION. 


Salem  County. — Continued. 

Arnold.  Arnold’s  Point  (?)  (1840) 

Arnold  (2) 

Arnold  (3).  Arnold’s  Point.  Drain-tile 
planted  in  marsh  80  yards  back  from 

shore-line.  (1881) 

Round.  Drain-tile  planted  in  marsh.  (1882) 

Fort  Delaware  (2),  Del.  (1875)..... 

Stow  (?)  (1882) 

New  (?)  (1882) 

Fort  Delaware,  Del.  (See  above)  

Reedy  Island  Light-house  (1881). 

Delaware  City  Presbyterian  Church  spire, 
Del.  (1840) 


SOMERSET  COUNTY. 

Bound  Brook.  Pile  of  stones  on  brow  of 

First  Mountain,  (a.  1851).  

Mine  Mount.  Bar  of  iron  projecting  3 
inches  on  summit,  2 miles  W.  of  Bernards- 

ville.  (B.) 

North  Branch  (?)  (B.) 

Mt.  Horeb.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  on  sum- 
mit, ^ mile  S.  W.  of  church.  (B.) 

Raritan.  Woolen  mill  chimney.  (B.) 

Somerville.  First  Ref.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

Middlebush.  Church  spire.  (B.) 

East  Millstone.  Ref.  Church  cupola.  (B.) 
Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 


SUSSEX  COUNTY. 

High  Point.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  on 
summit  of  Blue  Mountain,  1^  miles  from 

New  York  line.  (B.) 

Centerville.  On  hill,  f mile  W.  of  village. 

(B.) 

Culver’s  Gap.  Copper  bolt,  first  summit, 

' S.  W.  of  gap.  (B.) 

Deckertown.  Presb.  Church  spire.  (B.)... 
Decker  Pond.  Blazed  spruce  on  hill,  E. 

side  of  pond.  (B.) 

Glenwood.  Blazed  spruce  on  hill,  1 mile 

N.  W.  of  village.  (B.) ; 

Hamburgh.  Church  spire  (B.) 

Beaver  Run.  Blazed  hickory  on  hill,  1J 
miles  W.  of  village.  (B.) 


LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

39 

23 

18.03 

75 

25 

59.93 

39 

23 

17.37 

75 

25 

55.00 

39 

23 

18.65 

75 

25 

54.34 

39 

25 

36.85 

75 

27 

39.52 

39 

35 

20.30 

75 

34 

04.05 

39 

22 

50.27 

75 

24 

51.89 

39 

24 

09.65 

75 

26 

35.13 

39 

35 

22.04 

75 

34 

08.60 

39 

30 

03.37 

75 

34 

08.76 

39 

34 

41.37 

75 

35 

37.30 

40 

34 

56.66 

74 

31 

37.57 

40 

43 

16.35 

74 

36 

00.58 

40 

35 

52.65 

74 

40 

33.58 

40 

36 

39.37 

74 

33 

56.57 

40 

33 

52.02 

74 

37 

37.32 

40 

34 

03.78 

74 

36 

21.72 

40 

29 

47.17 

74 

31 

23.11 

40 

30 

07.44 

74 

34 

27.65 

+02.7 

+19.7 

41 

19 

12.74 

74 

39 

23.38 

41 

12 

51.57 

74 

50 

09.99 

41 

10 

18.49 

74 

47 

22.43 

41 

12 

36.60 

74 

36 

03.87 

41 

12 

11.84 

74 

31 

42.65 

41 

15 

24.81 

74 

29 

57.91 

41 

09 

06.48 

74 

34 

13.69 

41 

09 

18.50 

74 

38 

27.17 

GEODETIC  SURVEY. 


33 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


Sussex  County. — Continued. 


LATITUDE. 


LONGITUDE. 


East  and  West  Jersey  Line  (on  Blue  Moun- 
tain). (B.) 

Smith’s  Hill.  Blazed  chestnut  on  summit, 

1J  miles  N.  of  Newton.  (B.)  

Lafayette.  A summit,  2 miles  N.  of  vil- 
lage. (B.) 

Hamburgh.  Copper  bolt  in  ledge  on  sum- 
mit, 2J  miles  E.  of  village.  (B.) 

Franklin  Furnace.  Stack.  (B.) 

Catfish  Pond.  Summit,  E.  of  pond.  (B.) 
Newton.  Presbyterian  Church  spire.  (B.) 
Woodport.  Cross  on  boulder  on  summit,  ^ 

mile  W.  of  Dodge  mine.  (B.) 

Sparta.  Cross  on  rock  on  summit,  1J  miles 

S.  of  Sparta.  (B.) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 


UNION  COUNTY. 

Springfield.  Pile  of  stones  just  E.  of 
old  fence  line,  Roll’s  Hill,  2 miles  S.  of 

summit.  (1817) 

Sayre.  Hill,  2 miles  N.  E.  of  Cranford  (?) 

(a.  1851) 

Elizabethtown.  Spire  of  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church,  (a.  1851) 

Randolph.  On  drift  hill,  E.  of  Plainfield 

(?)  (a.  1851) 

Rahway.  Spire  of  First  Presbyterian 

Church,  (a.  1851)... 

Wynant.  (a.  1859) 

Bird  (?)  (a.  1851) 

Elizabethport.  Presbyterian  Church,  white 

spire,  (a.  1859) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference 

Springfield.  Roll’s  Hill,  as  above.  (1817) 

Sayre,  (a.  1851) 

Elizabethtown.  Presb.  Church,  same  as 

above.  (1885) 

Oil  Cloth  Co.’s  chimney.  Southern  part  of 

Elizabethport.  (1885)  

Staten  Chemical  Co.’s  chimney.  Near  Bay 
Way,  west  bank  of  Arthur  Kill.  (1885) 
Standard  Chemical  chimney.  West  bank  of 

Arthur  Kill.  (1885) 

Wynant  (2).  Hickory  stub  and  buried 
bottle,  Wynant’s  land,  near  Tremley  R.  R. 
station.  (1885)  


Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

j Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

41 

08 

44.15 

1 74 

50 

40.08 

41 

04 

55.05 

,74 

44 

30.17 

41 

07 

51.01 

74 

41 

07.16 

41 

08 

50.85 

74 

31 

30.18 

41 

06 

29.72 

74 

35 

01.74 

41 

01 

54.92 

74 

59 

30.59 

41 

03 

24.80 

74 

44 

59.00 

41 

00 

37.55 

! 74 

35 

10.36 

41 

00 

55.96 
-f  02.5 

74 

37 

56.04 

+19.6 

40 

41 

19.44 

74 

21 

05.44 

40 

40 

43.56 

74 

16 

57.58 

40 

39 

42.84 

74 

12 

36.97 

40 

36 

41.81 

74 

23 

20.32 

40 

36 

51.04 

74 

16 

32.11 

40 

32 

55.28 

74 

13 

58.89 

40 

39 

03.13 

74 

10 

08.69 

40 

38 

49.75 

+02.7 

74 

11 

08.24 

+19.7 

40 

41 

22.15 

74 

21 

25.19 

40 

40 

46.27 

74 

17 

17.35 

40 

39 

45.55 

74 

12 

56.77 

40 

38 

45.96 

74 

11 

45.84 

40 

37 

55.90 

74 

12 

15.47 

40 

36 

54.00 

74 

12 

21.73 

40 

36 

27.11 

74 

13 

11.48 

C 


34  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Geographical  Positions. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

Delaware  Water  Gap.  Brow  of  Mount 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

. Sec. 

Tammany.  (B.) 

Danville.  Blazed  white-oak  on  summit,  1 

40 

58 

05.12 

75 

06 

23.27 

mile  W.  of  village.  (B.) 

Hackettstown.  Blazed  rock-oak  on  summit, 

40 

52 

09.43 

74 

55 

53.36 

2 miles  W.  of  town.  (B.)... 

Montana.  Stone  monument,  £ mile  S.  E. 

40 

51 

05.48 

74 

51 

59.91 

of  village.  (B.) 

Clarke’s  Spheroid.  Difference  

40 

45 

50.08 

+02.6 

75 

03 

17.38 

+19.5 

Geographical  Positions  Determined  by  the  State  Survey. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

ATLANTIC  COUNTY. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

El  wood.  Spire 

39 

34 

40.3 

74 

42 

55.6 

Weymouth.  Stack 

39 

30 

23.5 

74 

46 

36.0 

Richland.  On  hill,  1 mile  S.  E.  of  village.. 

39 

29 

19.0 

74 

51 

12.6 

New  Germany.  Spire 

39 

36 

26.3 

74 

50 

49.2 

Doughtv’s.  Flag  north  of  tavern ,... 

Buena  Vista.  Flag  opposite  R.  R.  station.. 

39 

26 

54.0 

74 

51 

46.6 

39 

30 

50.6 

74 

55 

29.7 

Russia  Flag 

39 

22 

46.2 

74 

48 

32.9 

Estellville 

39 

22 

21.4 

74 

45 

44.1 

Mirv  Run 

39 

23 

26.5 

74 

41 

35.6 

English  Creek...  

39 

22 

18.3 

74 

39 

18.3 

BERGEN  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

02.6 

19.8 

Darlington.  E.  edge  of  Ramapo  Moun- 

tain   

41 

04 

40.1 

74 

12 

13.0 

Ramsey’s.  Church  tower 

41 

03 

31.0 

74 

08 

12.4 

WykofF.  Church  spire 

41 

00 

25.1 

74 

10 

06.2 

Paramus.  Church  spire 

40 

59 

04.5 

74 

05 

13.6 

Midland  Park.  Church  tower 

40 

59 

24.2 

74 

08 

11.8 

Schraalenburg.  Church  spire 

40 

56 

22.5 

73 

59 

20.7 

BURLINGTON  COUNTY. 

Bordentown.  Baptist  Church  spire 

40 

08 

48.7 

74 

42 

50.1 

Bordentown.  Presbyterian  Church  spire... 

40 

08 

36.5 

74 

42 

37.1 

GEODETIC  SURVEY, 


35 


G-eog\  Positions  Determined  by  the  State  Survey.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Burlington  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Crosswicks.  Spire 

40 

09 

16.3 

74 

39 

02.1 

Florence.  Foundry  chimney  

40 

07 

31.1 

74 

49 

05.6 

Burlington.  St.  Mary’s  spire  

Bishop’s  barn.  E.  of  Columbus  

40 

04 

37.8 

74 

51 

43.6 

40 

03 

47.4 

74 

41 

38.0 

Columbus.  West  spire 

40 

04 

25.0 

74 

43 

31.4 

Tavlor’s  Mount,  S.  of  Cookstown 

40 

02 

03.6 

74 

33 

01.9 

Lewistown.  Wind-mill 

39 

59 

26.9 

74 

37 

11.7 

Smithville.  Mill  tower 

39 

59 

10.7 

74 

44 

54.7 

Brown’s  Mills.  (Observatory) 

39 

58 

09.5 

74 

34 

53.3 

Mt.  Laurel.  (Summit) 

39 

56 

03.5 

74 

53 

39.3 

Marlton  Church  tower 

39 

53 

26.3 

74 

55 

10.7 

Medford 

39 

54 

55.3 

74 

51 

13.5 

Retreat.  Hill,  If  miles  S.  E.  of  school- 

house 

39 

53 

52.2 

74 

41 

47.7 

Huckleberry  Hill.  If  miles  N.  W.  of 

Tabernacle 

39 

51 

24.5 

74 

44 

15.7 

Four  Mile.  At  cross-roads 

39 

53 

08.7 

74 

34 

11.6 

Taunton.  Hinchman’s  store  cupola.  

39 

51 

12.1 

74 

51 

21.4 

Jemima  Mount.  2f  miles  E.  of  Quaker 

Bridge 

39 

43 

43.0 

74 

27 

04.1 

CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Haddonfield.  White  spire 

39 

53 

59.3 

75 

01 

45.7 

Atco.  Richards’  house  cupola 

39 

46 

17.7 

74 

53 

08.2 

Atsion.  Mill  tower 

39 

44 

21.5 

74 

43 

30.6 

W aterford . Spire  , 

39 

43 

23.9 

74 

51 

09.4 

Merchantville.  East  spire 

39 

57 

00.6 

75 

02 

57.0 

CAPE  MAY  COUNTY. 

Tuckahoe.  Spire 

39 

17 

32.4 

74 

45 

17.6 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

Vineland.  Church  spire 

39 

29 

10.2 

75 

01 

16.1 

Bridgeton.  Chas.  R.  Elmer’s  house  cupola 

39 

25 

37.2 

75 

12 

50.5 

Bridgeton.  Baptist  Church  spire.  

39 

25 

43.2 

75 

13 

58.1 

Deerfield 

39 

32 

32.2 

75 

13 

24.2 

Dividing  Creek 

39 

18 

33.7 

75 

05 

15.1 

Fairton 

39 

22 

13.9 

75 

09 

09.6 

Woodruff 

39 

24 

49.1 

75 

08 

46.9 

Millville.  Stand-pipe 

39 

24 

15.1 

75 

02 

52.7 

Kellogg 

39 

26 

00.5 

74 

59 

09.8 

Pine  Mount... 

39 

25 

06.4 

75 

20 

11.5 

Dutch  Neck 

39 

23 

24.1 

75 

15 

13.0 

Mulford’s  Landing 

39 

22 

21.1 

75 

19 

26.0 

Muskee  Hill 

39 

18 

42.2 

74 

57 

08.2 

36  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Geog\  Positions  Determined  by  the  State  Survey. — Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

Fairfield.  Church  spire 

40 

53 

02.6 

01.8 

74 

16 

19.8 

38.2 

Caldwell.  Flag 

40 

50 

21.5 

74 

15 

04.9 

GLOUCESTER  COUNTY. 
Stringtown  (Lincoln) 

39 

40 

13.3 

75 

14 

18.8 

Glassboro.  White  spire 

39 

42 

00.7 

75 

06 

46.7 

Clayton.  Spire 

39 

39 

26.3- 

75 

05 

29.4 

Iona.  Tall  pine  in  swamp,  S.  W.  of  R.  R. 
station  ...  

39 

36 

10.2 

75 

04 

38.2 

Williamstown.  Spire 

39 

40 

54.6 

74 

59 

23.2 

Piny  Hollow 

39 

35 

09.9 

74 

55 

39.7 

Forest  Grove.  Church  spire 

39 

31 

45.8 

74 

59 

21.8 

Newfield.  On  hill,  miles  S.  E.  of  village 

39 

32 

13.8 

75 

00 

16.1 

HUNTERDON  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

Potters  ville 

40 

42 

02.7 

22.1 

74 

43 

19.6 

46.5 

Readington.  Church  spire 

40 

34 

02.5 

74 

43 

49.6 

Cherry  ville.  Spire 

40 

33 

42.0 

74 

53 

55.9 

Quakertown.  Spire 

40 

33 

50.2 

74 

56 

11.9 

Cushetunk 

40 

37 

22.1 

74 

.48 

07.3 

Mechanicsville.  Church  spire 

40 

37 

08.5 

74 

44 

40.8 

Cornhill  

40 

22 

21.08 

74 

54 

23.1 

Rosemont.  Spire 

40 

25 

36.7 

74 

59 

06.8 

MERCER  COUNTY. 

Princeton  water-tower 

40 

20 

23.5 

74 

40 

03.5 

Princeton  College  cupola 

40 

20 

55.0 

74 

39 

35.1 

Lawrenceville  stand-pipe 

40 

17 

31.9 

74 

44 

10.9 

Ewing  Church  spire 

40 

16 

14.4 

74 

48 

02.5 

East  Trenton.  Rubber  Works  chimney 

40 

14 

23.0 

74 

43 

39.0 

Trenton.  State  and  Clinton  street  spire 

40 

13 

16.8 

74 

45 

21.3 

Trenton.  State  House  dome 

40 

13 

13.8 

74 

46 

13.1 

Trenton.  State  Street  Meth.  Church  spire.. 

40 

13 

13.5 

74 

45 

36.7 

Trenton.  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Broad 
and  Center  streets 

40 

12 

51.5 

74 

45 

40.6 

Trenton.  Bapt.  Church,  Center  and  Bridge 
streets  

40 

1 

12 

41.4 

74 

45 

36.4 

Hamilton  Square  Baptist  Church 

40 

13 

46.1 

74 

39 

37.3 

Dutch  Neck  spire 

40 

16 

57.5 

74 

36 

50.3 

Windsor  spire 

40 

14 

34.5 

74 

34 

57.7 

GEODETIC  SURVEY 


37 


Geog\  Positions  Determined  by  the  State  Survey.— Continued. 


NAME  OF  STATION. 


MIDDLESEX  COUNTY. 


LATITUDE. 


LONGITUDE. 


Menlo  Park.  Tall  iron  stack  

Van  Keuren’s  house.  1 mile  S.  W.  of  New- 
town  

Metuchen.  Presbyterian  Church  spire  — 
Rutgers  College  cupola,  New  Brunswick.... 

St.  James’ spire.  New  Brunswick 

Stelton.  Church  spire  

Kreicher’s  chimney,  Staten  Island  

Tottenville.  Cupola,  Staten  Island..  

State  Reform  School  tower 

Dayton.  Church  spire 

Cranbury.  First  Presb.  Church  spire.. 

Cranbury.  Second  Presb.  Church  spire 

MONMOUTH  COUNTY. 

Freehold.  Court-house  spire 

Freehold.  Reformed  Church  spire 

Key  East  Hotel,  flag-staff 

Colorado  House.  Ocean  Beach  

Beach  House,  Sea  Girt,  N.  flag-staff 

Disbrow  Hill 

Allentown.  Reformed  Church  spire 

MORRIS  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke's  Spheroid  add 

Seward’s  Hill.  Chester  cross-roads 

Parsippany.  Church  spire 

OCEAN  COUNTY. 

Sea  Side  Park.  Flag-staff  at  post-office 

Whitings.  Hotel  flag-staff'. 

Buckingham,  ^ mile  N.  of  Philadelphia 
and  Long  Branch  R.  R.,  and  just  W.  of 
Ocean  County  line 

PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke's  Spheroid  add 

Wayne.  Powder  Mills  chimney 

SALEM  COUNTY. 

Eldridge’s  Hill,  225  yards  S.  W.  of  Hayne’s 

house,  at  Point  Airy 

Daretown.  Church  spire 

Mt.  Pleasant.  On  hill,  S.  side  of  East  Lake, 
S.  E.  of  Woodstown 


Beg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

40 

33 

49.0 

74 

20 

22.5 

40 

32 

16.4 

74 

28 

06.2 

40 

32 

25.7 

74 

21 

34.5 

40 

29 

55.4 

74 

26 

47.7 

40 

29 

38.0 

74 

26 

53.9 

40 

31 

01.5 

74 

24 

26.0 

40 

31 

57.1 

74 

14 

28.8 

40 

30 

30.9 

74 

14 

37.9 

40 

20 

35.6 

74 

23 

55.6 

40 

22 

32.8 

74 

30 

43.7 

40 

18 

26.4 

74 

31 

08.3 

40 

18 

50.4 

74 

30 

51.6 

40 

15 

37.3 

74 

16 

29.6 

40 

15 

28.0 

74 

16 

42.4 

40 

11 

29.6 

74 

00 

37.8 

40 

10 

23.8 

74 

00 

57.5 

40 

07 

34.8 

74 

01 

49.9 

40 

14 

48.0 

74 

27 

26.1 

40 

10 

27.1 

74 

35 

14.6 

02.6 

19.7 

40 

47 

10.2 

74 

40 

15.5 

40 

51 

50.1 

74 

24 

04.5 

39 

55 

15.5 

74 

04 

44.0 

39 

57 

13.1 

74 

22 

46.5 

39 

55 

57.9 

74 

28 

30.8 

02.6 

19.8 

40 

55 

27.5 

74 

16 

13.7 

39 

39 

45.3 

75 

18 

24.3 

39 

36 

05.2 

75 

15 

37.0 

39 

38 

22.8  1 

75 

18 

32.0 

-1  Co 


38  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Geog.  Positions  Determined  by  the  State  Survey.— Continued.^ 


NAME  OF  STATION. 

LATITUDE. 

LONGITUDE. 

Salem  County. — Continued. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sec. 

Centerton 

39 

31 

45.3 

75 

07 

44.4 

Elmer 

39 

34 

57.5 

75 

11 

12.7 

Jericho 

39 

29 

19.8 

75 

21 

50.2 

New  Boston 

39 

31 

17.9 

75 

17 

10.2 

SOMERSET  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

Lamington.  Church  spire.  

40 

39 

02.7 

35.5 

74 

42 

195 

52.7 

Pluckamin.  Church  spire 

40 

38 

49.9 

74 

38 

13.0 

Bedminster.  Church  cupola 

40 

40 

12.0 

74 

38 

23.5 

North  Branch.  Reformed  Church  spire.... 

40 

35 

53.9 

74 

40 

02.7 

SUSSEX  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

Lemon’s  house.  W.  of  Swartswood 

41 

04 

02.5 

50.1 

74 

51 

19.6 

22.8 

Hardwick.  Church  cupola 

40 

59 

41.6 

74 

51 

19.4 

Tranquility.  Church  spire 

40 

56 

36.2 

74 

47 

54.4 

Andover,  mile  W.  of  village 

40 

59 

07.3 

74 

44 

29.8 

Milford  flag,  Pa.  Hill  just  N.  E.  of  village  . 

41 

19 

42.2 

74 

47 

16.6 

(All  Stations  below  are  on  Clarke’s  Spheroid.) 
UNION  COUNTY. 

Westfield.  Presbyterian  Church  spire 

40 

39 

14.1 

74 

20 

52.7 

Cranford.  Presbyterian  Church  spire 

Roselle.  Flag-staff. 

40 

39 

28.1 

74 

18 

11.6 

40 

39 

37.0 

74 

15 

50.4 

Elizabeth.  First  Presbyterian  Church  spire.. 

40 

39 

45.6 

74 

12 

56.8 

Elizabeth.  St.  Mary’s  Church  spire  

40 

39 

29.9 

74 

13 

07.8 

Washington  Rock  (North  rock) 

40 

36 

45.7 

74 

28  . 

20.9 

Netherwood.  Hotel 

40 

37 

33.7 

74 

24 

00.4 

Dunellen.  Spire 

40 

35 

39.9 

74 

27 

50.2 

New  Dover.  Spire 

40 

35 

07.2 

74 

20 

26.4 

Rahway.  First  Presbyterian  Church  spire.. 

40 

36 

53.8 

74 

16 

51.8 

Rahway.  Second  Presb.  Church  spire 

40 

36 

31.8 

74 

16 

34.1 

Linden.  Reformed  Church  spire 

40 

38 

02.6 

74 

15 

32.2 

Linden.  Episcopal  Church  spire 

40 

37 

39.7 

74 

15 

07.0 

Bay  Way.  Staten  Chemical  Co.’s  chimney.. 

40 

37 

56.0 

74 

12 

15.3 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

To  reduce  to  Clarke’s  Spheroid  add 

Hope.  Church  spire 

40 

54 

02.6 

29.3 

74 

57 

19.5 

52.2 

Warrenville.  1 mile  S.  W.  of  village 

40 

53 

50.4 

74 

50 

02.1 

Jenny  Jump  Mountain... 

40 

51 

59.6 

74 

59 

01.3 

Belvidere.  Presbyterian  Church  spire 

40 

49 

34.0 

75 

04 

23.4 

Mt.  No  More  

40 

48 

01.2 

75 

01 

16.9 

White  Hall,  f mile  S.  W.  of  cross-roads... 

40 

42 

26.8 

74 

53 

41.1 

Easton.  Court-house  spire 

40 

41 

15.4 

75 

12 

44.2 

Washington.  Old  chimney,  bank  of  canal.. 

40 

45 

53.0 

74 

58 

57.7 

Pohatcong  Mountain 

40 

42 

25.8 

75 

02 

45.7 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


39 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


BY  C.  CLARKSON  VERMEULE,  C.E. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  POSITION. 

The  northernmost  point  of  the  State  is  Tri-States  rock,  at  the  forks 
of  the  Delaware  and  Navesink  rivers,  just  south  of  Port  Jervis,  New 
York.  It  is  in  latitude  41  deg.  21  min.  22.6  sec.,  and  longitude  74 
deg.  41  min.  40.7  sec.  The  most  easterly  point  is  in  the  middle  of 
the  Hudson  river  nearly  opposite  Hastings,  New  York,  and  due  east 
from  the  terminal  monument  of  the  State  line  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river.  This  point  is  in  latitude  40  deg.  59  min.  50.1  sec.,  and 
longtitude  73  deg.  53  min.  39  sec.  Cape  May  is  the  southernmost 
point  of  land,  and  lies  in  latitude  38  deg.  55  min.  40  sec.,  and  longi- 
tude 74  deg.  56  min.  40  sec.  In  the  middle  of  the  Delaware  river, 
just  above  Pea- patch  island,  and  in  latitude  39  deg.  37  min.  00  sec., 
and  longitude  75  deg.  35  min.  00  sec.,  lies  the  most  westerly  point. 

The  extreme  length  of  the  State  from  Tri-States  rock  to  Cape  May 
is  166  miles,  and  its  narrowest  part  is  at  a line  drawn  from  Trenton 
to  Great  Beds  light-house,  in  Raritan  bay,  which  is  33 \ miles  Jong. 
The  portion  lying  north  of  this  line  is  nearly  square,  measuring  about 
55  miles  from  northwest  to  southeast,  and  65  miles  from  the  New 
York  line  southwest  to  the  Delaware  river.  The  Delaware  forms  the 
northwest  and  southwest  boundaries  of  this  square,  the  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  line  between  Tri-States  rock  and  the  Hudson  the 
northeast  side  and  the  Hudson  river,  New  York  bay,  Kill  van  Kull 
and  Arthur  Kill  the  southeast  side.  This  line  makes  a natural  divid- 
ing line  between  northern  and  southern  New  Jersey,  and  marks  a 
decided  change  in  topographic  and  other  physical  features.  Southern 
New  Jersey  measures  36J  miles  in  width  from  Bordentown  to  the 
seashore,  and  gradually  increases  to  57  miles  from  opposite  Chester, 
Pennsylvania,  to  Great  Egg  Harbor  inlet.  Its  length  from  Raritan 
bay  to  Delaware  bay  is  just  about  100  miles.  Excepting  on  the 
above-described  line  from  Trenton  to  South  Amboy,  this  portion  of 
the  State  is  surrounded  by  water. 


40  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


BOUNDARIES. 

New  Jersey  is  bounded  for  a distance  of  108  miles  on  the  north  and 
east  by  the  State  of  New  York  ; for  137  miles  on  the  east  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean;  for  78  miles  on  the  south  and  west  by  the  State  of 
Delaware,  and  for  a distance  of  1 64  miles  on  the  west  by  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania.  Her  total  frontier  measures  487  miles,  of  which  all 
but  48  miles  is  defined  by  natural  boundaries — rivers,  bays  and  the 
ocean. 

This  area  was  first  constituted  and  named  as  a distinct  colony  or 
province  in  the  year  1664,  when  it  was  sold  by  James,  Duke  of  York 
(afterward  King  James  II.)  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George 
Carteret.  In  the  deeds  of  lease  and  release,  dated  respectively  23d 
and  24th  of  June,  1664,  it  is  described  as  “ That  tract  of  land  adja- 
cent to  New  England,  and  lying  and  being  to  the  west  of  Long 
Island  and  Manhitas  Island ; and  bounded  on  the  east,  part  by  the 
maiu  sea,  and  part  by  Hudson’s  River;  and  hath  upon  the  west, 
Delaware  Bay  or  River ; and  extendeth  southward  to  the  main  ocean, 
as  far  as  Cape  May,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay  ; and  to  the  north- 
ward as  far  as  the  northernmost  branch  of  the  said  bay  or  river  Dela- 
ware, which  is  in  41  deg.  40  min.  of  latitude ; and  crosses  over,  thence, 
in  a straight  line,  to  Hudson’s  River,  in  41  deg.  of  latitude ; which 
said  tract  of  land  is  hereafter  to  be  called  Nova  Caesarea,  or  New 
Jersey.”  * 

This  description  led  to  long  controversies  as  to  the  location  of  the 
northern  boundary,  for  subsequent  examination  showed  that  there  was 
no  important  fork  of  the  river  Delaware  near  latitude  41  deg.  40  min. 
The  eastern  extremity  of  the  boundary  was  first  determined  to  be  at 
the  mouth  of  Tappan  creek,  afterwards  it  was  claimed  that  it  prop- 
erly began  opposite  the  mouth  of  Spuyten  Duyvil  creek,  and  still 
other  claims  were  presented  for  its  location  at  various  points  between 
these  extremes.  The  western  end  of  the  boundary  was  proposed  by 
some  to  be  fixed  at  the  head  of  Delaware  bay,  and  by  various  others 
at  the  mouths  of  the  Lehigh,  the  Navesink,  the  Popaxtun  and  the 
Mohawk  branches  of  Delaware  river,  and  at  the  lower  end  of  Mini- 
sink island.  Many  attempts  were  made  to  reconcile  these  conflicting 
claims  and  to  ascertain  and  mark  the  line. 

The  commission  appointed  in  1767,  to  determine  the  northern 


* Learning  & Spicer,  p.  10. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


41 


boundary,  decided  that  this  description  had  been  based  on  the  map 
shown  on  next  page,  the  errors  of  which  account  for  the  vagueness  of 
the  description.  This  map  was  published  shortly  before  the  above  grant 
was  made,  and  it  may  be  noted  that  it  bears  a marked  resemblance  to 
one  published  by  Van  der  Donck  in  his  “ Description  of  the  New 
Netherlands  as  it  now  is,”  1656.  It  is  reproduced  because  of  its  in- 
terest as  the  map  by  which  the  boundaries  of  the  State  were  first 
described,  and  also  as  showing  what  important  difficulties  may  arise 
from  erroneous  maps.  It  will  be  noticed  that  its  latitudes  are  about 
one-quarter  of  a degree  too  great  at  the  northern  boundary. 

This  grant  clearly  includes  Staten  Island.  This,  however,  was 
early  claimed  as  a part  of  New  York  and  her  title  to  it  was  finally 
confirmed  by  the  action  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  two  States  and  of 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  1834. 

Various  commissions  have  been  appointed  since  1718  to  fix  differ- 
ent portions  of  the  State  boundaries,  but  the  work  is  still  incomplete. 
The  work  of  these  commissions  is  given  in  detail  further  on.  For 
the  benefit  of  those  who  have  no  need  to  follow  out  these  details,  the 
following  brief  descriptions  of  the  State  boundaries  are  given,  as  near 
as  at  present  known. 

TERRITORIAL  BOUNDARIES. 

Beginning  at  Tri-States  rock,  at  the  forks  of  the  Delaware  and 
Navesink  rivers,  the  line  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey  runs 
southeast,  changing  its  course  slightly  at  the  end  of  each  mile,  so  that 
at  Greenwood  lake  it  swerves  southward  2,415  feet  from  a straight 
linejoining  its  two  ends,  so  continuing  to  the  terminal  monument  on 
the  west  bank  of  Hudson  river  opposite  Hastings.  The  line  is 
marked  by  a granite  monument  at  each  highway  and  railroad  cross- 
ing, and  also  at  the  end  of  each  mile  as  measured  from  the  bank  of 
the  Hudson  ; thence  the  line  runs  east  to  the  middle  of  Hudson  river, 
and  then  down  the  middle  of  the  said  river  and  New  York  bay  to  a 
point  midway  between  the  headlands  of  Constable  Hook,  New 
Jersey,  and  Bay  Ridge,  Long  Island ; thence  westerly  along  the 
middle  of  Kill  van  Kull  (to  the  northward  of  Shooter's  island*),  and 
down  the  middle  of  Arthur  Kill  to  a point  at  the  mouth  of  said 
Arthur  Kill.  From  here  it  follows  a straight  line  to  Great  Beds 
light;  thence  on  a straight  line  toward  Waaeake  light  until  it  inter- 


*So  accepted,  but  open  to  question. 


f t arr.eiuis 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


43 


sects  a line  from  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  station 
“ Morgan  2 ” through  Romer  Stone  beacon ; and  thence  on  the  same 
line  until  it  intersects  a line  drawn  from  Sandy  Hook  beacon  to 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  station  “ Oriental  Hotel,” 
on  Coney  Island;  thence  on  a line  at  right  angles  to  this  last- 
mentioned  line  to  the  open  ocean.  Down  the  coast  the  boundary  is  a 
line  three  geographical  miles  from  the  coast  line  until  we  reach  a line 
drawn  through  the  middle  of  Delaware  bay ; thence  up  the  middle  of 
the  bay  and  river  * to  the  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 
The  line  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  follows  thence  up 
the  middle  of  the  Delaware,  leaving  the  several  islands  of  said  river 
to  the  State  nearest  which  they  lie,  to  Tri-States  rock,  the  place  of 
beginning. 

LIMITS  OF  JURISDICTION. 

The  above  bounds  limit  the  property  rights  of  the  State.  In  some 
cases  they  coincide  with  the  jurisdictional  limits,  and  in  other  cases 
they  do  not.  The  limits  of  jurisdiction  follow  the  line  from  Tri- 
States  rock  to  the  Hudson  river  as  described  above ; thence  due  east 
to  the  middle  of  said  river,  and  following  the  middle  of  the  river  to 
a point  opposite  the  mouth  of  Spuyten  Duy vil  creek ; thence  west- 
ward to  low- water  mark  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Hudson.  Juris- 
diction is  limited  by  low-water  mark  of  the  western  shore  from  this 
point  southward  along  the  river  and  New  York  bay  to  Kill  van 
Kull,  and  changes  as  the  shore  line  is  changed  by  improvements. 
Continuing,  the  limits  follow  the  north  shore  of  Kill  van  Kull  and 
the  west  shore  of  Arthur  Kill  to  the  mouth  of  Woodbridge  creek ; 
thence  crossing  the  Kill  and  following  low-water  mark  of  the  Staten 
Island  shore  around  to  Prince’s  Bay  light-house.  From  here  they 
follow  a line  drawn  from  Prince’s  Bay  light-house  to  the  mouth  of 
Matawan  creek,  until  said  line  intersects  the  previously-described  line 
of  territorial  limits  drawn  through  the  middle  of  Raritan  bay ; 
thence  along  said  line  to  the  ocean,  and  down  the  coast  to  a point 
midway  between  the  Delaware  capes.  From  here  New  Jersey  claims 
jurisdiction  to  the  middle  of  Delaware  bay  and  river  as  far  up  as  the 
line  between  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.  From  this  point  north- 
ward to  Tri-States  rock  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 


* This  is  New  Jersey’s  claim.  It  has  been  disputed  by  the  State  of  Delaware.  See 
Revised  Code  of  Delaware,  1874,  chap.  1,  sec.  2. 


44  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


exercise  joint  jurisdiction  over  the  waters  of  the  Delaware  river, 
offences  being  tried  in  that  State  which  first  apprehends  the  offender. 

The  right  to  regulate  fisheries  extends  to  the  property  limits  so  far 
as  the  question  has  been  settled  by  inter-state  compacts. 

The  above  description  embodies  the  best  understanding  which  can 
be  reached  of  the  results  of  the  various  inter-state  commissions.  The 
territorial  boundary  through  New  York  bay  and  across  Newark  bay 
from  the  head  of  Kill  van  Kull  to  the  head  of  Arthur  Kill  has  not 
yet  been  settled  with  proper  definiteness ; .and,  as  before  stated,  no 
agreement  has  been  reached  with  Delaware  as  to  the  boundary  between 
that  State  and  New  Jersey.  For  the  use  of  those  wishing  to  pursue 
the  subject  further,  the  results  of  the  various  boundary  agreements 
are  outlined  below. 

NORTHERN  BOUNDARY  BETWEEN  NEW  JERSEY  AND  NEW  YORK. 

The  following  is  on  record  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  of 
New  Jersey,  Book  F 2 of  Deeds,  p.  435  : 

<(  By  His  Excellency  Lewis  Morris,  Esq.,  Captain  General  and 
Governor  in  Chief  of  His  Majesty’s  Province  of  New  Jersey  and 
Territories  thereon  depending  in  America,  and  Vice  Admiral  in  the 

same,  &c. 

“ I do  hereby  certify  that  sometime  in  or  about,  as  I believe,  the 
year  1685  or  1686,  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan  then  Governor  of  New 
York  with  some  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  Council  of  New  York  and 
others,  met  with  Gawen  Lawrie  then  Governor  of  New  Jersey  and 
some  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  Council  of  New  Jersey  and  others,  at 
a place  nigh  which  stood  afterwards  the  house  of  Col.  William  Mer- 
ret  on  the  west  side  of  Hudson’s  River,  where  an  observation  was 
there  made  of  the  latitude,  and  marked  with  a pen  knife  on  a beech 
tree  standing  by  a small  run  or  spring  of  water  that  runs  down  on 
the  north  side  of  the  place  where,  I think,  Merret’s  house  afterwards 
stood.  Some  time  early  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1691,  I went 
and  re-marked  the  said  tree,  but  do  not  remember  what  was  the  lati- 
tude that  was  marked  thereon.  They  went  afterwards  to  a house  to 
the  southward  of  a place  called  Verdrietige  Hook,  and  from  thence 
southerly  to  a farmer’s  house  to  the  northward  of  the  Tapan  meadow, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  Bay.  I cannot  particularly  remember  whether 
observations  were  made  at  one  or  both  these  places,  but  I was  told 
they  then  did  agree  that  the  mouth  of  Tapan  Creek,  should  be  the 
point  of  partition  on  Hudson’s  River,  between  the  Province  of  New 
York  and  that  of  New  Jersey. 


a Lewis  Morris. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


45 


“Be  it  remembered  that  on  the  28th  of  February  1744-’5  before 
Robert  Hunter  Morris,  Esq.  Chief  Justice  of  New  Jersey,  His  Ex- 
cellency Lewis  Morris,  Esq.  aforesaid,  acknowledged  the  preceding 
certificate  to  be  his  act  and  deed. 

“Robert  H.  Morris/’ 

Though  no  record  of  the  fact  is  known,  the  latitude  of  41  deg.  40 
min.  on  the  Delaware  must  have  been  found  at  this  time,  for  the 
division  line  between  the  Provinces  of  East  and  West  Jersey,  which 
depended  on  the  location  of  this  point,  was  run  by  Geo.  Keith  in 
1687. 

Nothing  satisfactory  to  the  parties  interested  was,  however,  accom- 
plished, as  appears  by  an  act  passed  in  1718,  entitled  “An  act  for 
running  and  ascertaining  the  division  line  betwixt  this  Province  and 
the  Province  of  New  York.”  * 

This  act  sets  forth  that  disputes  have  “ of  late  happened  betwixt 
the  proprietors  and  owners  of  land  in  this  Province  of  New  Jersey, 
and  owners  of  land  in  the  Province  of  New  York,  which  lie  near  to 
or  adjoining  upon  the  division  line,”  and  enacts  that  there  shall  be 
two  or  more  commissioners,  with  the  Surveyor-General,  appointed  by 
the  Governor  of  the  Province,  to  join  with  commissioners  appointed 
on  behalf  of  the  Province  of  New  York  to  “run,  survey,  agree  on, 
and  ascertain  the  said  line.”  The  act  was  confirmed  May  29th,  1719. 

A corresponding  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York, 
and  under  these  acts  Robert  Walters,  of  the  City  and  Province  of 
New  York ; Isaac  Hicks,  of  Queens  county  and  Province  of  New 
York ; Allane  Jarrat,  of  the  City  and  Province  of  New  York,  and 
Surveyor  for  and  in  behalf  of  said  Province;  John  Johnson  and 
George  Willocks,  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  the  Province  of  New 
Jersey;  James  Alexander,  Surveyor-General  of  the  Eastern  and 
Western  Divisions  of  said  Province,  and  Joseph  Kirkbride  and  John 
Reading,  of  the  Western  Division  of  New  Jersey,  were  appointed 
commissioners. 

They  were  to  “ determine  which  of  the  streams  is  the  northernmost 
branch  of  the  river  Delaware — and  to  find  out  that  place  of  the  said 
northernmost  branch  of  Delaware  river  that  lies  in  latitude  41  deg. 
40  min.,  which  is  the  north  partition  point  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey1.” 

They  located  the  point  at  Cochecton,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Dela- 

*Laws  of  New  Jersey,  1718,  Neville,  chap.  27,  p.  77. 


46  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


ware,  38  chains  north  of  the  middle  of  the  mouth  of  Station  brook, 
and  their  report,  which  is  dated  July  25th,  1719,  and  signed  by  all  the 
commissioners,  is  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at 
Trenton,  Book  D 2 of  Deeds,  p.  280,  &c.,  and  their  map  is  in  Book 
G 2 of  Deeds. 

Latitude  41  deg.  on  the  Hudson’s  river  was  also  determined,  and 
the  line  joining  the  two  points  was  traced  through ; but  the  report 
upon  them  was  not  confirmed  by  the  State  of  New  York. 

From  this  time  onwards  no  progress  was  made  in  settling  the  ques- 
tions in  controversy,  until  1764,  when  the  following  act  was  passed:* 

“ An  Act  for  submitting  the  property  of  lands  which  are  held  or 
claimed  by  any  of  His  Majesty’s  subjects  as  lying  within  this  colony 
and  are  affected  by  the  controversy  about  the  boundary  or  partition 
line  between  this  colony  and  the  colony  of  New  York,  to  such  a 
method  of  decision  as  His  Most  Gracious  Majesty  shall  think  proper 
by  His  Royal  commission  or  otherwise,  to  appoint. 

“ Whereas , the  Boundary  or  Partition  line  between  this  colony  and 
the  neighboring  colony  of  New  York,  has  not  hitherto  been  duly 
ascertained,  and  by  reason  of  the  unsettled  state  of  the  limits  of  the 
two  colonies,  not  only  the  extent  of  their  respective  jurisdictions  re- 
mains uncertain,  and  the  due  and  regular  administration  of  govern- 
ment in  both  colonies  is  by  that  means  greatly  impeded ; but  also 
frequent  and  dangerous  riots  have  been  occasioned  and  are  still  likely 
to  arise  between  the  borderers,  as  well  concerning  the  extent  of  the 
respective  jurisdictions  as  the  property  of  the  soil,  to  the  great  dis- 
turbance of  the  public  peace,  and  the  manifest  discouragement  of  His 
Majesty’s  good  subjects  in  the  settlement  and  improvement  of  that 
part  of  the  country ; and  whereas  the  Governor,  the  Council  and  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  did  at  their  session 
held  A.  D.,  1762,  pass  a law  entitled  an  ‘Act  for  submitting  the 
property  of  lands  which  are  held  or  claimed  by  any  of  His  Majesty’s 
subjects  as  lying  within  this  colony  and  are  affected  by  the  controversy 
about  the  boundary  or  partition  line  between  this  colony  and  the  colony 
of  New  Jersey  to  such  a method  of  decision  as  His  Most  Gracious 
Majesty  shall  think  proper  by  His  Royal  commission  or  otherwise  to 
appoint,  and  for  defraying  the  expenses  to  accrue  on  the  part  of  this 
colony  on  the  final  settlement  of  the  said  line ; ’ wherein  full  and 
adequate  provisions  are  made  on  the  part  of  that  Province  for  the 
purpose  of  settling  and  adjusting  the  said  partition  line  and  putting 
an  end  to  a controversy  dangerous  to  the  peace  of  both  colonies ; and 
whereas  the  property  of  all  the  lands  within  this  colony  are  hield  or 
claimed  by  some  or  other  of  His  Majesty’s  subjects,  in  consequence  of 

*Laws  of  New  Jersey,  1761,  Allinson,  chap.  396,  p.  263. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


47 


divers  grants,  and  mesne  conveyances  from  and  under  His  Royal 
Highness  James,  Duke  of  York,  (afterwards  King  James  the  second) 
the  original  proprietor  thereof.  To  the  intent  therefore,  that  the 
salutary  work  so  well  begun  on  the  part  of  the  colony  of  New  York, 
might  have  a happy  issue,  the  legislature  of  this  colony  did,  at  their 
session  in  June  last,  pass  a law  entitled  ‘an  Act  for  submitting  the 
property  of  lands  which  are  held  or  claimed  by  any  of  His  Majesty’s 
subjects  as  lying  within  this  colony  and  are  affected  by  the  contro- 
versy about  the  boundary  or  partition  line  between  this  colony  and  the 
colony  of  New  York,  to  such  a method  of  decision  as  His  Most 
Gracious  Majesty  shall  think  proper,  by  His  royal  commission,  or 
otherwise  to  appoint ; but  there  arising  some  difficulties  at  the  Planta- 
tion office  about  one  of  the  agents  therein  appointed,  and  another  of 
them  being  since  deceased,  it  is  thought  most  expedient  to  annul  the 
said  law,  and  by  a new  one  to  appoint  other  agents;  which  said  law 
and  every  part  thereof  is  hereby  declared  null  and  void  to  all  intents 
and  purposes ; but  that  the  said  controversy,  as  far  as  it  concerns  the 
lands  held  and  claimed  by  any  of  His  Majesty’s  subjects  as  lying  and 
being  within  this  colony,  may,  together  with  the  boundary  or  parti- 
tion line  between  the  two  colonies,  be  finally  settled  and  determined. 

“ Sec.  1 . Be  it  enacted , by  the  Governor,  Council  and  General  As- 
sembly, and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  that 
all  and  singular  the  messuages,  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments, 
and  all  right,  title,  interest  and  property,  in  and  to  the  same  which 
are  held  or  claimed  by  any  of  His  Majesty’s  subjects,  as  lying  and 
being  within  this  colony,  and  are,  can,  shall  or  may  be  in  anywise 
affected  by  the  said  controversy  concerning  the  boundary  or  partition 
line,  between  this  colony  and  the  colony  of  New  York,  are  hereby 
fully  and  absolutely  to  all  intents,  constructions  and  purposes  in  the 
law  whatsoever,  submitted  and  made  subject  to  the  same  method  of 
decision  as  His  Most  Gracious  Majesty  shall  think  proper  by  His 
Royal  Commission  or  otherwise  to  institute  and  appoint  for  the  final 
settlement  and  determination  of  the  boundary  or  partition  line  between 
the  said  two  colonies ; and  all  and  every  determination  and  determi- 
nations, to  be  made  by  any  persons  whatsoever  by  authority  derived 
from  His  Most  Gracious  Majesty,  by  His  Royal  Commission  or  other- 
wise that  shall  in  anywise  concern  the  said  line,  or  the  controversy 
that  has  heretofore  subsisted  relating  to  the  same,  and  whereby  the 
right,  title,  interest  and  property,  of  the  said  messuages,  lands,  tene- 
ments, and  hereditaments  so  held  and  claimed  as  aforesaid,  as  lying 
and  being  within  this  colony,  or  any  part  or  parcel  thereof,  shall  be 
intended  to  be  bound  and  determined  shall  fully,  completely  and 
absolutely  bind  and  forever  determine  the  right,  title,  interest,  and 
property  of  the  said  messuages,  lands,  tenements,  and  hereditaments 
to  all  interests,  constructions  and  purposes  in  the  law  whatsoever; 
any  law,  usage,  or  custom  to  the  contrary  thereof  in  anywise  not- 
withstanding. 


48  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


“ Sec.  2.  And  to  the  end  that  sufficient  provision  may  be  made  on 
the  part  of  this  colony,  for  the  payment  of  the  one  equal  half  part 
of  the  joint  expense  to  accrue  on  the  final  settlement  of  the  said  con- 
troversy and  the  boundary  line  between  the  said  colonies ; and  also 
for  paying  of  the  particular  expenses  that  shall  or  may  accrue  on  the 
part  of  this  colony  in  prosecuting  the  said  controversy  to  a final  set- 
tlement. Be  it  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid  that  John  Stevens, 
James  Parker,  Henry  Cuyler  Junior,  William  Donaldson  and  Walter 
Rutherford  Esquires,  or  the  majority  of  them,  or  the  majority  of  the 
survivors  of  them,  are  hereby  nominated  and  appointed  agents,  to 
manage  the  said  controversy  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  this  colony ; 
and  also  that  the  said  agents  or  the  major  part  of  them,  and  the  major 
part  of  the  survivors  of  them,  shall  and  are  hereby  authorized  to  pay, 
lay  out,  and  expend  from  time  to  time,  from  and  out  of  the  public 
moneys  in  the  treasury  of  this  colony,  all  . such  sum  and  sums  of 
money  as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  necessary  to  defray  as  well  the 
one-half  of  the  said  joint  expense,  as  the  particular  expenses  afore- 
said ; which  sum  and  sums  of  money  shall  from  time  to  time,  on 
application  of  the  said  agents,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  or  the 
major  part  of  the  survivors  of  them,  as  occasion  shall  require,  be 
drawn  out  of  the  said  treasury  by  warrant  or  warrants  of  His  said 
Excellency,  or  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  this  colony  for  the  time 
being  by  and  with  the  advice  of  His  Majesty’s  Council  in  favor  of 
the  said  agents,  or  the  major  part  of  them  or  the  major  part  of  the 
survivors  of  them,  and  also  that  the  said  agents  and  the  survivors  of 
them  shall  from  time  to  time,  account  from  time  to  time  upon  oath 
for  and  concerning  the  execution  of  the  trust  hereby  reposed  in  them 
to  His  said  Excellency  or  the  Commander-in-Chief  for  the  time 
being,  His  Majesty’s  Council  or  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony 
when  by  them,  or  any  of  them,  they  shall  be  thereunto  required. 

“ Passed  Feb.  23d,  1764.” 

On  the  same  date  a law  was  passed  supplementing  the  above  by 
enacting  that  the  estates  of  the  above-named  agents  “and  all  others 
who  are  general  proprietors  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  New  Jersey 
be  subjected  and  made  liable  to  indemnify  and  save  harmless  this 
colony  of  New  Jersey  of  and  from  any  money  being  demanded  or 
drawn  out  of  the  treasury  of  this  Province  by  virtue  of  any  power 
granted  in  the  before  recited  Act  of  General  Assembly.”  * 

In  accordance  with  this  act  a Commission  was  issued  under  the 
privy  seal,  dated  October  7th,  1767.  f The  following  gentlemen  were 
named  in  the  writ : Charles  Stewart,  John  Temple  and  Peter  Ran- 

dolph, Surveyors- General  of  the  Customs  for  the  District  of  Quebec 

*N.  J.  Laws,  1764,  Allinson,  p.  265,  chap.  397. 

|C  2,  Commissions,  p.  331,  &c.,  July  25th,  1768. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


49 


and  of  the  Northern  and  Southern  Districts  of  America  respectively ; 
Andrew  Elliot,  Receiver- General  of  the  Quit  Rents  in  the  Province 
of  New  York ; Chambers  Russell,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Vice  Ad- 
miralty for  the  Province  of  Massachusetts ; William  Allen,  Chief 
Justice  of  Pennsylvania ; Samuel  Holland  and  William  De  Brahm, 
Surveyors-General  of  Lands  for  the  Northern  and  Southern  Districts 
of  America ; Andrew  Oliver,  Secretary  of  the  Province  of  Massa- 
chusetts ; Charles  Morris,  Surveyor  of  Lands  and  one  of  the  Council 
of  Nova  Scotia;  Peyton  Randolph,  Attorney-General  and  one  of  the 
Council  of  Virginia;  Benjamin  Franklin,  of  the  Province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Jared  Ingersoll,  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  John 
Jay  was  their  secretary.  The  Commissioners  met  in  the  room  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  in  New  York,  on  the  18th  of  June,  1769, 
and  continued  their  sessions  until  the  7th  day  of  October,  when  their 
decision  was  rendered. 

The  agents  of  the  Provinces,  assisted  by  able  counsel,  presented 
their  respective  cases,  testimony,'  surveys,  maps,  and  arguments,  fully 
and  at  great  length,  and  it  would  seem  that  every  effort  was  made  to 
get  a perfect  understanding  and  just  conclusion  in  the  case.  The 
decision  was  as  follows  : 

“At  a meeting  of  the  Commissioners  appointed  by  His  Most 
Gracious  Majesty’s  Commission  to  settle  the  Boundary  line  between 
the  colonies  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  held  at  the  Long  Room, 
called  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  in  the  City  of  New  !fork,  the  7th 
day  of  October,  1769. 

“ present  : 

“ Charles  Stewart,  Esq.,  President .. 
“ Andrew  Elliot,  “ 

“Samuel  Holland,  “ 

“ Andrew  Oliver,  “ 

“ Charles  Morris,  “ 

“ Jared  Ingersoll,  “ 

“ The  Agents  on  the  part  of  both  Colonies,  having  offered  to  the 
Court  all  that  they  thought  necessary  or  proper  in  Support  of  their 
respective  Claims,  and  the  Court  having  considered  the  Same,  Do  find, 

“ That  King  Charles  the  Second  by  his  Letters  patent  bearing  date 
the  twelfth  day  of  March,  1664,  did  Grant  and  Convey  to  his  Brother 
the  Duke  of  York,  All  that  Tract  of  Country  and  Territory  now 
Called  the  Colonies  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey ; and  that  The 
said  Duke  of  York  afterwards,  by  his  Deed  of  Lease  and  Release 
bearing  date  the  23d  and  24th  Days  of  June,  1664,  did  Grant  and 


50  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Convey  to  Lord  Berkeley  of  Stratton  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  that 
part  of  the  Aforesaid  Tract  of  Land  Called  New  Jersey.  The  North- 
ern Bounds  of  which  in  said  Deed  arc  described  to  be  1 to  the  North- 
ward as  far  as  the  Northernmost  Branch  of  the  said  Bay  or  River  of 
Delaware  which  is  in  41  deg.  40  min.  of  Latitude  and  Crosseth  thence 
in  a Straight  Line  to  Hudson’s  River  in  41  deg.  of  Latitude.’ 

“We  further  find  among  the  many  Exhibits  a Certain  Map  com- 
piled by  Nicholas  John  Vischer,  and  published  not  long  before  the 
aforesaid  Grant  from  the  Duke  of  York,  which  we  have  reason  to 
believe  was  Esteemed  the  most  Correct  Map  of  that  Country  at  the 
Time  of  the  said  Grant,  on  which  Map  is  Laid  down  a Fork  or  Branch- 
ing of  the  River  then  Called  Zuydt  River  or  South  River  now  Delaware 
River,  in  the  Latitude  of  41  deg.  and  40  min.,  which  Branch  we  Can- 
not doubt  was  the  Branch  in  the  Deed  from  the  Duke  of  York  Called 
the  Northernmost  Branch  of  the  said  River,  and  which  in  the  Deed 
is  said  to  lye  in  the  Latitude  of  41  deg.  and  40  min.  And  from  a 
Careful  Comparison  of  the  several  Parts  and  Places  Laid  down  on 
the  said  Map,  some  of  which,  more  Especially  towards  the  Sea  Coast 
and  on  the  Hudson’s  River  we  have  reason  to  believe  were  at  the  time 
well  known.  The  Distance  of  the  said  Branch  from  the  Sea  Shore 
on  the  South,  and  the  Relative  situation  of  the  same  with  regard  to 
other  places  and  the  lines  of  Latitude  as  they  appear  to  be  laid  down 
on  the  said  Map  at  that  and  other  places  in  the  Inland  Country:  We 
are  of  opinion  that  the  said  Branch  so  laid  down  on  the  said  Map,  is 
the  Fork  or  Branch  formed  by  the  Junction  of  the  Stream  or  Water 
Called  the  Mahackamack,  with  the  River  Called  Delaware  or  Fishkill, 
and  that  the  same  is  the  Branch  Intended  and  referred  to  in  the  before 
mentioned  Deed  from  the  Duke  of  York,  as  the  Northern  Station  at 
the  River  Delaware,  which  Fork  or  Branch  we  find  by  an  observation 
taken  by  the  surveyors  appointed  by  the  Court,  to  be  in  the  Latitude 
of  41  deg.  21  min.  and  37  seconds.* 

“We  are  further  of  opinion  that  the  Northern  Station  at  Hudson’s 
River  being  by  the  words  of  the  said  Deed  from  the  Duke  of  York, 
Expressly  Limited  to  the  Latitude  of  41  deg.  should  be  fixed  in  that 
Latitude,  which  Latitude  we  have  caused  to  be  taken  in  the  best  man- 
ner by  the  Surveyors  appointed  by  the  Court,  and  which  falls  at  a 
Rock  on  the  West  Side  of  Hudson’s  River  marked  by  the  said  Sur- 
veyors, being  79  Chains  and  27  Links  to  the  Southward  on  a Meridian 
from  Sneydon’s  House,  formerly  Corbet’s. 

“It  is  Therefore  the  final  Determination  of  the  Court  That  the 
Boundary  or  Partition  Line  between  the  said  Colonies  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  be  a direct  and  straight  Line  from  the  said  Fork  at 
the  Mouth  of  the  River  Mahackamack,  in  the  Latitude  of  forty- one 

*The  Astronomical  observations  and  computations  for  determining  the  latitudes 
here  given  are  said  to  have  been  made  by  David  Rittenhouse,  of  Philadelphia,  at  that 
time  one  of  the  ablest  Astronomers  in  America. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


51 


degrees  twenty-one  minutes  and  thirty-seven  seconds  to  Hudson’s 
River  at  the  said  Rock,  in  the  Latitude  of  forty-one  degrees  as  above 
described. 

(Signed)  “Chas.  Stewart, 

“ Andrew  Elliot, 
“Andrew  Oliver, 
“Jared  Ingersoll.” 

“Samuel  Holland  and  Charles  Morris,  Esquires,  two  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Court  not  Concurring  in  a part  of  the  foregoing  deter- 
mination, viz.,  That  part  respecting  the  Station  at  Hudson’s  River, 
desired  to  have  their  Reasons  for  such  their  Dissent  entered  on  the 
Minutes  of  our  Proceedings,  which  was  allowed  and  they  are  as 
follows : 

“The  Northern  Boundary  of  the  Province  of  New  Jersey,  is  the 
matter  Submitted  to  our  Consideration  and  to  Ascertain  the  Extremi- 
ties of  the  Partition  Line  upon  Hudson’s  and  Delaware  Rivers. 

“In  doing  this  We  are  to  proceed  upon  Principles  of  Justice  and 
Equity,  having  respect  to  the  Proofs.  This  we  apprehend  to  be  [the] 
Language  and  Intent  of  [our]  Commission  and  It  is  necessary  It 
should  be  so  because  the  Country  was  but  little  known  at  the  Time 
The  Grants  to  the  Duke  of  York  were  made,  and  We  must  of  neces- 
sity have  recourse  to  the  ancient  Maps  which  were  in  being  at  Time 
of  making  these  Grants. 

“ It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  with  precision  what  Lands  passed  to  the 
Duke  of  York  by  his  Grant,  Either  from  the  Express  Words  of  the 
Grant  or  by  any  Maps  of  the  Country  that  appear  to  us  to  have  been 
then  extant.  Nor  is  it  probable  that  the  Duke  or  his  Grantees  were 
better  Informed  when  He  Conveyed  New  Jersey  to  Berkley  and  Car- 
teret; the  best  Lights  We  have  on  this  Matter  are  the  Maps  of 
Vischer. 

“ The  words  relative  to  the  Latitude  in  the  Grants  to  Berkley  and 
Carteret,  are  words  of  Description  concerning  the  Northernmost 
Branch  of  Delaware,  and  We  do  not  find  upon  Inquiry  any  Branch 
in  the  Latitude  mentioned.  A Branch  nevertheless  Seems  to  be  In- 
tended. The  Branch  nigh  to  that  Latitude  is  Mahackamack  and 
which,  from  a view  of  this  Ancient  Map  we  are  Induced  to  believe 
was  the  North  Partition  point  intended  by  the  Parties,  and  think  in 
Justice  and  Equity  ought  to  be  so  determined,  because  a Line  from 
Hudson’s  River  to  the  Branch  at  Easton,  claimed  on  the  part  of  New 
York,  or  to  that  of  the  Poughpaxtonk  and  Mohawk  Branches  claimed 
by  New  Jersey,  would  Involve  many  of  his  Majesty’s  subjects  in  Ab- 
solute Ruin  who  hold  respectively  under  Each  Government. 

“ It  is  therefore  upon  this  principle  The  Point  on  Hudson’s  River 
we  apprehend  ought  also  to  be  fixed,  for  as  It  appears  by  Vischer’s 
Map  that  the  Latitude  of  forty-one  on  Hudson’s  River,  which  Map 
We  apprehend  was  the  Guide  and  direction  to  the  Duke  in  forming 


i 


52  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


his  Grants  to  Berkley  and  Carteret.  This  Map,  ascertains  the  Lati- 
tude of  forty-one  on  the  upper  part  of  the  Manhattan’s  Island. 

“If  the  Country  therefore  was  vacant  we  should  not  Hesitate  in 
Declaring  that  the  Latitude  of  forty-one  as  laid  down  in  the  Ancient 
Maps  would  in  Equity  be  the  Station  on  Hudson’s  River,  and  more 
Especially  because  We  have  had  abundant  Experience  in  our  own 
Departments  to  Observe  that  the  Ancient  Geographers  find  their 
Latitudes  in  these  parts  of  the  Continent  Several  Miles  more  South- 
erly than  they  are  found  to  be  by  more  modern  Observations.  In 
Tenderness  therefore  to  the  New  Jersey  Settlers,  We  are  Inclined  to 
a more  Northern  Station  and  in  settling  the  place  where,  Consider 
that  before  the  Contested  Territory  was  planted  a Place  due  West  of 
Frederick  Phillips  Mills  gained  the  Reputation  as  the  Station  Point 
upon  Hudson’s  River,  and  a Line  from  this  Station  which  appears 
to  be  Anciently  fixed  by  the  Governments  concerned  will  be  the  Least 
detrimental  to  the  Settlers,  and  one  more  Northerly  will  Comprehend 
many  Farms  in  a populous  Neighborhood  held  under  New  York  by 
Ancient  Patents.  We  Cannot  help  being  of  Opinion  That  a Line 
thence  to  the  Mahackamack  Branch  will  be  the  most  Just  and  Equit- 
able of  any  We  can  fix  upon  agreeable  to  the  design  of  the  Royal 
Commission  which  We  imagine  will  be  most  Conformable  to  His 
Majesty’s  Gracious  Intentions  to  His  Subjects  in  both  Provinces. 

(Signed)  “Samuel  Holland, 
“Charles  Morris.” 

This  decision  did  not  satisfy  either  of  the  parties,  and  strenuous 
efforts  were  made  to  appeal  from  it,  but  these  met  such  discountenance 
in  England  that  the  agents  of  the  two  Provinces  finally  agreed  to 
accept  it,  as  appears  from  the  following  extract  from  the  Proprietors’ 
Minutes,  Vol.  B,  p.  91  : 

“At  a Council  of  Proprietors  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  New 
Jersey,  held  at  Perth  Amboy,  Sept.  14th,  1770. 

“ The  agents  for  managing  the  controversy  on  the  boundary  line 
between  this  Colony  and  the  Colony  of  New  York,  delivered  in  a re- 
port in  the  following  words  : 

“ 1 The  agents  for  managing  the  controversy  of  settling  the  division 
line,  with  the  colony  of  New  York,  Do  Report  that  immediately  after 
the  last  stated  meeting  Messrs  Stevens,  Cuyler  and  Rutherfurd  met 
the  agents  of  New  York  and  signed  the  agreement,  a copy  of  which 
had  been  laid  before  the  Board  with  the  only  alterations  respecting 
the  manner  of  applying  for  the  acts  of  the  Legislature,  and  inserting 
the  names  of  Messrs  Stevens,  Parker  and  Rutherfurd  as  the  persons 
who  were  to  attend  the  running  of  the  line  on  the  part  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Messrs  Wickham  and  De  Noyelles  on  the  part  of  New 
York. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


53 


That  in  consequence  thereof  the  22nd  of  May  last  Messrs  Stevens 
and  Parker  with  Anthony  Dennis  their  Surveyor,  met  Messrs  Wick- 
ham and  De  Noyelles  with  James  Clinton  their  Surveyor  at  Orange- 
town,  where  many  of  the  adjacent  inhabitants  were  assembled  and 
were  utterly  averse  to  having  the  proposed  line  run,  but  on  the  con- 
trary with  many  threats  declared  they  were  determined  to  prevent  it, 
on  which  being  apprehensive  they  might  be  obstructed  if  they  begun 
on  Hudson’s  River  and  Mr.  De  Noyelles  declaring  if  they  were  he 
would  proceed  no  further,  they  all  agreed  to  begin  on  the  Station 
Mahackamack  hoping  the  people  opposing  would  be  better  informed 
on  their  return.  Accordingly  they  set  out  but  from  the  badness  of 
the  weather  did  not  begin  before  the  25th  in  the  evening  when  they 
set  off  from  the  Station  aforesaid  and  proceeded  on  a course  S.  53 
deg.  15  min.  E.  from  day  to  day  to  the  7th  of  June  when  they  were 
stopped  a few  chains  across  Saddle  River  by  at  least  50  men.  They 
then  concluded  to  set  over  to  the  line  run  and  measured  last  summer 
by  Clinton  and  Dennis,  from  Phillips’  Mill  to  Minisink  Island,  which 
was  done.  They  afterwards  crossed  Hudson’s  River  and  being  shown 
the  latitude  of  4 1 deg.  observed  last  summer,  they  finished  the  traverse 
from  thence  to  the  Mills,  and  returned  to  Garret  Hoppen’s  to  pro- 
tract their  work.  On  the  14th,  Mr.  Wm.  Bayard,  met  them  at 
Orangetown  and  the  inhabitants  at  last  agreed  that  the  line  should  be 
run,  on  which  the  Surveyors  began  where  they  left  off  and  fell  about 
seventy  links  southward  of  the  marked  rock  at  the  latitude  of  41 
degrees. 

“ ‘ Accordingly  on  the  20th  they  set  off  from  the  said  rock  on  a 
course  N.  54  deg.  35  min.  W.  and  continued  running  the  same  to  the 

day  of  July  when  they  finished  at  Mahackamack,  and  fell  four 

chains  and  fifty  links  southwards  of  the  Station,  and  as  a mark  is  set 
up  at  every  mile,  offsets  can  be  easily  made  to  the  true  line.  The 
Surveyors  in  company  with  Messrs  Rutherfurd  and  Wickham  then 
went  to  Goshen  where  they  finished  two  maps  of  their  work,  signed 
by  them  both,  one  of  which  is  now  laid  before  the  Board.  And  fur- 
ther report  that  during  the  running  of  said  line  they  had  frequent 
meetings  with  the  inhabitants  near  the  same  and  took  an  account 
under  what  government  and  by  what  title  they  held  their  possessions, 
and  that  the  New  Jersey  agents  have  the  accounts  of  the  possessions 
under  New  Jersey  to  the  northwards  of  the  line,  and  the  New  York 
agents  have  the  account  of  the  New  York  possessions  to  the  south- 
ward of  said  line.  They  now  beg  leave  to  observe  to  the  board  that 
as  by  the  agreement  application  is  to  be  made  to  the  Legislature  for  a 
law  in  conformity  to  the  same  and  as  the  assembly  is  now  called  to 
meet  at  this  place  the  26th  instant  they  request  the  opinion  of  the 
board  in  what  manner  further  to  proceed.’ 

“ Which  [report]  being  considered  is  approved  and  the  board  is  of 
opinion  that  advertisement  be  immediately  inserted  in  the  Newspapers 
and  set  up  in  the  most  public  places  on  the  line  in  the  counties  of 


54  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Bergen  and  Sussex,  of  the  intended  application  to  the  General  As- 
sembly for  obtaining  an  act  to  confirm  said  agreement  and  Lord  Stir- 
ling is  requested  to  prepare  a draft  of  a petition  to  the  Assembly  for 
that  purpose.  It  is  recommended  to  the  above  agents  to  meet  the 
agents  on  the  part  of  New  York  to  confer  with  them,  that  their 
actions  may  be  similar  in  their  application  for  the  like  law.” 

The  law  was  prepared,  passed  and  approved,  as  appears  from  the 
following,  which  is  on  file  in  the  Secretary’s  office  at  Trenton : 

“At  the  Court  of  St.  James’,  the  1st  day  of  September,  1773  * 

PRESENT. 

“ The  Kings  Most  Excellent  Majesty,  Arch  Bishop  Canterbury, 
Earl  of  Pomfret,  Hans  Stanley,  Esq.,  Lord  Chamberlain,  Viscount 
Barrington,  Richard  Rigby,  Esq.,  Earl  of  Rochford,  Lord  North, 
Sir  John  Goodricke. 

“ Whereas  the  Governor  of  his  Majesty’s  Colony  of  New  Jersey 
with  the  Council  and  Assembly  of  the  said  Colony  did  in  September 
1772,  pass  an  Act  which  hath  been  transmitted  in  the  words  follow- 
ing, viz. : 

“fAn  Act  for  establishing  the  boundary  or  partition  Line  between 
the  Colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea  or  New  Jersey,  and  for 
confirming  the  titles  and  possessions ; 

“‘  Whereas  the  Boundary  or  Partition  line  between  the  Colonies  of 
New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea  or  New  Jersey  from  the  Station  of 
Hudson’s  River  to  the  Station  on  Delaware  River  not  being  duly 
ascertained  and  the  extent  of  their  respective  jurisdictions  remaining 
uncertain  and  the  due  and  regular  administrations  of  government  in 
both  Colonies  being  by  that  means  greatly  obstructed  the  respective 
Legislatures  of  both  the  said  Colonies  did  by  acts  for  that  purpose 
passed  concur  in  submitting  the  title  and  property  of  the  lands  affected 
by  the  said  boundary' or  partition  line,  in  both  Colonies  to  such  a 
method  of  decision  as  his  most  gracious  Majesty  should  think  proper 
by  his  royal  commission  or  otherwise  to  institute  and  appoint,  of 
which  acts  his  majesty  was  pleased  to  declare  his  approbation  and  by 
his  royal  commission  under  the  great  seal  of  Great  Britain  bearing 
date  the  seventh  day  of  October  in  the  seventh  year  of  his  reign  did 
authorize  and  appoint  certain  persons  therein  named  or  any  five  of 
them  to  be  his  majesty’s  Commissioners  for  ascertaining,  settling  and 
determining  the  boundary  aforesaid  between  the  said  Colonies,  and 
Whereas,  a sufficient  number  of  Commissioners  named  in  the  said 
Commission  on  the  seventh  day  of  October  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixty-nine,  did  determine  that  the 


*Book  C 3,  Commissions,  p.  11. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


55 


boundary  or  partition  line  between  the  said  colonies  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  should  be  a direct  and  straight  line  from  the  fork  or 
branch  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  stream  or  waters  Mackackamack 
with  the  river  called  Delaware  or  Fishkill  in  the  latitude  of  forty-one 
degrees  twenty-one  minutes  and  thirty-seven  seconds  as  found  by  the 
Surveyors  appointed  by  the  said  Commissioners  to  a rock  on  the  west 
side  of  Hudson’s  River  marked  by  the  said  Surveyors  in  the  latitude 
of  forty-one  degrees  being  seventy-nine  chains  and  twenty-seven  links 
to  the  southward  on  a Meridian  from  Sneydon’s  house  formerly  Cor- 
bet’s from  which  determination  the  agents  of  both  the  said  Colonies 
appealed  to  his  Majesty  in  his  privy  Council;  And  Whereas  several 
tracts  of  land  to  the  Northward  of  the  said  partition  line  so  decreed 
by  the  said  Commissioners  have  been  heretofore  taken  up  or  sold  and 
hitherto  and  still  are  held  and  possessed  by  virtue  of  titles  derived 
from  and  under  the  government  of  New  Jersey  or  the  general  pro- 
prietors of  the  same  or  some  or  one  of  them,  to  wit;  * * * 

[Here  follows  a list  of  said  tracts  of  land.] 

“‘And  Whereas  several  other  tracts  of  land  to  the  southward  of 
the  said  partition  line  sq  decreed  by  the  said  commissioners  have 
been  heretofore  patented  and  hitherto  and  still  are  held  and  possessed 
by  virtue  of  titles  derived  under  the  government  of  New  York,  to 
wit ; * * * 

[Here  follows  a list  of  these  tracts  of  land.] 

“ ‘And  Whereas  it  is  conceived  just  and  equitable  that  the  present 
possessors  of  the  said  lands  on  each  side  of  the  said  partition  line  who 
have  not  only  purchased  the  same  for  a valuable  consideration  but 
many  of  them  have  laid  out  all  their  substance  in  the  improvement 
thereof  should  be  secured  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  their  labor 
and  industry.  Be  it  therefore  enacted  by  His  Excellency  the  Gov- 
ernor, the  Council  and  the  General  Assembly,  and  it  is  hereby  enacted 
by  the  authority  of  the  same  that  the  said  partition  line  so  decreed  by 
the  said  Commissioners  is  and  shall  forever  hereafter  remain  and  be 
the  boundary  and  line  of  partition  between  this  Colony  and  the  Colony 
of  New  York. 

“ ‘And  Be  it  Further  Enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid  that 
James  Parker,  John  Stevens  and  Walter  Rutherfurd,  Esquires,  or  any 
two  of  them  shall  be  and  hereby  are  appointed  Commissioners  to  join 
with  such  as  are  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  Colony  of  New  York 
to  ascertain  and  mark  the  said  partition  line  so  that  it  may  be  suffi- 
ciently known  and  distinguished.  And  the  said  Commissioners  are 
hereby  directed  and  required  to  mark  the  before  mentioned  rock  on 
the  west  side  of  Hudson’s  River  marked  by  the  surveyors  in  the  lati- 
tude of  41  deg.  with  a straight  line  throughout  its  surface  passing 
through  the  places  marked  by  the  surveyors  and  with  the  following 
words  and  figures  to  wit:  Latitude  41  deg.  North,  and  on  the  South 


56  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


side  thereof  the  words  New  Jersey  and  on  the  north  side  thereof  the 
words  New  York,  and  to  mark  every  tree  that  may  stand  in  the  said 
line  with  five  notches  and  a blaze  on  the  northwest  and  southeast  sides 
thereof  and  to  put  up  stone  monuments  at  one  mile  distance  from  each 
other  along  the  said  line,  and  to  number  such  monuments  the  number 
of  miles  the  same  shall  b j from  the  before  mentioned  rock  on  the  west 
side  of  Hudson’s  River,  and  mark  the  words  New  Jersey  on  the  south 
side  and  the  words  New  York  on  the  north  side  of  every  of  the  said 
monuments ; the  one-half  the  expense  whereof  shall  be  paid  by  the 
Colony  out  of  any  moneys  which  may  be  in  the  treasury  upon  war- 
rants to  be  issued  by  the  Governor  or  Commander-in-Chief  of  this 
Colony  for  the  time  being,  with  the  advice  of  Council,  provided  the 
whole  expense  to  be  paid  by  this  Colony  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of 
fifty  pounds.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid, 
that  the  several  patentees,  vendees,  possessors  and  claimants  of  all  and 
every  the  said  tracts  of  land  to  the  southward  of  the  said  boundary 
or  partition  line  which  are  now  held  and  possessed  in  virtue  of  titles 
derived  under  the  government  of  New  York  as  above  described,  and 
their  heirs  and  assigns  shall  severally  hold  and  forever  enjoy  the 
property  of  all  and  any  and  every  of  the  said  tracts  of  land  so  as 
aforesaid  respectively  purchased  and  possessed  as  fully  and  in  the  same 
manner  to  all  intents  and  purposes  whatsoever  as  if  the  same  had  by 
virtue  of  this  act  been  determined  to  be  within  the  Colony  of  New 
York,  without  let,  suit,  disturbance  or  molestation  of  the  general  pro- 
prietors of  New  Jersey  or  any  of  them  or  any  person  or  persons 
claiming  or  to  claim  by  from  or  under  the  said  general  proprietors  or 
any  or  either  of  them  or  by  virtue  of  any  title  derived  under  the  said 
government  of  New  Jersey,  Provided  always  And  be  it  further  enacted 
by  the  authority  aforesaid  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for 
any  persons  claiming  titles  under  the  said  government  of  New  York 
to  any  of  the  aforesaid  lands  or  tenements  hereby  intended  to  be  secured 
to  the  purchasers  and  possessors  under  the  said  government  of  New 
York  to  the  southward  of  the  said  Boundary  or  Partition  line  to 
commence,  sue,  prosecute  and  maintain  any  writ,  suit  or  action  for  the 
recovery  of  their  rights,  this  act  being  only  designed  to  confirm  the 
titles  to  such  lands  lying  to  the  southward  of  the  said  Partition  line 
as  are  in  manner  aforesaid  actually  held  and  possessed  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  New  York,  against  all  claims  under  the  general  proprie- 
tors or  Government  of  New  Jersey  but  not  to  determine  the  particular 
rights  of  the  claimants  of  such  lands  under  the  government  of  New 
York;  Provided  always  that  this  act  shall  not  be  in  force  or  take 
effect  until  His  Majesty  shall  have  given  His  Royal  assent  both  to 
this  act  and  a similar  act  passed  by  the  Governor  or  Commander-in- 
Chief  and  the  Council  and  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Colony  of 
New  York  the  16th  day  of  February,  in  the  11th  year  of  His  Present 
Majesty’s  reign  entitled  An  Act  for  establishing  the  Boundary  or 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


57 


Partition  line  between  the  Colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea 
or  New  Jersey  and  confirming  titles  and  possessions. 

“ Council  Chamber,  September  25,  1772. 

This  bill  having  been  three  times  read  in 
Council — Resolved  that  the  same  do  pass. 

“ ‘By  order  of  the  House. 

“ ‘David  Ogden,  Speaker. 

“ ‘ House  of  Assembly,  Sept.  23, 1772. 
This  Bill  having  been  three  times 
read  in  the  House  of  Representatives, 
Resolved  that  the  same  do  pass. 

“ ‘ By  order  of  the  House. 

“ ‘ Cort’d  Skinner,  Speaker. 

“ ‘ Council  Chamber,  September  26, 1772. 

I assent  to  this  Bill,  Enacting  the  same, 
and  order  it  to  be  enrolled. 

“ ‘ Wm.  Franklin. 

“ ‘ Which  act  together  with  a representation  from  the  Lords  Com- 
missioners for  Trade  and  Plantations,  thereupon  having  been  referred 
to  the  Consideration  of  a Committee  of  the  Lords  of  His  Majesty's 
Most  Honorable  Privy  Council  for  Plantation  affairs,  the  said  Lords 
of  the  Committee  did  this  day  report  as  their  opinion  to  His  Majesty 
that  the  said  act  was  proper  to  be  approved.  His  Majesty  taking  the 
same  into  consideration  was  pleased  with  the  advice  of*  His  Privy 
Council  to  declare  his  approbation  of  the  said  act  and  pursuant  to 
His  Majesty’s  royal  pleasure  thereupon  expressed,  the  said  act  is  hereby 
confirmed  finally  enacted  and  ratified  accordingly — Whereof  the  Gov- 
ernor or  Commander-in-Chief  of  His  Majesty’s  said  Colony  of  New 
Jersey  for  the  time  being,  and  all  others  whom  it  may  concern  are  to 
take  notice  and  govern  themselves  accordingly. 

“ ‘ Stephen  Cottrell.’  ” 

The  directions  to  ascertain  and  mark  the  division  line  were  carried 
out,  as  appears  by  the  following  extract  from  the  Proprietors’  Minutes, 
Yol.  B,  pp.  181  and  182: 

“At  a Council  of  the  Proprietors  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  New 
Jersey  held  at  Perth  Amboy,  April  15,  1775. 

“ Messrs.  Stevens  and  Rutherfurd,  two  of  the  Commissioners  on  the 
part  of  New  Jersey  for  settling  the  line  of  division  between  this 
Province  and  the  Province  of  New  York  delivered  in  a report  in  the 
following  words. 

“The  Commissioners  in  behalf  of  the  colony  of  New  Jersey  ap- 
pointed to  settle  the  partition  or  boundary  line  between  the  said 


58  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


colony  and  the  colony  of  New  York,  do  report,  that  according  to 
appointment  made  with  the  Commissioners  in  behalf  of  the  colony 
of  New  York,  they  arrived  at  Tappan  the  16th  day  of  October  last, 
and  having  attentively  taken  their  beginning  from  the  rock  on  Hud- 
son’s River  marked  latitude  41  deg.  they  proceeded  to  run  a random 
line  calculated  by  former  runnings  with  all  the  exactness  in  their 
power,  and  set  up  a post  at  each  mile.  That  at  Mahackamack  they 
again  calculated  a course  which  they  also  run,  and  together  with  the 
former  running  corrected  each  station,  and  according  to  law  set  up  stone 
monuments  at  every  mile’s  distance  until  their  return  to  the  rock  on 
Hudson’s  River  which  they  also  marked,  and  further  that  the  Com- 
missioners of  both  colonies  executed  a joint  instrument  in  writing, 
certifying  the  final  settlement  of  the  said  line  of  partition,  which  they 
now  deliver  to  the  Board,  together  with  the  accounts  of  expenses 
attending  the  said  settlement,  all  which  they  now  submit  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  board.  4 

“ John  Stevens, 

“ Walter  Rutherfurd. 

“ Which  being  considered  the  said  report  is  much  approved  of  and 
it  is  ordered  that  the  joint  instrument  certifying  the  final  settlement 
of  the  line  together  with  the  surveyors  certificate  be  proved  and  re- 
corded both  in  the  Proprietors  and  Secretary’s  offices,  and  that  the 
accounts  be  referred  to  Messrs.  Cuyler,  Bland  and  John  Johnston  or 
any  two  of  them  to  examine  and  report  thereon.” 

The  commissioners’  report  was  proved  in  1785,  and  is  recorded  in 
the  proprietors’  Book  D of  Miscellaneous  Records,  p.  63.  The  sur- 
veyors’ certificate  was  not  found  on  the  proprietors’  records,  but  it  is 
on  file  with  the  commissioners’  report  in  the  office  of  the  New  York 
Secretary  of  State,  at  Albany.  And  they  are  as  follows  : 


“ COMMISSIONERS  REPORT. 

“ In  pursuance  of  an  Act  of  Assembly  of  the  Colony  of  New 
York  entitled  an  Act  for  establishing  the  Boundary  or  Partition  line 
between  the  Colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea  or  New  Jersey, 
and  for  confirming  Titles  and  Possessions,  And  of  one  other  Act  of 
Assembly  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jersey  entitled  An  Act  for  establish- 
ing the  Boundary  or  Partition  line  between  the  said  Colonies  of  New 
York  and  Nova  Caesarea  or  New  Jersey,  and  for  confirming  the  Titles 
and  Possessions.  We  William  Wickham  and  Samuel  Gale,  two  of 
the  Commissioners  in  the  first  of  the  said  Acts  mentioned,  and  John 
Stevens  and  Walter  Rutherfurd  two  of  the  Commissioners  in  the 
other  of  the  said  Acts  mentioned,  JDo  hereby  certify  that  we  have 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


59 


ascertained  and  marked  the  Partition  line  in  the  said  Acts  mentioned 
so  that  it  may  be  sufficiently  known  and  distinguished.  In  doing 
this  business  we  have  been  greatly  assisted  by  James  Clinton  and 
Anthony  Dennis,  Surveyors,  by  us  appointed  for  that  purpose,  as  will 
more  particularly  appear  by  their  certificate  hereunto  annexed. 

“ That  the  rock  on  the  west  side  of  Hudson’s  River  marked  by  the 
surveyors  in  the  said  Acts  mentioned,  in  the  latitude  of  41  degrees, 
we  have  marked  with  a straight  line  through  its  surface  passing 
through  the  place  marked  by  the  said  surveyors  and  with  the  follow- 
ing words  and  figures  to  wit : Latitude  41  deg.  North,  and  on  the 

South  side  thereof  the  words  New  Jersey , and  on  the  North  side 
thereof  the  words  New  York.  That  we  have  marked  trees,  agreeable 
to  the  said  Acts,  standing  in  the  said  line,  with  a blaze  and  five 
notches  under  the  same.  And  that  we  have  erected  stone  monuments 
at  one  mile  distance  from  each  other  along  the  said  line,  except  the 
monument  number  twenty- six  which  by  reason  of  the  Long  Pond  we 
were  obliged  to  place  one  chain  further  from  the  Station  on  Hudson’s 
River.  And  we  have  numbered  the  said  monuments  from  the  West 
side  of  Hudson’s  River,  beginning  with  Number  One,  and  ending 
with  Number  Forty-eight,  and  have  marked  the  words  New  York,  on 
the  North  side  of  each  of  said  monuments,  and  the  words  New  Jersey 
on  the  South  side  of  each  of  the  said  monuments. 

“ In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals, 
the  thirtieth  day  of  November,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-four. 

“ Sealed  and  signed  in  presence  of  \ 

“ Robert  Hall,  / 

“ Charles  Wickham  Crooke,} 

“John  Stevens,  Jr., 

“ Wm.  S.  Livingston. 


(Signed)  W.  Wickham, 
Samuel  Gale, 

John  Stevens, 
Walter  Rutherfurd. 


“ surveyors  certificate. 

“We  James  Clinton,  of  Ulster  County,  in  the  Province  of  New 
York,  and  Anthony  Dennis  of  Monmouth  County  in  the  Province  of 
New  Jersey,  Surveyors  employed  by  the  Commissioners  appointed  by 
Acts  of  the  Assembly  of  the  said  Provinces  for  ascertaining  and 
marking  the  Partition  line  between  the  said  colonies  Do  certify  that 
we  have  run  the  said  Partition  line  with  the  utmost  care  and  exact- 
ness we  were  capable  of.  That  in  Running  Said  Line  we  found  in 
several  parts  thereof  the  needle  attracted  which  we  corrected  by  stak- 
ing, That  from  the  Station  Rock  marked  on  the  west  side  of  Hud- 
son’s River,  in  the  latitude  of  Forty-one  Degrees  to  the  fork  or  branch 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  stream  or  waters  called  the  Machacka- 
mack  with  the  River  called  Delaware  or  Fishkill  the  course  according 
to  the  best  of  our  judgment  is  North  Fifty-four  Degrees  and  Forty 


60  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


minutes  West  as  the  Magnetic  needle  now  points,  and  that  the  dis- 
tance between  the  two  stations  is  Forty-eight  miles  and  Thirty-eight 
Chains.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and 
seals  the  twenty-sixth  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  Our  Lord 
one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-four. 

“ James  Clinton, 

“ Anthony  Dennis. 


“ Sealed  and  Delivered  ia  the  presence  of 
“Barent  Martlings, 

“ Jacob  Garrabrants.” 


“ Be  it  remembered  that  on  the  nineteenth  day  of  September,  in 
the  year  of  Our  Lord  One  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-five, 
appeared  before  me  Azariah  Dunham  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  John  Stevens  one  of 
the  subscribing  witnesses  to  the  within  instrument  who  being  sworn 
upon  the  Holy  Evangelist  saith  he  saw  the  within  mentioned  William 
Wickham,  Samuel  Gale,  John  Stevens  and  Walter  Rutherfurd  seal 
and  deliver  the  within  instrument  as  their  voluntary  act  and  deed  for 
the  uses  therein  mentioned. 

‘‘Take.  ,„d  b.f.r.  1 St™,  J, 


me  Azariah  Dunham.  / 

“ Examined  and  agrees  with  the  original, 


James  Parker.” 


The  work  of  this  commission  has  been  given  here  in  detail,  because 
the  results  reached  by  it  have  been  recently  confirmed  by  a new  com- 
mission, by  the  Legislatures  of  both  States  concerned  and  by  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States.  It  had  been  found,  however,  during 
the  progress  of  the  Geological  Survey,  that  the  line,  as  run  in  1774, 
was  not  a straight  line,  but  an  irregular  curved  line,  and  as  several  of 
the  monuments  had  been  destroyed  or  lost,  the  Board  of  Managers 
authorized  the  State  Geologist  to  survey  the  line.  This  survey  was 
made  during  1874,  by  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser,  and  the  report  made  on 
the  work  in  that  year  embodies  also  the  history  of  the  disputes  and 
work  of  the  commissions  on  the  line  from  the  beginning.*  This 
survey  showed  that  the  line  at  Greenwood  lake  was  2,415  feet  south 
of  a straight  line,  and  that  the  former  surveyors  had  followed  a mag- 
netic rhomb  line  as  nearly  as  the  large  amounts  of  local  attraction 
met  with  would  allow  them  to  run. 

As  a result  of  this  examination,  the  following  act  was  passed : 


* Report  on  a Survey  of  the  Boundary  Line  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York, 
made  in  July  and  August,  1874.  Geo.  H.  Cook,  State  Geologist. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


61 


“An  Act  appointing  commissioners  to  locate  the  northern  boundary 
line  between  the  states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  to 
replace  or  erect  monuments  therein.* 

“Approved  April  13, 1876. 

“ Whereas,  The  state  of  New  York  passed  an  act,  May  twenty- 
sixth,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy- five,  authorizing  the  regents  of 
the  university  of  the  state  of  New  York,  in  connection  with  the 
authorities  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  respectively,  to  replace 
any  monuments  which  have  become  dilapidated  or  been  removed  on 
the  boundary  lines  of  those  states,  and  it  being  suggested  that  there 
is  uncertainty  about  the  true  location  of  the  boundary  line  between 
the  states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  as  defined  in  the  act  entitled 
‘An  act  establishing  the  boundary  or  partition  line  between  the 
colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea,  or  New  Jersey,  and  for 
confirming  the  titles  and  possessions/  passed  the  twenty-sixth  day  of 
September,  seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  and  confirmed  by  the 
king  in  council,  the  first  day  of  September,  seventeen  hundred  and 
seventy- three ; now,  therefore, 

“Sec.  1.  That  the  governor  of  this  state  be  and  he  is  hereby 
authorized  to  appoint  three  commissioners,  with  power  on  the  part  of 
this  state  to  meet  any  authorities  of  the  state  of  New  York  who  may 
be  duly  authorized,  and  with  them  to  negotiate  and  agree  upon  the 
true  location  of  said  boundary  line  between  the  states  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  as  defined  in  said  act  of  September  twenty-sixth, 
seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-two,  and  also  to  replace  any  monu- 
ments which  may  have  become  dilapidated  or  been  removed  on  said 
boundary  line,  or  to  erect  new  ones ; which  agreement  shall  be  in 
writing,  and  signed  and  sealed  by  the  authorities  of  the  state  of  New 
York  and  the  commissioners  of  this  state,  but  shall  not  take  effect 
unless  confirmed  by  the  respective  legislatures  of  the  states  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey. 

“Sec.  2.  That  the  governor  is  hereby  authorized  to  fill  any  vacan- 
cies in  said  commission  occasioned  by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise. 

“Sec.  3.  That  the  expenses  of  said  commissioners  shall  be  paid  by 
the  treasurer  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller,  after  being  first 
approved  by  the  governor.” 

“A  Supplement  to  an  act  entitled  ‘An  act  appointing  commissioners 
to  locate  the  northern  boundary  line  between  the  states  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  and  to  replace  or  erect  monuments 
therein/  approved  April  thirteenth,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  seventy -six.  f 

“Approved  March  25,  1881. 

“1.  That  the  commissioners  appointed  under  said  act  to  which  this 
is  a supplement,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  authority  conferred  by  said 


* Revision  of  1878,  p.  1180. 
f Supplement  to  Revision,  1877  to  1886,  p.  1023. 


62  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


act,  have  authority,  in  their  discretion,  to  proceed  to  ascertain  and 
agree  upon  the  location  of  the  northern  boundary  line  between  the 
states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  as  originally  established  and 
marked  with  monuments ; and  in  case  any  monuments  are  found 
dilapidated  or  removed  from  their  original  location,  said  commis- 
sioners are  authorized  to  renew  or  replace  them,  in  a durable  manner, 
in  their  original  positions,  and  to  erect  such  additional  monuments  at 
such  places  on  said  line  as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper 
designation  of  the  boundary  line  of  said  state. 

“2.  That  any  agreement  made  by  the  said  commissioners  shall  be 
in  writing,  and  signed  and  sealed  by  the  authorities  of  the  state  of 
New  York  and  the  commissioners  of  this  state,  but  shall  not  take 
effect  unless  confirmed  by  the  respective  legislatures  of  the  states  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey.” 

Under  this  act,  Abraham  Browning,  Thomas  N.  McCarter  and 
George  H.  Cook  were  appointed  by  the  Governor,  Commissioners  on 
the  part  of  New  Jersey. 

The  following  extracts  are  from  the  Report  of  the  New  Jersey 
Commissioners  concerning  the  northern  boundary  line  between  the 
States  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  made  to  the  Governor  in  1883  : 

“The  Joint  Commission  met  at  Piermont,  on  the  20th  of  July,  1881. 
At  this  meeting  there  were  present,  Abraham  Browning,  Thomas  N. 
McCarter  and  Geo.  H.  Cook,  Commissioners  for  the  State  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Henry  R.  Pierson  and  Elias  W.  Leavenworth,  Commis- 
sioners for  the  State  of  New  YT>rk,  together  with  David  Murray, 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  the  New  York  State  University ; Chauncev 
M.  Depew,  the  third  Commissioner  from  the  State  of  New  York  was 
not  present. 

“The  members  organized  as  a Joint  Commission,  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Abraham  Browning,  President,  and  David  Murray,  Secretary. 
After  a review  of  the  data  in  hand,  to  guide  them  in  the  discharge  of 
their  duties,  it  was  concluded  by  all  that  the  principles  enunciated  in 
the  decisions  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  in  cases  like  this, 
should  guide  here.  And  that  the  boundary  line  in  question  between 
the  two  States,  though  not  perfectly  straight,  as  ordered  in  the  descrip- 
tion made  by  the  Commission  of  1769,  is  the  line  which  was  run  by 
the  Commissioners  and  their  surveyors  in  1774,  and  most  of  the 
monuments  set  by  them  to  mark  it  are  still  in  their  places ; and  that 
this  line,  so  long  established  and  recognized,  must  still  be  accepted  as 
the  true  one.  And  in  accordance  with  this  conclusion  the  duties  of 
the  Commission  are  limited  to  the  restoration  of  monuments  lost,  to  a 
careful  adjustment  of  all  the  monuments,  to  an  accurate  measure- 
ment of  the  line,  and  fuller  description  and  references  for  all  its 
permanent  marks. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


63 


“ It  was  also  resolved  that  Edward  A.  Bowser,  surveyor,  who  made 
a recon noissance  of  the  line  in  1874,  for  the  State  Geologist  of  New 
Jersey,  be  in  charge  of  said  work,  in  concurrence  with  a surveyor  to 
be  appointed  by  the  New  York  Commission  ; and  that  these  surveyors 
should  at  once  proceed  to  examine  the  line,  and  ascertain  the  number 
and  character  of  the  monuments  required,  and  report  the  same,  with 
such  recommendations  as  they  may  deem  proper,  to  the  Joint  Com- 
mission for  further  action.  The  meeting  then  adjourned. 

“ The  New  York  Commission  appointed  H.  W.  Clarke  as  their  sur- 
veyor. And  Prof.  Bowser  and  Major  Clarke,  according  to  their 
instructions,  examined  the  line  and  reported  their  conclusions  and 
recommendations  to  the  Commissioners  at  their  next  meeting,  which 
was  held  at  the  St.  Nicholas  Hotel,  in  New  York  City,  November 
30th,  1881. 

“At  this  meeting  were  present  Gen.  Leavenworth,  Mr.  Depew  and 
Prof.  Murray,  on  the  part  of  New  York,  and  Mr.  Browning,  Mr. 
McCarter  and  Prof.  Cook,  on  the  part  of  New  Jersey.  The  report 
of  the  surveyors  was  received  and  discussed,  and  instructions  prepared 
for  their  guidance  in  surveying  the  line  and  setting  its  monuments.” 

They  were  instructed  to  determine  as  nearly  as  practicable  the 
location  of  the  old  boundary  monuments  and  reset  them.  Also  to 
establish  a new  monument  at  the  east  side  of,  and  contiguous  to  the 
old  monument,  and  in  line  therewith.  Where  one  or  more  of  the  old 
monuments  could  not  be  found,  they  were  to  run  straight  between  the 
nearest  adjacent  mile  points  whose  locations  were  known,  and  estab- 
lish the  new  monuments  on  this  straight  litie.  The  mile  monuments 
were  to  be  of  granite,  four  feet  long,  the  top  dressed  six  inches  square 
for  a distance  of  six  inches  down,  with  the  letters  “N.  Y.”  on  one  side 
and  on  the  opposite  side  “N.  J.;”  upon  a third  side  a number  corres- 
ponding to  the  number  of  the  original  mile-stone.  At  the  crossing 
of  each  highway  and  railroad  were  to  be  set  granite  monuments  four 
and  one-half  feet  in  length,  and  six  by  twelve  inches  in  cross-section. 
The  mile  monuments  were  to  project  six,  the  road  monuments  twelve 
inches  above  the  surface  when  set.  Special  terminal  monuments  were 
to  be  established  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  line. 

“The  survey  of  the  line  was  begun  on  the  6th  of  April,  1882,  and 
completed  on  the  14th  of  June  following;  and  the  resetting  of  the 
old  monuments,  and  the  setting  of  new  and  additional  ones  was  begup 
on  the  24th  of  June  and  completed  on  the  11th  of  August. 

“The  old  mile-stones  were  made  of  the  stone  found  in  the  country; 
they  were  about  4 feet  long,  from  15  to  18  inches  wide,  and  from  5 to 
7 inches  thick;  about  18  inches  of  their  length  was  under  the  surface, 


64  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


leaving  them  standing  about  2J  feet  high;  and  their  breadth  was  in 
the  direction  of  the  line.  The  words  ‘New  York’  were  cut  on  the 
north  side  of  each  stone,  and  ‘New  Jersey’  on  the  south  side;  and 
the  number  of  miles  from  the  east  end  of  the  boundary  was  also  cut 
on  them. 

“Of  the  48  original  mile-stones,  all  except  6 were  found;  these 
were  the  26th,  31st,  34th,  36th,  41st  and  47th.  The  26th  falls  in 
Greenwood  lake,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  set  one  there.  The 
other  missing  stones  were  replaced  according  to  the  instructions,  except 
the  36th,  which  was  reset  according  to  the  very  plainly  marked  prop- 
erty lines. 

“ In  the  rough  country  over  which  the  line  runs,  the  original  mea- 
surements for  the  miles  could  not  be  very  accurate.  The  following 
tabular  statement  gives  the  length  in  feet  of  the  spaces  between  the 
old  mile-stones: 

MILE-STONES. 

Distance  west 
from  preceding 

Mile-stone,  mile-stone,  Location.  (The  figures  are  for  feet.) 

in  feet. 

I.  5,628.2 

II.  5,296.9 

III.  5,304.6 

IV.  5,241.1 

V.  5,261.3 

VI.  5,225.2 

VII.  5,241  1 

VIII.  5,251.1 

IX.  5,284.2 

X.  5,286.7 

XI.  5,267.6 

XII.  5,269.8 

XIII.  5,298. 

XIV.  5,298.2 

XV.  5,280. 

XVI.  5,363. 

i 

XVII.  5,141.6 

XVIII.  5,301.2 

XIX.  5,137.9 


971'  east,  of  Rockland  road,  on  west  slope  of  Palisade  moun- 
tain. 

1,501'  east  of  Northern  railroad,  in  Tappan  timber  swamp. 

584'  east  of  summit  of  Andre  hill,  Tappan. 

On  slight  elevation,  2,419'  east  of  Neuvy  and  Orangeburg  road. 

In  woods,  50  paces  west  of  clearing,  2,842'  west  of  above  road. 

On  east  slope  of  hill,  927'  west  of  road,  and  2,800'  west  of 
Hackensack  R. 

Just  east  of  summit  of  ridge,  1,640'  east  of  New  Jersey  and 
New  York  railroad. 

250  paces  west  of  Pascack  creek,  120  paces  east  of  road. 

North  of  Upper  Montvale  church,  109'  west  of  road  to  Monsey. 

North  of  Chestnut  Ridge  church,  318'  west  of  road  to  Monsey. 

About  100  yards  west  of  Saddle  river,  1,217'  west  of  Saddle 
River  road. 

At  west  foot  of  hill,  1,186'  west  of  road  from  Saddle  River  to 
Sufferns. 

West  slope  of  hill,  673'  east  of  road  from  Ramsey’s  to  Tail- 
man’s. 

About  400  yards  west  of  summit  of  high  ridge,  1 mile  east  of 
Sufferns. 

441'  west  of  Erie  railroad,  and  about  3,000'  southeast  of  Suf- 
ferns station. 

200  yards  due  south  of  a rocky  knob  of  Ramapo  mountain,  1 
mile  northwest  of  Sufferns. 

Southeast'  edge  of  small  clearing,  about  three-eighths  mile 
southwest  of  Log  chapel. 

Half-way  down  west  slope  of  Ramapo  mountain,  in  open  field. 

Near  top  of  ridge  and  60  paces  east  of  road,  between  Negro 
and  Sheppard  ponds. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


65 


Distance  west 
from  preceding 
Mile-stone,  mile-stone, 


in  feet. 


Location.  (The  figures  are  for  feet. ) 


XX. 

5,227.4 

XXI. 

5,202.9 

XXII. 

5,258.5 

XXIII. 

4,585.9* 

XXIV. 

5,197.3 

XXV. 

5,247.4 

XXVI. 

5,282.2 

XXVII. 

5,047.5 

XXVIII. 

5,161.1 

XXIX. 

5,232.8 

XXX. 

5,325.7 

XXXI. 

5,280. 

XXXII. 

5,317 . 

XXXIII. 

5,356. 

XXXIV. 

5,280. 

XXXV. 

5,351. 

XXXVI. 

5,280. 

XXXVII. 

5,147.6 

XXXVIII. 

5,247.5 

XXXIX. 

5,278.7 

XL. 

5,229.9 

XLI. 

5,280. 

XLII. 

5,262. 

XLIII. 

5,270. 

XLIV. 

5,304.7 

XLV. 

5,301.7 

XLVI. 

5,233.4 

XLVII. 

5,280. 

XLVIII. 

5,139.7 

Tri-States  1 
rock.  J 

2,512.9 

In  wet  meadow,  2,000  feet  northwest  of  Sheppard’s  pond,  80 
paces  west  of  woods. 

100  paces  east  of  road  from  Ringwood  to  Snyder  mine,  west  slope. 

About  300  yards  southeast  of  summit,  on  southeast  slope  of 
Black  Bock  mountain. 

In  swamp  at  east  foot  of  Beech  mountain,  1,000'  N.  20°  E. 
from  Morris’  house. 

West  side  of  wood  road,  half-way  down  west  slope  of  Beech 
mountain. 

About  100  yards  west  of  wood  road,  in  depression  in  ridge  east 
of  Greenwood  lake. 

On  east  edge  of  a point  of  land  on  west  shore  of  Greenwood  lake. 

On  Bearfort  mountain,  300  yards  west  of  highest  ridge. 

On  east  slope  of  steep  hill,  1,295'  east  of  a by-road  to  Warwick. 

Half-way  down  west  slope  of  hill,  1,813'  east  of  Warwick  turn- 
pike. 

On  top  of  mountain,  1,020'  east  of  road  from  Green  mine. 

On  west  slope  of  mountain,  1,000'  northerly  from  Layton  mine. 

West  of  Vernon  and  N.  Milford  road,  75  paces  northwest  of 
Welling5  s main  barn. 

740'  west  of  road  from  Vernon  to  Edenville,  property  of  A.  Ely. 

In  swampy  field,  on  land  of  Mr.  Layton,  east  of  Pochuck 
meadow. 

On  Pochuck  meadow,  700'  east  of  road  from  Glenwood  to  Pine 
island. 

East  slope  of  Pochuck  mountain,  40  paces  southwest  of  Daniel 
Bailey’s  house. 

In  ravine,  between  two  peaks  of  Pochuck,  north  edge  of  a swamp. 

On  Drowned  Lands,  1,596'  west  of  Liberty  Corner  road. 

50  paces  from  the  foot  of  the  first  ridge  west  of  the  W allkill. 

200  paces  southeast  of  Kimber’s  mill,  500  paces  east  of  New 
York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad. 

200  paces  southwest  of  Aliakim  Everitt’s  barn,  Union ville. 

1 yard  west  of  a white  oak  between  Benjamin  and  Goldsmith, 
Ur\ionville. 

In  Jos.  L.  Clark’s  line  fence,  1,014'  east  of  road. 

In  swampy  meadow,  1,619'  west  of  road  running  north  from 
Mount  Salem. 

Southwest  corner  of  woods,  34  paces  northeast  of  Widow  Tay- 
lor’s house. 

200  paces  west  of  east  summit  of  Blue  mountain. 

West  edge  of  wood  road,  on  west  slope  of  Blue  mountain. 

Top  of  “Hog  Back,”  300  paces  east  of  road  to  Port  Jervis. 

In  fork  of  the  Delaware  and  Navesink. 


*This  is  evidently  a mistake  of  ten  chains  in  the  original  survey  of  1774. 

E 


66  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


“The  magnetic  bearing  of  the  line  is  about  north  50°  west;  some 
of  the  miles,  as  the  1st,  being  north  49°  40'  west,  and  the  24th  being 
north  54°  west,  which  is  the  largest  variation  from  the  general  course. 
By  means  of  the  drawings  and  descriptions  given  in  the  map  and 
record  books,  the  line  may  be  easily  found,  and  any  of  its  parts 
resurveyed. 

“ The  description  of  the  old  and  the  new  terminal  monuments  is 
given  in  the  following  report  to  the  Joint  Commission : 

“‘The  undersigned,  a committee  appointed  by  your  Board  to  ascer- 
tain and  mark,  by  substantial  and  permanent  monuments,  the  terminal 
points  of  said  boundary,  have  discharged  the  duties  assigned  them  and 
herewith  report  somewhat  in  detail  the  work  done. 

“‘The  boundary  line  in  question  was  settled  by  a Commission 
appointed  by  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  final  decision  ren- 
dered in  1769  was  “That  the  boundary  or  partition  line  between  the 
said  Colonies  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  be  a direct  and  straight 
line  from  the  Delaware  river  at  the  fork  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mahackamack,  in  the  latitude  of  41°  21'  and  37",  to  Hudson's  river, 
at  a rock  (on  the  bank  of  said  river)  in  the  latitude  of  41°,  as  above 
described." 

“‘The  Mahackamack  river  is  now  known  as  the  Neversink,  and 
the  fork  at  the  mouth  of  it  is  the  south  point  of  Laurel  Grove  Ceme- 
tery. It  is  a bare  lime-stone  rock,  with  its  upper  surface  near  the 
high-water  mark  at  the  confluence  of  the  two  streams  above  mentioned. 
It  was  early  marked  by  a crow- foot  cut  into  the  rock,  on  its  upper  face. 
The  mile  monuments  on  the  boundary  line,  which  were  set  by  the 
Joint  Commission  of  the  two  States  in  1774,  are  in  range  with  it,  and 
the  traditions  of  the  country  people  have  always  recognized  it  as  the 
western  station  point  of  the  boundary.  The  mark  was  very  plain  in 
1874,  though  its  cut  edges  were  somewhat  smoothed  by  the  exposure 
of  an  hundred  years.  In  1874  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey, 
at  the  request  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  determined 
accurately  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  this  point,  and,  at  the  close  of 
the  work,  marked  it  by  drilling  a deep  hole  in  the  rock  and  fastening 
in  it  a copper  tube  filled  with  lead,  and  setting  and  describing  proper 
witnesses  of  its  location.  The  station  point,  according  to  this  deter- 
mination, is  in  latitude  41°  21'  22.63"  north;  longitude  74°  41' 
40.70"  west  from  Greenwich. 

“ ‘ This  point  we  have  now  marked  by  setting  in  the  solid  rock  a 
large  pillar  or  monument  of  granite.  This  pillar  is  in  one  piece,  11 J 
feet  long,  and  with  a cross  section  of  something  over  one  foot  by  two 
feet;  it  weighs  nearly  three  tons,  and  is  set  four  feet  down  in  an 
accurately  cut  hole  in  the  rock,  and  fastened  with  cement  mortar ; and 
is  further  supported  for  a foot  and  a half  more  by  building  stone  and 
hydraulic  mortar  around  it ; the  remaining  portion  (six  feet)  is  ham- 
mer-dressed, and  marked  on  two  of  its  sides.  The  words  ‘Boundary 
Monument/  and  the  date,  ‘1882/  are  cut  on  both  sides. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


67 


“‘The  north  side  is  farther  marked — 

NEW  YORK. 

Henry  R.  Pierson, 

Chauncey  M.  Depew, 

Elias  W.  Leavenworth, 

Commissioners. 

H.  W.  Clarke, 

Surveyor. 

“ ‘ The  south  side  is  further  marked — 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Abraham  Browning, 

Thomas  N.  McCarter, 

George  H.  Cook, 

Commissioners. 

E.  A.  Bowser, 

Surveyor. 

“ ‘ The  location  of  the  monument  is  particularly  favorable  for  its 
protection  from  mutilation ; and  solid  material  and  setting  give 
promise  of  durability  and  permanency.* 

‘“The  eastern  end  of  the  boundary,  in  the  description  given  by  the 
Commission  of  1769,  is  said  to  fall  “at  a rock  on  the  west  side  of 
Hudson’s  river,  marked  by  said  surveyors,  being  79  chains  and  27 
links  to  the  southward  on  a meridian  from  Sneyden’s  house,  formerly 
Corbet’s.”  It  was  described  in  the  report  of  the  Joint  Boundary  Com- 
missioners of  the  two  States  in  1774,  as  “that  the  rock  on  the  west 
side  of  Hudson’s  river  marked  by  the  surveyors  (of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission of  1769)  in  the  latitude  of  41°,  we  have  marked  with  a 
straight  line  through  its  surface,  passing  through  the  place  marked 
by  said  surveyors,  and  with  the  following  words  and  figures,  to  wit : 
‘Latitude  41°  north,’  and  on  the  south  side  thereof  the  words  ‘New 
Jersey,’  and  on  the  north  side  thereof  the  words  ‘ New  York.’  ” 

“ ‘ The  rock  above  described  is  still  in  place.  It  is  about  a mile 
below  Sneden’s  landing,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  and  about 

*The  top  of  this  stone,  containing  the  inscription,  has  since  been  broken  off  by  an 
ice  gorge  in  the  Delaware.  The  base  remains  firmly  imbedded  in  its  place  and  has 
been  dressed  smooth.  A witness  monument  has  been  set  up  farther  back  from  the 
river,  containing,  besides  the  above  inscription,  on  the  north  side  the  following : “ The 
corner  between  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  is  in  the  centre  of  the  Delaware  river 
475  feet  due  west  of  the  Tri-State  Rock,”  and  on  the  south  side  “South  64  degrees 
west,  721  feet  from  this  is  the  Tri-State  Rock,  which  is  the  N.  W.  end  of  the  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Boundary,  and  the,  north  end  of  the  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania Boundary.”  On  the  east  edge  or  side,  cut  in  sunken  letters  upon  a polished 
and  margined  tablet,  are  the  words  “ Witness  Monument.” 


68  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


six  inches  above  high-water  mark,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  north  end  * 
of  the  Palisades.  Jt  is  a long  four-sided  block  of  trap-rock,  lying 
upon  one  of  its  sides.  It  is  seven  feet  six  inches  long,  three  feet  two 
inches  high,  and  four  feet  wide.  The  marks  cut  on  it  in  1774  are 
still  plain  and  legible.  The  “ straight  line  through  its  surface  ” is  a 
vertical  line  two  feet  from  its  north  end.  It  lies  313.21  feet  S.  18° 
44'  W.,  from  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  Station  Duer ; and 
from  the  determination  of  that  survey  it  is  in  latitude  40°  59'  48.17" 
north;  longitude  73°  54'  11"  west  from  Greenwich. 

“ ‘ By  estimation,  the  rock  weighs  nearly  eight  tons,  so  that  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  moved  by  accident;  and  it  has  not  suffered  from  the 
action  of  the  elements  during  the  113  years  since  it  was  first  marked ; 
but  it  lies  immediately  under  the  Palisades,  where  it  is  liable  to  be 
buried  under  the  debris  which  falls  from  the  rocks  above ; and  there 
is  danger  of  its  destruction  or  removal  in  the  progress  of  projected 
changes  and  improvements  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  To  avoid  any 
danger  to  arise  from  its  loss,  and  also  to  mark  more  conspicuously  the 
terminus  of  the  line,  a pillar  or  monument  of  granite,  similar  to  the 
one  on  the  Delaware,  and  marked  in  the  same  way,  has  been  set  up 
on  the  boundary  line  where  it  crosses  the  highest  part  of  the  Palisades ; 
it  is  488  feet  from  the  marked  rock  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  is 
463  feet  above  tide  level ; it  is  of  the  same  dimensions  as  that  at  the 
west  end  of  the  boundary,  and  it  is  set  in  the  solid  trap-rock  of  the 
mountain  in  the  same  way  as  that ; it  stands  opposite  a point  on  the 
Hudson  River  railroad  midway  between  Dobbs’  Ferry  and  Hastings, 
and  the  boundary  line,  if  extended  across  the  Hudson,  would  cross 
the  railroad  near  the  tall,  old  chimney  south  of  Hastings.  By  clear- 
ing away  bushes,  the  monument  is  in  plain  sight  of  the  east  bank  of 
the  Hudson  from  near  Sing  Sing  almost  to  Yonkers;  it  is  also  in 
sight  on  the  boulevard  at  the  west  foot  of  the  mountain,  and  near 
where  the  boundary  crosses  it.  The  monument  stands  on  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Palisades  Land  Company. 

“ ‘ These  terminal  monuments  are  of  such  durable  material,  and  so 
firmly  set,  and  are  objects  of  such  public  attention  and  interest,  that 
they  seem  little  liable  to  destruction  and  loss. 

“ ‘ Respectfully  submitted, 

“ ‘ Geo.  H.  Cook, 

“ ‘ E.  W.  Leavenworth, 

“ ‘ November  17th,  1882.  “‘Committee.’” 

With  their  report  this  commission  filed  also  the  following  docu- 
ments in  the  archives  of  the  State : 

1.  A report  upon  the  terminal  monuments  of  the  northern  boundary 
line  of  New  Jersey,  as  made  by  a committee  of  the  Joint  Boundary 
Commission. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


69 


2.  A copy  of  the  instructions  given  to  the  surveyors,  for  their 
guidance  in  resurveying  the  boundary  line,  and  setting  the  several 
monuments  upon  it.  (Copied  into  Book  5.) 

3.  The  surveyors’  report  of  their  work  upon  the  line  and  its  mon- 
uments. 


4.  The  field  notes  of  the  survey  of  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
boundary. 

5.  A description  of  the  several  monuments  which  were  set  upon 
the  boundary  line  by  the  surveyors. 

6.  A topographical  map  of  the  country  adjacent  to  the  boundary 
line,  with  the  line  and  its  monuments  correctly  placed  upon  it. 

7.  An  account  of  all  the  expenses  incurred  in  the  work,  with 
vouchers  for  the  same. 

An  agreement  was  executed  and  ratified  by  the  following  act,  which 
closed  the  work  of  the  commission  : 

“An  Act*  to  ratify  and  confirm  an  agreement  made  between  the  com- 
missioners appointed  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
the  commissioners  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New 
Jersey,  respecting  the  location  of  the  northern  boundary  line 
between  the  states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  the  re- 
placing and  erecting  of  monuments  thereon,  bearing  date  the 
seventh  day  of  June,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eighty-three. 

“Approved  April  2, 1884. 

u Where  as,  Henry  R.  Pierson,  Elias  W.  Leavenworth  and  Chaun- 
cey  M.  Depew,  commissioners  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  and  Abraham  Browning,  Thomas  N.  McCarter  and 
George  H.  Cook,  commissioners  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  the 
state  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  and  agreeing 
upon  the  true  location  of  the  northern  boundary  line  between  the 
states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  also  of  replacing  any  mon- 
uments that  may  have  become  dilapidated  or  been  removed  on  said 
boundary  line,  and  of  erecting  new  ones,  have  executed  a certain 
agreement  in  duplicate,  which  is  contained  in  the  words  following : 


* Supplement  to  Revision,  1877-1886,  p.  1024. 


70  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


[“An  agreement , made  the  seventh  day  of  June,  in  the  year  eighteen 
hundred  and  eighty-three,  between  Henry  R.  Pierson,  Elias  W. 
Leavenworth  and  Chauncey  ill.  Depew,  Commissioners  on  the  part 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  Abraham  Browning,  Thomas  N. 
McCarter  and  George  H.  Cook , Commissioners  on  the  part  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey. 

“ Whereas,  By  the  first  Section  of  Chapter  CCCXL.  of  the  Laws 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  for  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  eighty,  it  was  recited,  among  other  things,  that  whereas,  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature,  passed  the  twenty-sixth  day  of  May,  eighteen  i 
hundred  and  seventy-five,  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York  were  authorized  and  directed,  in  connection  with  the 
authorities  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  respectively,  to  replace 
any  monuments  which  have  become  dilapidated  or  been  removed  on 
the  boundary  lines  of  those  states,  and  it  was  thereby  declared  that 
the  lines  originally  laid  down  and  marked  with  monuments  by  the 
several  joint  commissioners  duly  appointed  for  that  purpose,  and 
which  have  since  been  acknowledged  and  legally  recognized,  by  the 
several  states  interested,  as  the  limits  of  their  territory  and  jurisdic- 
tion, are  the  boundary  lines  of  said  states,  irrespective  of  want  of 
conformity  to  the  verbal  descriptions  thereof ; and,  by  the  second  sec- 
tion of  the  same  chapter  of  the  laws  of  the  state  of  New  York,  the 
said  regents  were  authorized  and  empowered  to  designate  and  appoint 
three  of  their  number  as  commissioners  to  meet  such  commissioners 
as  may  have  been  or  may  be  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  states  of 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  or  either  of  them,  and  with  such  last- 
named  commissioners,  as  soon  as  may  be,  to  proceed  to  ascertain  and 
agree  upon  the  location  of  said  lines  as  originally  established  and 
marked  with  monuments;  and  in  case  any  monuments  are  found 
dilapidated  or  removed  from  their  original  location,  said  commis- 
sioners are  authorized  to  replace  them  in  a durable  manner  in  their 
original  positions,  and  to  erect  such  additional  monuments  at  such 
places  on  said  lines  as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper  desig- 
nation of  the  boundary  lines  of  said  states ; 

“And  whereas,  also,  The  above-named  Henry  R.  Pierson,. 
Elias  W.  Leavenworth  and  Chauncey  M.  Depew  having  been  duly 
designated  and  appointed  by  the  said  the  Regents  of  the  University 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  commissioners  on  the  part  of  said  state 
for  the  purposes  mentioned  in  the  said  act ; 

“And  whereas,  also,  By  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  of 
New  Jersey,  entitled  ‘An  act  appointing  commissioners  to  locate  the 
northern  boundary  line  between  the  states  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  and  to  replace  and  erect  monuments  thereon/  approved  April 
13th,  1876,  the  governor  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  was  authorized 
to  appoint  three  commissioners,  with  power,  on  the  part  of  said  state 
of  New  Jersey,  to  meet  any  authorities  on  the  part  of  the  state  of 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


71 


New  York  who  may  be  duly  authorized,  and  with  them  to  negotiate 
and  agree  upon  the  true  location  of  the  said  boundary  line  between 
the  states  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  also  to  replace  any 
monuments  which  may  have  become  dilapidated  or  been  removed  on 
said  boundary  lines,  and  to  erect  new  ones,  which  agreement  it  was 
thereby  enacted  should  be  in  writing,  and  signed  and  sealed  by  the 
authorities  of  the  state  of  New  York  and  the  commissioners  of  the 
state  of  New  Jersey ; 

“And  whereas,  The  above-named  Abraham  Browning,  Thomas 
N. 'McCarter  and  George  H.  Cook  have  been  duly  appointed  com- 
missioners on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  under  said  act; 

“And  whereas,  By  a supplement  to  the  last  said  act,  approved  on 
the  25th  day  of  March,  1881,  the  commissioners  under  the  last  said 
act  were,  in  addition  to  the  authority  conferred  by  the  last  said  act, 
also  authorized,  in  their  discretion,  to  proceed  to  ascertain  and  agree 
upon  the  location  of  the  northern  boundary  line  between  the  states  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey,  as  originally  established  and  marked 
with  monuments ; and  in  case  any  monuments  are  found  dilapidated 
or  removed  from  their  original  location,  said  commissioners  were 
authorized  to  renew  and  replace  them  in  a durable  manner  in  their 
original  positions,  and  to  erect  such  additional  monuments  at  such 
places  on  said  line  as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper  designa- 
tion of  the  boundary  line  of  said  states ; 

“And  whereas,  The  said  commissioners,  acting  for  and  on  behalf 
of  their  respective  states,  have  entered  upon  the  performance  of  the 
duties  imposed  upon  them  by  the  said  acts,  and  have,  in  pursuance  of 
the  authority  to  them  severally  given  as  aforesaid,  agreed,  and  hereby 
do  agree,  as  follows : 

“First.  The  line  extending  from  the  Hudson  river  on  the  east  to  the 
Delaware  river  on  the  west,  as  the  same  was  laid  down  and  marked 
with  monuments  in  1774  by  William  Wickham  and  Samuel  Gale, 
commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  then  colony  of  New  York,  duly 
appointed  for  that  purpose  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  assembly  of 
the  colony  of  New  York,  passed  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  February, 

1771,  entitled  ‘An  act  for  establishing  the  boundary  or  partition  line 
between  the  colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea,  or  New  Jersey, 
and  for  confirming  titles  and  possession/  and  John  Stevens  and  Walter 
Rutherfurd,  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  then  colony  of  New 
Jersey,  duly  appointed  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  assembly  of  the 
colony  of  New  Jersey,  passed  on  the  twenty-third  day  of  September, 

1772,  entitled  ‘An  act  for  establishing  the  boundary  or  partition  line 
between  the  colonies  of  New  York  and  Nova  Caesarea,  or  New  Jer- 
sey, and  for  confirming  titles  and  possession/  which  said  line  has 
since  been  acknowledged  and  recognized  by  the  two  states  as  the  limit 
of  their  respective  territory  and  jurisdiction,  shall,  notwithstanding 
its  want  of  conformity  to  the  verbal  description  thereof,  as  recited  by 


72  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


said  commissioners,  continue  to  be  the  boundary  or  partition  line 
between  the  &aid  two  states ; 

“ Provided , that  wherever  upon  said  line  the  location  of  one  or  more 
of  the  monuments  erected  by  said  commissioners  in  1774  has  been 
lost,  and  cannot  otherwise  be  definitely  fixed  and  determined,  then  and 
in  that  case,  and  in  every  case  where  it  is  required  to  establish  inter- 
vening points  on  said  line,  a straight  line  drawn  between  the  nearest 
adjacent  monuments,  whose  localities  are  ascertained,  shall  be  under- 
stood to  be,  and  shall  be,  the  true  boundary  line. 

“Second.  The  monumental  marks  by  which  said  boundary  line  shall 
hereafter  be  known  and  recognized  are  hereby  declared  to  be : first, 
the  original  monuments  of  stone  erected  in  1774,  along  said  line  by 
the  commissioners  aforesaid,  as  the  same  have  been  restored  and 
re-established  in  their  original  positions  by  Edward  A.  Bowser,  sur- 
veyor on  the  part  of  New  Jersey,  and  Henry  W.  Clarke,  surveyor  on 
the  part  of  New  York,  duly  appointed  by  the  parties  hereto;  second , 
the  new  monuments  of  granite  erected  by  the  aforesaid  surveyors  at 
intervals  of  one  mile,  more  or  less,  along  said  line',  and  numbered  con- 
secutively, beginning  from  the  Hudson  river,  and  severally  marked  on 
the  northerly  side  with  the  letters  N.  Y.,  and  on  the  southerly  side 
with  the  letters  N.  J. ; and  third , the  monuments  of  granite  erected 
by  the  aforesaid  surveyors  at  intervening  points  on  said  line  at  its 
intersection  with  public  roads,  railroads  and  rivers,  and  severally 
marked  by  them  on  the  northerly  side  with  the  letters  N.  Y.,  and  on 
the  southerly  side  with  the  letters  N.  J. ; and  fourth,  the  terminal 
monuments  erected  at  the  western  terminus  of  said  line  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Delaware  and  Navesink  rivers,  and  the  terminal  monu- 
ment erected  on  the  brow  of  the  rock  called  the  Palisades,  near  the 
eastern  terminus,  and  the  rock  lying  and  being  at  the  foot  of  the 
Palisades  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  marked  as  the  original 
terminal  monument  of  said  line  established  in  1774,  as  the  same  are 
described  in  a joint  report  made  to  the  parties  hereto  by  Elias  W. 
Leavenworth,  commissioner  on  the  part  of  New  York,  and  George 
H.  Cook,  commissioner  on  the  part  of  New  Jersey. 

“Third.  The  field-books  of  said  surveyors,  containing  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  locations  of  the  several  monuments  erected  by  them,  and 
of  the  witness  marks  thereto,  the  report  of  said  surveyors  containing 
the  account  of  their  work  in  ascertaining  and  marking  said  line, 
together  with  the  topographical  map  of  said  line  and  the  vicinity 
thereof,  and  the  several  documents  and  books  of  record  containing  the 
transactions  of  the  parties  aforesaid,  having  been  duly  authenticated 
and  attested  by  the  signatures  of  the  said  commissioners,  and  placed 
on  file  in  the  offices  of  the  secretaries  of  state  of  the  two  states,  shall 
constitute  the  permanent  and  authentic  records  of  said  boundary  line, 
and  are  hereby  adopted  by  the  parties  hereto,  and  made  part  of  this 
agreement. 

“Fourth.  This  agreement  shall  become  binding  on  the  two  states 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION.  73 

when  confirmed  by  the  legislatures  thereof,  respectively,  and  when 
confirmed  by  the  congress  of  the  United  States. 

“In  witness  whereof,  the  said  commissioners  have  hereto  set 
their  hands  and  seals,  in  duplicate,  this  seventh  day  of  June,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-three. 


“HENRY  R.  PIERSON, 

‘l.  s." 

“E.  W.  LEAVENWORTH, 

Y.  s.[ 

“CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW, 

Y.  s." 

“A.  BROWNING, 

“Thomas  n.  McCarter, 

Y.  s.] 

L.  S.  j 

“GEO.  H.  COOK, 

L.  S.] 

“'Executed  in  the  presence  of — 

“Witness  as  to  H.  R.  Pierson, 

“A.  C.  Judson,  Albany. 

“As  to  commissioners  of  New  Jersey, 

“B.  Williamson. 

“ Witness  to  the  signature  of  E.  W.  Leavenworth, 

“A.  F.  Lewis. 

“As  to  Chauncey  M.  Depew, 

“W.  I.  Vanarsdale.”] 

“ Therefore, 

“Sec.  1.  That  the  aforesaid  agreement,  and  every  article,  clause, 
matter,  and  thing  therein  contained,  shall  be  and  the  same  are  hereby 
ratified  and  confirmed  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey/7 


EASTERN  BOUNDARY  BETWEEN  NEAV  JERSEY  AND  NEW  YORK. 

There  were  disputes  as  to  this  line  through  Hudson  river,  New 
York  bay,  and  Arthur  kill,  which  lasted  until  1833.  A commission 
was  appointed  in  1807  and  another  in  1827,  but  no  result  was  reached. 
A history  of  these  disputes  and  a statement  of  the  causes  which  led 
the  commission  of  1833  to  adopt  the  agreement  below  given,  will  be 
found  in  an  opinion  given  by  Judge  Elmer,  in  1862,  in  New  Jersey 
Supreme  Court  case,  State  v.  Babcock,  1 Yr.  29,  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  extracted  : Up  to  the  close  of  the  Revolution  “the  charters 
of  New  York  city,  and  the  proceedings  of  its  authorities,  showed  that 
it  had  always  been  claimed  that  the  whole  of  Hudson  river  up  to  the 
low-water  mark  on  the  westerly  shore,  belonged  to  that  State.  But 
it  was  only  after  the  Revolution,  and  when  it  appeared  that,  if  this 
claim  was  acquiesced  in,  all  the  wharves  and  improvements  on  the 


74  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  YEW  JERSEY. 


Jersey  shore  would  be  subject  to  the  control  of  Yew  York,  that  Yew 
Jersey  claimed  that,  by  conquest  from  the  Crown,  the  right  of  Yew 
Jersey  was  extended  to  the  middle  of  the  river.”  When  the  commis- 
sioners met  in  1833,  it  was  found  that  those  of  Yew  York  “ deemed 
it  indispensable  that  their  great  commercial  emporium  should  have 
exclusive  control  of  the  police  on  the  surrounding  waters,  and  full 
power  to  establish  such  quarantine  regulations  as  should  be  found 
necessary.  The  commissioners  of  this  State  deemed  it  wise  to  secure 
exclusive  property  to  the  soil  to  the  middle  of  the  river,  and  exclusive 
jurisdiction  over  the  wharves,  docks  and  other  improvements  made  or 
to  be  made  on  the  Jersey  shore,  and  of  vessels  fastened  thereto,  and 
the  right  to  regulate  the  adjacent  fisheries,  leaving  to  Yew  York, 
which  was  thought  to  be  quite  as  much  a burthen  as  a privilege,  the 
exclusive  jurisdiction  over  the  offenses  in  or  upon  the  waters  or  the 
land  covered  by  the  water  outside  of  low-water  mark.  * * * 

Yothing  has  since  occurred  to  make  the  propriety  of  this  arrangement 
doubtful ; on  the  contrary,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  it  has 
secured  important  rights  to  this  State  which  otherwise  might  have 
been  lost.” 

The  history  of  the  commission  of  1833  is  contained  in  the  follow- 
ing acts : 

“An  Act  for  the  settlement  of  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction 
between  the  states  of  Yew  Jersey  and  Yew  York.* 

“ Passed  February  6, 1833. 

“ Whereas,  The  legislature  of  the  state  of  Yew  York  have  recently 
passed  a law  authorizing  the  governor  of  that  state  to  appoint  com- 
missioners, to  meet  commissioners  on  the  part  of  this  state,  to  nego- 
tiate and  agree  respecting  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the 
state  of  Yew  Jersey  and  the  state  of  Yew  York ; and  whereas,  it  is 
expedient  and  desirable  that  the  difference  heretofore  existing  on  this 
subject  should  be  amicably  and  speedily  adjusted ; therefore, 

“ 1.  That  the  governor  of  this  state,  or  the  person  administering 
the  government  of  the  same,  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  to  ap- 
point three  commissioners,  with  full  power  on  the  part  of  Yew  Jersey 
to  meet  the  commissioners  appointed  or  to  be  appointed  under  or  by 
virtue  of  a law  of  Yew  York,  passed  January  the  eighteenth,  eigh- 
teen hundred  and  thirty-three,  and  with  them  to  negotiate  and  agree 
respecting  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction  between  the  said 
states,  as  to  them  may  seem  just;  and  if,  by  death,  resignation  or 
otherwise,  a vacancy  do  happen  among  those  appointed  by  the  state  of 


* Revision  of  1877,  p.  1177. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


75 


New  Jersey,  the  governor,  or  person  administering  the  government 
of  this  state,  is  hereby  authorized  to  supply  the  same. 

“ 2.  That  the  said  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New 
Jersey,  or  a major  part  of  them,  shall  have  full  power  and  authority 
to  agree  upon,  settle  and  determine  the  limits  of  territory  and  juris- 
diction between  the  said  states,  as  to  them  may  seem  just,  and  their 
agreement  in  the  premises,  in  writing,  signed  and  sealed  by  the 
said  commissioners  of  both  states,  or  a majority  of  them,  respectively, 
if  made  on  or  before  the  first  Tuesday  of  January  next,  shall  be- 
come binding  on  this  state,  when  confirmed  by  the  respective  legisla- 
tures of  New  Jersey  and  New  York,  and  approved  by  congress/7 
[Sections  3 and  4 executed.] 

“An  Act  to  ratify  and  confirm  an  agreement  made  between  the  com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  governor  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
and  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  governor  of  the  state  of 
New  Jersey,  respecting  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction  be- 
tween the  said  states.* 

“ Passed  February  26, 1834. 

“ Whereas,  Commissioners  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  and  commissioners  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  New 
Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  agreeing  upon  and  settling  the  jurisdiction 
and  territorial  limits  of  the  two  states,  have  executed  certain  articles, 
two  copies  for  each  state,  which  are  contained  in  the  following  words : 
“Agreement  made  and  entered  into,  by  and  between  Benjamin  F. 
Butler,  Peter  Augustus  Jay  and  Henry  Seymour,  commissioners  duly 
appointed  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  state  of  New  York,  in  pur- 
suance of  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  said  state,  entitled  ‘An  act 
concerning  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  state  of  New 
York  and  the  state  of  New  Jersey/  passed  January  eighteenth,  eighteen 
hundred  and  thirty-three,  of  the  one  part,  and  Theodore  Freling- 
huysen,  James  Parker  and  Lucius  Q.  C.  Elmer,  commissioners  duly 
appointed  on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  in  pur- 
suance of  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  said  state,  entitled  ‘An  act 
for  the  settlement  of  the  territorial  limits  and  jurisdiction  between 
the  states  of  New  Jersey  and  New  York/  passed  February  sixth, 
eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-three,  of  the  other  part. 

“Art.  I.  The  boundary  line  between  the  two  states  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  from  a point  in  the  middle  of  Hudson  river,  opposite 
the  point  of  the  west  shore  thereof,  in  the  forty-first  degree  of  north 
latitude,  as  heretofore  ascertained  and  marked,  to  the  main  sea,  shall 
be  the  middle  of  the  said  river,  of  the  bay  of  New  York,  of  the 
water  between  Staten  Island  and  New  Jersey,  and  of  Raritan  bay,  to 
the  main  sea,  except  as  hereinafter  otherwise  particularly  mentioned. 
“Art.  II.  The  state  of  New  York  shall  retain  its  present  jurisdic- 


* Revision  of  1877,  p.  11^8. 


76  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


tion  of  and  over  Bedlow’s  and  Ellis’  islands,  and  shall  also  retain  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  of  and  over  the  other  islands  lying  in  the  waters 
above  mentioned,  and  now  under  the  jurisdiction  of  that  state. 

“ Art.  III.  The  state  of  New  York  shall  have  and  enjoy  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  and  over  all  the  waters  of  the  bay  of  New  York,  and 
of  and  over  all  the  waters  of  Hudson  river,  lying  west  of  Manhattan 
island  and  to  the  south  of  the  mouth  of  Spuytenduy vel  creek,  and  of 
and  over  the  lands  covered  by  said  waters  to  the  low-water  mark  on 
the  westerly  or  New  Jersey  side  thereof,  subject  to  the  following  rights 
of  property  and  jurisdiction  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  that  is  to  say: 

“(1).  The  state  of  New  Jersey  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of 
property  in  and  to  the  land  under  water,  lying  west  of  the  middle  of 
the  bay  of  New  York  and  west  of  the  middle  of  that  part  of  the 
Hudson  river  which  lies  between  Manhattan  island  and  New  Jersey. 

“(2).  The  state  of  New  Jersey  shall  have  the  exclusive  jurisdiction 
of  and  over  the  wharves,  docks  and  improvements  made  and  to  be 
made  on  the  shore  of  said  state,  and  of  and  over  all  vessels  aground 
on  said  shore,  or  fastened  to  any  such  wharf  or  dock,  except  that  the 
said  vessels  shall  be  subject  to  the  quarantine  or  health  laws,  and  laws 
in  relation  to  passengers  of  the  state  of  New  York,  which  now  exist 
or  which  may  hereafter  be  passed. 

“(3).  The  state  of  New  Jersey  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of 
regulating  the  fisheries  on  the  westerly  side  of  the  said  waters;  pro- 
vided, that  navigation  be  not  obstructed  or  hindered. 

“Art.  IV.  The  state  of  New  York  shall  have  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion of  and  over  the  waters  of  the  Kill  von  Kull,  between  Staten 
island  and  New  Jersey,  to  the  westernmost  end  of  Shooter’s  island,  in 
respect  to  such  quarantine  laws  and  laws  relating  to  passengers  as  now 
exist,  or  may  hereafter  be  passed  under  the  authority  of  that  state, 
and  for  executing  the  same;  the  said  state  shall  also  have  exclusive 
jurisdiction  for  the  like  purposes  of  and  over  the  waters  of  the  sound 
from  the  westernmost  end  of  Shooter’s  island  to  Woodbridge  creek,  as 
to  all  vessels  bound  to  any  port  in  the  said  state  of  New  York. 

“Art.  V.  The  state  of  New  Jersey  shall  have  and  enjoy  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  and  over  all  the  waters  of  the  sound  between  Staten 
island  and  New  Jersey,  lying  south  of  Woodbridge  creek,  and  of  and 
over  all  the  waters  of  Raritan  bay,  lying  westward  of  a line  drawn 
from  the  light-house  at  Princes’  bay  to  the  mouth  of  Matavan  creek, 
subject  to  the  following  rights  of  property  and  jurisdiction  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  that  is  to  say: 

“(1).  The  state  of  New  York  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of 
property  in  and  to  the  land  under  water  lying  between  the  middle  of 
the  said  waters  and  Staten  Island. 

“(2).  The  state  of  New  York  shall  have  the  exclusive  jurisdiction 
of  and  over  the  wharves,  docks  and  improvements  made  and  to  be 
made  on  the  shore  of  Staten  Island,  and  of  and  over  all  vessels  aground 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


77 


on  said  shore,  or  fastened  to  any  such  wharf  or  dock,  except  that  the 
said  "vessels  shall  be  subject  to  the  quarantine  or  health  laws  and  laws 
in  relation  to  passengers  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  which  now  exist 
or  which  may  hereafter  be  passed. 

“(3).  The  state  of  New  York  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of 
regulating  the  fisheries  between  the  shore  of  Staten  Island  and  the 
middle  of  the  said  waters ; provided,  that  the  navigation  of  the  said 
waters  be  not  obstructed  or  hindered. 

“Art.  VI.  Criminal  process  issued  under  the  authority  of  the  state 
of  New  Jersey  against  any  person  accused  of  an  offense  committed 
within  that  state,  or  on  board  any  vessel  being  under  the  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  that  state,  as  aforesaid,  or  committed  against  the  regu- 
lations made  or  to  be  made  by  that  state,  in  relation  to  the  fisheries 
mentioned  in  the  third  article ; and  also  civil  process  issued  under 
authority  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  against  any  person  domiciled  in 
that  state,  or  against  property  taken  out  of  that  state  to  evade  the 
laws  thereof,  may  be  served  upon  any  of  the  said  waters  within  the 
exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  state  of  New  York,  unless  such  person 
or  property  be  on  board  a vessel  aground  upon  or  fastened  to  the 
shore  of  the  state  of  New  York,  or  fastened  to  a wharf  adjoining 
thereto ; or  unless  such  person  shall  be  under  arrest,  or  such  property 
shall  be  under  seizure  by  virtue  of  the  process  or  authority  of  the 
state  of  New  York. 

“Art.  VII.  Criminal  process  issued  under  the  authority  of  the 
state  of  New  York  against  any  person  accused  of  any  offense  com- 
mitted within  that  state,  or  committed  on  board  of  any  vessel  being 
under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  that  state  as  aforesaid,  or  committed 
against  the  regulations  made  or  to  be  made  by  that  state  in  relation 
to  the  fisheries  mentioned  in  the  fifth  article;  and  also  civil  process 
issued  under  the  authority  of  the  state  of  New  York  against  any 
person  domiciled  in  that  state,  or  against  property  taken  out  of  that 
state  to  evade  the  laws  thereof,  may  be  served  upon  any  of  the  said 
waters  within  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey, 
unless  such  person  or  property  be  on  board  a vessel  aground  upon  or 
fastened  to  the  shore  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  or  fastened  to  a 
wharf  adjoining  thereto,  or  unless  such  person  shall  be  under  arrest, 
or  such  property  shall  be  under  seizure  by  virtue  of  the  process  or 
authority  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 

“Art.  VIII.  This  agreement  shall  become  binding  on  the  two 
states  when  confirmed  by  the  legislatures  thereof,  respectively,  and 
when  approved  by  the  congress  of  the  United  States. 

“Done  in  four  parts  (two  of  which  are  retained  by  the  commis- 
sioners of  New  York,  to  be  delivered  to  the  governor  of  that  state, 
the  other  two  of  which  are  retained  by  the  commissioners  of  New 
Jersey,  to  be  delivered  to  the  governor  of  that  state),  at  the  city  of 
New  York,  this  sixteenth  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 


78  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-three,  and  of  the  independence 
of  the  United  States  the  fifty-eighth. 

“ Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  B.  F.  Butler, 

“ James  Parker,  Peter  Augustus  Jay, 

“ Lucius  Q.  C.  Elmer,  Henry  Seymour. 

“ Therefore — 

“That  the  aforesaid  agreement,  and  every  article,  clause,  matter, 
and  thing  therein  contained,  shall  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  fully 
and  amply  ratified  and  confirmed  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New 
Jersey. 

“Confirmed  by  New  York,  February  5th,  1834. 

“Approved  by  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  June  28th,  1834.” 

I 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  above  agreement  does  not  describe  the 
line  with  much  definiteness.  The  middle  of  Hudson  river,  as  it  was 
in  1833,  may  be  difficult  to  determine.  The  middle  of  New  York 
bay  and  of  Raritan  bay  is  quite  indefinite.  It  seems  that  this  whole 
line  needs  to  be  submitted  to  a commission  at  once  for  accurate  deter- 
mination. The  part  through  Raritan  bay  has  just  been  accurately 
described  and  marked  by  a commission  appointed  by  the  Governor 
under  the  following : 

“ Joint  Resolution  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a commission  to 
locate  and  mark  out  the  boundary  line  between  the  state  of 
New  Jersey  and  the  state  of  New  York  in  Raritan  bay.* 

“Approved  April  20, 1886. 

“Whereas,  Disputes  are  constantly  arising  between  citizens  of 
this  state  and  citizens  of  the  state  of  New  York,  engaged  in  the  shell 
fisheries  in  Raritan  bay,  as  to  the  boundary  line  between  the  two 
states  in  lands  under  water  of  said  Raritan  bay ; and  whereas , that 
by  reason  of  the  absence  of  any  means  to  locate  the  boundary  line 
there  exists  an  uncertainty  about  the  true  location  thereof  between 
the  state  of  New  Jersey  and  the  state  of  New  York,  as  defined  in 
the  act  entitled  ‘An  act  for  the  settlement  of  the  territorial  limits  and 
jurisdiction  between  the  states  of  New  Jersey  and  New  York/  passed 
the  sixth  day  of  February,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty- 
three  ; now,  therefore, 

“ Sec.  1 . That  the  governor  of  this  state  be  and  he  is  hereby 
authorized  to  appoint  three  commissioners,  with  power,  on  the  part  of 
the  state,  to  meet  any  authorities  of  the  state  of  New  York  who  may 
be  duly  authorized,  and  with  them  locate  and  mark  out,  by  proper 
buoys,  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  states  in  lands  under  water 
of  Raritan  bay ; that  the  expenses  of  said  commission  shall  be  paid 

* Supplement  to  Revision,  1877-1886,  p.  1027. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


79 


by  the  treasurer,  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller,  after  being  first 
approved  by  the  governor.” 

Pursuant  to  the  resolution  above  mentioned,  Governor  Green  ap- 
pointed Robert  C.  Bacot,  A.  B.  Stoney  and  George  H.  Cook  as  the 
committee  on  the  part  of  New  Jersey. 

The  commissioners  on  the  part  of  New  York  were  appointed  by 
Governor  Hill,  under  an  act  passed  in  1887,  the  text  of  which  is  as 
follows  : 

“An  Act  for  the  settlement  of  territorial  disputes  in  regard  to  the 
lands  under  water  in  Raritan  bay. 

“ Passed  March  15th,  1887,  three-fifths  being  present. 

“ The  People  of  the  State  of  New  York,  represented  in  Sen- 
ate and  Assembly , do  enact  as  follows : 

“Sec.  1.  The  governor  shall  appoint  three  commissioners,  who 
shall  have  full  power,  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  to  meet 
the  commissioners  appointed  or  to  be  appointed  by  the  state  of  New 
Jersey,  and  with  them  locate  and  mark  out,  by  proper  monuments 
and  buoys,  the  true  boundary  line  between  the  two  states  in  lands 
under  water  in  Raritan  bay. 

“ Sec.  2.  The  said  commissioners,  within  one  year  from  the  passage 
of  this  act,  shall  file  with  the  secretary  of  the  state  of  New  York,  a 
map  showing  such  boundary  line. 

“ Sec.  3.  The  expenses  of  the  said  commissioners,  not  exceeding 
one  thousand  dollars,  shall  be  paid  by  the  treasurer,  upon  the  warrant 
of  the  comptroller,  after  being  first  approved  by  the  governor.” 

After  several  meetings  of  the  Joint  Commission,  and  careful  inquiry 
as  to  precedents,  the  following  result  was  reached  : 

“An  agreement,  made  the  12th  day  of  October,  in  the  year  1887, 
between  Mayo  W.  Hazeltine,  Robert  Moore  and  Lieut.  G.  C.  Hanus, 
U.  S.  N.,  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
George  H.  Cook,  Robert  C.  Bacot  and  A.  B.  Stoney,  commissioners 
on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  : 

“Whereas,  By  chapter  69  of  the  laws  of  the  state  of  New  York 
for  the  year  1887,  the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  three  com- 
missioners on  the  part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  with  full  power  to 
meet  with  the  commissioners  duly  authorized  on  the  part  of  the  state 
of  New  Jersey,  and  with  them  to  locate  and  mark  out,  by  proper 
monuments  and  buoys,  the  true  boundary  line  between  the  two  states 
in  lands  under  water  in  Raritan  bay ; and 

“Whereas,  The  said  Mayo  W.  Hazeltine,  Robert  Moore  and 


80  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Lieut.  G.  C.  Hanus,  U.  S.  N.,  were  duly  appointed  commissioners  on 
the  part  of  the  state  of  New  York,  for  the  purposes  mentioned  in  the 
said  act ; and 

“ Whereas,  By  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  New  Jer- 
sey, passed  April  20th,  1886,  entitled  ‘Joint  resolution  authorizing 
the  appointment  of  a commission  to  locate  and  mark  out  the  bound- 
ary line  between  the  state  of  New  Jersey  and  the  state  of  New  York 
in  Raritan  bay/  the  governor  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  was  au- 
thorized to  appoint  three  commissioners,  with  power,  on  the  part  of 
the  state,  to  meet  any  authorities  duly  authorized  on  the  part  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  with  them  to  locate,  by  proper  buoys,  the 
boundary  line  between  the  two  states  of  lands  under  water  in  Rari- 
tan bay ; and 

“ Whereas,  The  said  George  H.  Cook,  Robert  C.  Bacot  and  A.  B. 
Stoney  were  duly  appointed  commissioners  for  the  purposes  of  said 
act;  and 

“ Whereas,  The  said  commissioners  acting  for  and  on  behalf  of 
their  respective  states,  have  entered  upon  the  performance  of  the 
duties  imposed  upon  them  by  said  act,  and  have  in  pursuance  of  the 
authority  to  them  severally  given  as  aforesaid,  agreed  and  hereby  do 
agree  upon  a boundary  line  between  the  two  states,  in  lands  under 
water  in  Raritan  bay,  and  locate  the  same  as  follows  : 

“First.  From  ‘Great  Beds  light-house/  in  Raritan  bay,  north, 
twenty  degrees  sixteen  minutes  west,  true,  to  a point  in  the  middle  of 
the  waters  of  Arthur  Kill,  or  Staten  Island  sound,  equidistant  between 
the  southwesterly  corner  of  the  dwelling-house  of  David  C.  Butler, 
at  Ward’s  Point,  on  Staten  Island,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  at  the 
southeasterly  corner  of  the  brick  building  on  the  lands  of  Cortlandt 
L.  Parker,  at  the  intersection  of  the  westerly  line  of  Water  street 
with  the  northerly  line  of  Lewis  street,  in  Perth  Amboy,  in  the  state 
of  New  Jersey. 

“ Second . From  ‘Great  Beds  light-house’  south,  sixty-four  degrees 
and  twenty-one  minutes  east,  true  (S.  64°  21'  E.),  in  line  with  the 
center  of  Waackaack  or  Wilson’s  beacon,  in  Monmouth  county,  New 
Jersey,  to  a point  at  the  intersection  of  said  line  with  a line  connect- 
ing ‘Morgan  No.  2’  triangulation  point,  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey,  in  Middlesex  county,  New  Jersey,  with  the  ‘Granite  and  Iron 
beacon,’  marked  on  the  accompanying  maps  as  ‘ Romer  stone  beacon,’ 
situated  on  the  ‘ Dry  Romer  shoal ; ’ and  thence  on  a line  bearing 
north,  seventy-seven  degrees  and  nine  minutes  east,  true  (N.  77°  9' 
E.),  connecting  ‘ Morgan  No.  2 ’ triangulation  point,  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  in  Middlesex  county,  New  Jersey,  with  said 
‘Romer  stone  beacon’  (the  line  passing  through  said  beacon  and 
continuing  in  the  same  direction),  to  a point  at  its  intersection  with  a 
line  drawn  between  the  ‘ Hook  beacon,’  on  Sandy  Hook,  New  Jersey, 
and  the  triangulation  point  of  the  U.  S.  Geodetic  Survey,  known  as 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


81 


the  Oriental  Hotel,  on  Coney  Island,  New  York ; then  southeasterly, 
at  right  angles  with  the  last-mentioned  line,  to  the  main  sea. 

“Third.  The  monumental  marks  by  which  said  boundary  line  shall 
be  hereafter  known  and  recognized,  are  hereby  declared  to  be  as  follows : 

“ 1 . The  ‘ Great  Beds  light-house.’ 

" 2.  A permanent  monument  marked  ‘ State  Boundary  Line  New  York 
and  New  Jersey/  and  to  be  placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  line 
drawn  from  the  ‘ Great  Beds  light-house’  to  ‘Waackaack  or 
Wilson’s  beacon,’  Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey,  and  the  line 
drawn  from  ‘Morgan  No.  2’  triangulation  point,  U.  S.  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  in  Middlesex  county,  New  Jersey,  to 
‘ Romer  stone  beacon.’ 

“ 3.  Eight  buoys  or  spindles,  to  be  marked  like  the  permanent  monu- 
ment above  mentioned,  and  placed  at  suitable  intervening  points 
along  the  line  from  the  said  permanent  monument  to  the  ‘ Romer 
stone  beacon.’ 

“ 4.  The  ‘ Romer  stone  beacon.’ 


“ Fourth . The  maps  accompanying  and  filed  with  this  agreement, 
showing  the  location  of  the  above-described  boundary  line  between 
the  state  of  New  York  and  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  in  Raritan  bay 
to  the  main  sea,  and  of  the  monumental  marks  by  which  it  is  marked, 
and  to  be  marked,  duly  authenticated  and  attested  by  the  signatures  of 
the  said  commissioners,  and  placed  on  file  in  the  offices  of  the  secre- 
taries of  state  of  the  respective  states,  shall  constitute  the  permanent 
and  authentic  records  of  said  boundary  line,  and  are  hereby  adopted 
by  the  parties  hereto  and  made  part  of  this  agreement. 

“ In  witness  whereof,  the  said  commissioners  have  hereto  set  their 
hands  and  seals  in  duplicate,  this  12th  day  of  October,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  1887. 


“ M.  W.  Hazeltine, 

“ Robert  Moore, 

“ G.  C.  Hanus,  Lieut.  U.  S.  N., 


l.  s.] 

L.  S.] 
L.S.] 


Geo.  H.  Cook,  [l.s. 
Robert  C.  Bacot,  [l.s. 
A.  B.  Stoney,  [l.s. 


» * 


THE  BOUNDARY  SEAWARD. 

The  question  as  to  how  far  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  extends  sea- 
ward is  not  well  defined.  The  territorial  limits  may  be  regarded  as 
extending  three  geographical  miles  from  the  coast  line,  f 


BOUNDARY  BETWEEN  NEW  JERSEY  AND  DELAWARE. 

Uncertainty  as  to  the  limits  of  territory  and  jurisdiction  of  these 
two  States  has  led  to  serious  and  sometimes  violent  disputes,  chiefly  as 


* Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  New  Jersey  Boundary  Commission,  etc.,  1887. 
f Gould  on  Waters,  sec.  4. 

P 


82  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


to  the  fisheries.  A statute  of  Delaware  defines  its  limits  to  be  “ low- 
water  mark  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  Delaware  within  the 
twelve-mile  circle  from  New  Castle,  and  the  middle  of  the  bay  below 
said  circle.”  * 

The  following  sets  forth  the  claim  of  New  Jersey,  conflicting  with 
the  first  clause  of  the  above : 

u Joint  Resolution  relative  to  the  rights  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey 
in  that  part  of  the  Delaware  river  which  runs  between  the  states 
of  Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  f 

“Approved  March  30, 1876. 

“ Whereas,  The  state  of  Delaware  now  claims  to  own  the  bed  and 
to  have  exclusive  jurisdiction,  from  shore  to  shore,  of  a portion  of 
the  Delaware  river,  extending  from  the  boundary  line  between  the 
states  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  for  some  distance  below  the 
town  of  New  Castle;  and  has  lately  endeavored  to  exercise  jurisdic- 
tion co-extensive  with  said  claim ; and  whereas , this  state  always 
claimed  and  now  doth  claim  to  own  the  bed  of  said  river  to  the  mid- 
dle thereof,  so  far  as  said  river  lies  between  this  state  and  the  state  of 
Delaware,  and  to  be  entitled  to  exclusive  jurisdiction  (subject  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  acts  of  congress  made  in 
pursuance  thereof)  over  its  half  of  said  river,  and  hath  always  here- 
tofore exercised  jurisdiction  accordingly;  and  whereas , it  is  desirable 
and  necessary  that  the  rights  of  this  state,  as  between  it  and  the  state 
of  Delaware,  in  and  to  said  river,  shall  be  definitely,  finally  and  con- 
clusively settled ; and  whereas , the  efforts  heretofore  made  to  settle 
said  matters  of  difference  by  consultation  and  agreement  between  the 
said  differing  states,  have  proved  ineffectual ; therefore, 

“ Sec.  1 . That  the  governor  of  this  state  be  and  is  hereby  authorized 
to  cause  to  be  instituted  and  prosecuted,  in  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States,  a suit  in  equity,  or  an  action  at  law,  by  the  state  of 
New  Jersey  against  the  state  of  Delaware,  to  ascertain,  determine  and 
settle  the  true  territorial  boundary  line  between  said  states,  and  the 
extent  of  the  jurisdiction  of  each  of  said  states  in  and  on  said  river, 
and  for  that  purpose  the  governor  shall  have  power  to  employ,  on  be- 
half of  this  state,  counsel  to  assist  the  attorney-general  in  the  com- 
mencement and  prosecution  of  said  suit,  or  action,  and  the  expenses 
necessarily  and  reasonably  attending  the  commencement  and  prosecu- 
tion of  said  suit,  or  action,  on  bills  certified  by  the  governor,  shall  be 
paid  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated.” 

Previous  to  this,  however,  in  1873,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing 
the  Governor  to  appoint  three  commissioners  with  full  power  and 


* Revised  Code  of  Delaware,  1874,  chap.  1,  sec.  2. 
f Revision  of  1877,  p.  1185. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


83 


authority  to  agree  upon,  settle  and  determine  the  limits  of  territory 
and  jurisdiction  between  the  States ; the  Legislature  of  Delaware  hav- 
ing passed  a joint  resolution  authorizing  the  appointment  of  com- 
missioners to  meet  with  them,  Delaware  refused  afterwards  to  submit 
the  question  as  to  the  title  claimed  by  that  State  to  the  bed  of  the 
Delaware  river  to  the  commission,  and  nothing  was  accomplished. 

An  injunction  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  having 
been  obtained,  “ commanding  and  enjoining  the  State  of  Delaware,  its 
officers  and  agents,  to  desist  and  refrain  from  arresting,  imprisoning, 
trying,  fining  or  in  any  manner  punishing  or  seizing,  holding  or  sell- 
ing any  property  of  any  citizen  of  New  Jersey  for  fishing  in  the  river 
Delaware,  as  they  had  heretofore  been  accustomed  to  do,  until  the  said 
court  should  make  other  order  to  the  contrary,”  the  Attorneys- 
General  of  the  two  States  agreed  that  for  the  purposes  of  this  injunc- 
tion the  head  of  Delaware  bay  should  be  considered  to  be  a line  drawn 
from  Cohansey  light-house  to  Bombay  Hook  Point. 

Although,  as  we  have  seen,  the  claims  of  the  two  States  conflict  as 
to  limits  in  the  Delaware  river,  from  the  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
line  to  the  foot  of  Reedy  island,  there  seems  to  be  an  agreement  that 
below  Reedy  island  the  middle  of  the  bay  is  the  territorial  line. 
The  Attorney-General  of  New  Jersey  holds  this  to  mean  the  middle 
line  between  low-water  marks  of  the  opposite  shores.  He  states, 
however,  in  his  report  to  the  Governor  for  the  year  1887,  that  his 
attention  has  been  called  to  the  continued  effort  on  the  part  of  Dela- 
ware to  enforce  the  statutes  of  that  State  which  prohibit  the  taking  of 
running  fish  within  its  territorial  limits,  against  the  citizens  of  New 
Jersey,  in  Delaware  bay. 

In  a report  submitted  to  the  Governor  August  12th,  1885,  on  this 
dividing  line,  the  Attorney-General  states  as  follows : 

“ The  authorities  of  Delaware,  while  claiming  that  the  boundary  of 
the  State  of  Delaware  was  the  middle  of  the  channel,  and  that  the 
operation  of  their  laws  was  confined  only  by  that  limit,  had  agreed 
that  no  citizen  of  New  Jersey  should  be  molested  for  fishing  in  any 
part  of  the  bay  beyond  the  Delaware  side  of  the  channel.” 

The  report  then  proceeded  to  state  the  exact  point  of  difference 
between  the  States  as  follows : 

“The  statutes  of  Delaware  prohibit  the  taking  of  running  fish 
within  these  limits,  although  there  should  be  no  interference  with  the 


84 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


soil.  The  statute  law  of  New  Jersey  protects  oyster  beds  within  her 
territorial  limits,  because  they  are  attached  to  the  soil,  of  which  she  is 
the  proprietor. 

“It  has  been  held  that  the  statute  of  New  Jersey  prohibiting 
citizens  of  another  State  from  coming  upon  the  lands  under  water 
belonging  to  the  State,  hnd  subverting  the  soil  and  interfering  with 
the  property  there  found,  is  not  a violation  of  that  clause  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  which  ordains  that  the  citizens  of  each 
State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens 
in  the  several  States. 

“ Whether  any  State  has  the  right  to  claim  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  taking  running  fish  in  the  great  navigable  rivers,  bays  and  seas 
within  the  fauces  terrce,  is  a question  of  great  doubt  and  delicacy.” 

He  closes  the  report  submitted  on  this  matter,  for  1887,  as  follows  : 

“I  have  examined  the  decisions  which  have  taken  place  since  the 
above  report  was  made,  and  I am  still  of  the.  opinion  that  it  is  very 
unwise  for  either  New  Jersey  or  Delaware  to  attempt  to  prohibit  the 
citizens  of  either  State  from  taking  running  fish  in  any  part  of  the 
bay.  I have  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  common  interest  of  the  fishermen 
of  the  two  States  to  preserve  the  fishing  in  the  waters  which  divide 
the  States,  for  their  mutual  benefit. 

“ I recommend  that  a commission  be  appointed,  with  power  to  con- 
fer with  a similar  commission  which  may  be  appointed  by  the  State 
of  Delaware,  in  reference  to  this  important  subject.”* 


BOUNDARY  BETWEEN  NEW  JERSEY  AND  PENNSYLVANIA. 

In  an  opinion  by  Judge  Elmer,  of  the  New  Jersey  Supreme  Court, 
it  is  stated  that  “the  river  Delaware  was  never  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion either  of  this  State  or  Pennsylvania  until,  by  the  Revolution, 
the  rights  of  the  Crown  were  extinguished,  and  each  State  then  held 
to  the  middle.  Under  these  circumstances,  the  agreement  between  the 
two  States,  adopted  in  1783,  provided  that  the  two  States  should  have 
concurrent  jurisdiction  in  and  upon  the  water  of  that  river. ”f 

The  results  of  this  commission  of  1783  are  given  in  the  following 
act : 

* Annual  Report  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  year 
1887. 

f State  v.  Babcock,  1 Vr.  2d. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


85 


u An  Act  to  ratify  and  confirm  an  agreement  made  between  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  commissioners  appointed  by  the  legislature  of  the  state  of 
New  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
river  Delaware,  and  islands  within  the  same.* 

“Passed  May  27,  1783. 

“ Whereas,  Commissioners,  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  commissioners,  duly  appointed  on  the  part 
of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  river  Delaware,  and  islands  within  the  same,  have  executed 
two  instruments  of  an  agreement  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  one  for 
each  state,  which  agreement  is  contained  in  the  following  words: 

“An  agreement  made  and  concluded  between  George  Bryan,  George 
Gray  and  William  Bingham,  commissioners  appointed  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  for  settling  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
river  Delaware,  and  islands  within  the  same,  and  Abraham  Clark, 
Joseph  Cooper  and  Thomas  Henderson,  commissioners  appointed  by 
the  legislature  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  for  the  like  purpose. 

“Whereas,  Inconveniences  and  mischiefs  have  arisen,  and  may 
hereafter  arise,  from  the  uncertainty  of  jurisdiction  within  and  on  the 
river  Delaware ; therefore,  to  prevent  the  same,  and  in  order  that  law 
and  justice  may  hereafter  in  all  cases  be  executed,  and  take  effect  within 
and  upon  the  same  river  from  shore  to  shore,  in  all  parts  and  places 
thereof,  where  the  same  river  is  a boundary  between  the  said  states, 
the  said  commissioners  do  agree  and  establish,  for  and  in  behalf  of 
their  respective  states,  in  the  manner  following,  that  is  to  say : 

“j First  It  is  declared,  that  the  river  Delaware,  from  the  station  point 
or  northwestern  corner  of  New  Jersey,  southerly,  to  the  place  upon 
the  said  river  where  the  circular  boundary  of  the  state  of  Delaware 
toucheth  upon  the  same,  in  the  whole  length  and  breadth  thereof,  is 
and  shall  continue  to  be  and  remain  a common  highway,  equally  free 
and  open  for  the  use  and  benefit,  and  advantage  of  the  said  contract- 
ing parties ; provided,  nevertheless,  that  each  of  the  legislatures  of  the 
said  states  shall  hold  and  exercise  the  right  of  regulating  and  guard- 
ing the  fisheries  on  the  said  river  Delaware  annexed  to  their  respective 
shores,  in  such  manner  that  the  said  fisheries  may  not  be  unnecessarily 
interrupted,  during  the  season  for  catching  shad,  by  vessels  riding  at 
anchor  on  the  fishing  ground,  or  by  persons  fishing  under  claim  of  a 
common  right  on  said  river. 

((Secondly.  That  each  state  shall  enjoy  and  exercise  a concurrent 
jurisdiction  within  and  upon  the  water,  and  not  upon  the  dry  land 
between  the  shores  of  said  river,  but  in  such  sort,  nevertheless,  that 
every  ship  and  other  vessel,  while  riding  at  anchor  before  any  city  or 
town  in  either  state,  where  she  hath  last  laded  or  unladed,  or  where  it 
is  intended  she  shall  first  thereafter  either  lade  or  unlade,  shall  be  con- 


* Revision  of  1878,  p.  1181. 


86  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


sidered  exclusively  within  the  jurisdiction  of  such  state;  and  every 
vessel  fastened  to  or  aground  on  the  shore  of  either  state,  shall  in  like 
manner  be  considered  exclusively  within  the  jurisdiction  of  such  state  ; 
but  that  all  capital  and  other  offences,  trespasses,  or  damages  com- 
mitted on  said  river,  the  juridical  investigation  and  determination 
thereof  shall  be  exclusively  vested  in  the  state  wherein  the  offender 
or  person  charged  with  such  offence  shall  be  first  apprehended,  ar- 
rested or  prosecuted. 

“ Thirdly.  That  all  islands,  islets,  and  dry  land  within  the  bed  and 
between  the  shores  of  said  river,  and  between  the  said  station  point, 
northerly,  and  the  falls  of  Trenton,  southerly,  shall,  as  to  jurisdic- 
tion, be  hereafter  deemed  and  considered  as  parts  and  parcels  of  the 
state  to  which  such  insulated  dry  land  doth  lie  nearest  at  the  time  of 
making  and  executing  this  agreement ; and  that  from  said  falls  of 
Trenton  to  the  state  of  Delaware,  southerly,  Biles’  island,  near  Tren- 
ton, Windmill  island,  opposite  to  Philadelphia,  League  island,  Mud 
or  Fort  island,  Hog  island,  and  Little  Tinnicum  islands,  shall  be 
annexed  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  considered  as  parts  and 
parcels  thereof ; and  that  Biddle’s  or  Newbold’s  island,  Burlington 
island,  Petty’s  islands,  Redbank  island,  Harmanus  Helm’s  island, 
Chester  island  and  Shiverse’s  island,  shall  be  annexed  to  the  state  of 
New  Jersey  and  considered  as  parts  and  parcels  thereof ; and  that  all 
other  islands  within  said  river,  between  the  falls  of  Trenton  and  the 
state  of  Delaware,  which  are  not  hereinbefore  particularly  enumerated, 
shall  be  hereafter  deemed  and  considered  as  parts  and  parcels  of  the 
state  to  which  such  island  doth  lie  nearest,  at  the  date  hereof ; and 
that  all  islands  which  may  hereafter  be  formed  within  the  said  river 
shall  be  classed  and  annexed  to  the  jurisdiction  of  either  state,  accord- 
ing to  the  same  principle. 

“ Fourthly . That  this  present  agreement,  and  every  article  and  clause 
therein  contained,  shall  be  suspended  and  take  no  effect  until  each  of  the 
legislatures  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  respectively, 
shall  have  passed  laws  approving  of  and  ratifying  the  same;  which 
being  done,  the  said  agreement  shall  then  be  considered  as  a joint 
compact  between  the  said  states,  and  the  citizens  thereof,  respectively, 
and  be  forever  thereafter  irrevocable  by  either  of  the  said  contracting 
states,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  other.  In  witness  whereof,  we, 
commissioners  of  the  aforesaid  states,  have  set  our  hands  and  seals  to 
two  instruments  of  the  agreement,  one  for  each  state,  dated  this 
twenty-sixth  day  of  April,  anno  domini  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  eighty-three. 


“Abraham  Clark, 

L.  S.~ 

George  Bryan, 

[l.  s.; 

“Joseph  Cooper, 

[l.  s/ 

George  Gray, 

[l.  s." 

“Thomas  Henderson, 

“l.  s.“ 

William  Bingham,  [l.  s.~ 

“Therefore — 

“ That  the  aforesaid  agreement,  and  every  article,  clause,  matter 
and  thing  therein  contained,  shall  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  fully 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


87 


and  amply  ratified  and  confirmed,  and  shall  be  and  ever  hereafter 
remain  in  force,  agreeably  to  the  true  tenor  and  extent  thereof.” 

(Ratified  by  Pennsylvania,  September  20th,  1783.) 

The  work  of  specifically  naming  which  of  the  islands  in  the  Dela- 
ware river,  between  the  falls  of  Trenton  and  the  northwest  corner  of 
New  Jersey,  should  belong  to  each  State,  was  given  to  another  com- 
mission and  an  agreement  made,  and  ratified  by  the  following  act : 

“An  Act  to  ratify  and  confirm  an  agreement  made  between  the  com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  legislature  of  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  legislature  of  the 
state  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  agreeing  upon,  and 
accurately  describing  which  of  the  islands,  islets  and  insulated 
dry  land,  mentioned  in  the  agreement  between  the  two  states, 
bearing  date  on  the  twenty-sixth  day  of  April,  seventeen  hundred 
and  eighty-three,  belong  to  each  of  the  said  states,  according  to 
the  purport  of  that  agreement.* 

“ Passed  March  16, 1786. 

“ Whereas,  Commissioners  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  a commissioner  duly  appointed  on  the  part  of 
the  state  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  islands  in 
the  river  Delaware,  between  the  falls  of  Trenton  and  the  station  point, 
or  northwest  corner  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  have  executed  two 
articles  of  agreement,  one  for  each  state,  winch  is  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing words : 

“An  agreement  made  and  concluded  upon,  between  George  Wall, 
John  Okely  and  Jonas  Hartzell,  commissioners  appointed  by  the  su- 
preme executive  council  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  for  dividing 
the  islands  and  insulated  dry  land  in  the  river  Delaware,  with  the 
state  of  New  Jersey,  from  the  falls  of  Trenton  to  the  station  point,  or 
northwest  corner  of  the  said  state,  and  Moore  Furman,  commissioner 
appointed  by  the  said  state  of  New  Jersey,  for  the  like  purpose. 

“j First.  The  parties  aforesaid,  in  pursuance  of  the  authority  to 
them  severally  given,  and  in  behalf  of  the  respective  states  aforesaid, 
do  agree  that  from  the  said  falls  of  Trenton,  to  the  station  point,  or 
northwest  corner  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  aforesaid,  the  following 
islands  opposite  to  the  county  of  Bucks,  and  the  townships  hereafter 
named,  that  is  to  say,  opposite  to  the  Falls  township,  Bird’s  island  ; 
opposite  Lower  Makefield  township,  Slack’s  three  islands,  Duer’s 
island  and  Harvey’s  lower  island  ; opposite  to  Upper  Makefield  town- 
ship, Harvey’s  upper  island  and  Lowne’s  island  ; opposite  to  Solebury 
township,  Smith’s  island  and  bar,  and  Paxton’s  island  and  bar ; oppo- 
site to  Tinnicum  township,  Pratt’s  two  islands,  Wall’s  island,  Resolu- 


* Revision  of  1878,  p.  1182. 


88  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


tion  island,  Marshall’s  island,  Wall’s  two  islands,  Fishing  island  and 
Pennington’s  island ; opposite  to  Nockamixon  township,  Loughley’s 
island ; and  opposite  the  county  of  Northampton,  and  the  townships 
hereafter  named,  that  is  to  say,  Williams  township,  Pohatcung  island, 
Shoemaker’s  island  and  Loor’s  island ; opposite  to  the  Forks  town- 
ship, Easton  island ; opposite  to  Mount  Bethel,  Mason’s  island  and 
bar,  Mason’s  island,  Foulrift  island,  McElhany’s  island  and  Attin’s 
two  islands  ; opposite  to  Lower  Smithfield,  Handy’s  island  and  bar, 
Goodwin’s  two  islands,  Shawanagh,  or  I.  and  B.  Van  Campen’s 
island,  H.  Depew’s  island  and  two  bars,  Chambers’  island  and  Van 
Oken’s  island ; opposite  to  Delaware  township,  Swartswood’s  island 
and  Isaac  Van  Campen’s  island  ; opposite  Upper  Smithfield  township, 
Puukey’s  island  and  five  bars,  shall  be  annexed  to  the  state  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  considered  as  parts  and  parcels  thereof. 

“And  that  the  following  islands,  opposite  to  the  county  of  Hunter- 
don, in  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  townships  hereafter  named, 
that  is  to  say,  opposite  to  the  township  of  Trenton,  Yard’s  island, 
Mott’s  two  islands  and  Gould’s  two  islands ; opposite  to  the  township 
of  Hopewell,  Stout’s  island  ; opposite  to  the  township  of  Amwell, 
Smith’s  Mill  island,  Coryell’s  island,  Holcombe’s  two  islands.  Eagle 
island  and  Bull’s  island ; opposite  to  the  township  of  Kingwood, 
Rush  island,  Ridge’s  island,  Shyhawk’s  three  islands,  Pinkerton’s 
island  and  Man-of-war  island ; opposite  to  the  township  of  Alexan- 
dria, Stull’s  island,  Lowrey’s  island  and  Loughley’s  island  and  bar ; 
and  opposite  to  the  county  of  Sussex,  and  the  townships  hereafter 
named,  that  is  to  say,  opposite  the  township  of  Greenwich,  Rope’s 
island,  Chapman’s  island,  Stout’s  island  and  bar  and  Bar  island ; 
opposite  the  township  of  Oxford,  Capush  island,  Foulrift  island  and 
Mack’s  island ; opposite  the  township  of  Knowlton,  Mack’s  island 
and  three  bars,  and  Gap  island ; opposite  the  township  of  Wallpack, 
Hoop’s  two  islands,  Chambers’  island,  A.  Van  Campen’s  fishing 
island,  Opaughanaugh  island  aud  Necesseas  island ; opposite  to  the 
township  of  Sandyston,  Nominack  island  and  Westfall’s  island  ; oppo- 
site to  the  township  of  Montague,  Minisink  island,  Quick’s  two 
islands  and  bar,  Shabbacung  great  island  and  bar,  and  Westfall’s  two 
islands,  shall  be  annexed  to  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  and  hereafter  be 
considered  as  parts  and  parcels  thereof,  agreeable  to  a map  or  chart  of 
said  river,  and  descriptive  of  the  several  islands  and  insulated  dry 
laud  therein,  made  under  our  direction  by  Mr.  Reading  Howell,  sur- 
veyor, and  herewith  exhibited  to  each  state. 

“ Secondly . That  all  other  islands  which  may  hereafter  be  formed 
within  said  river,  between  the  falls  of  Trenton  and  the  station  point, 
or  northwest  corner  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey  aforesaid,  shall  here- 
after be  deemed  and  considered  as  parts  and  parcels  of  the  state  to 
which  such  islands  may  be  nearest.  In  witness  whereof,  we,  the 
commissioners  of  the  states  aforesaid,  have  set  our  hands  and  seals  to 
the  two  instruments  of  writing,  one  for  each  state,  dated  this  second 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION.  89 

day  of  December,  anno  domini  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
eighty-five. 

“ George  Wall,  [l.  s.J  Jonas  Hartzell,  [l.  s.] 

“ John  Okely,  [l.  s.J  Moore  Furman,  [l.  s.J 

“ Therefore — 

“That  the  aforesaid  agreement,  and  every  article,  clause,  matter, 
and  thing  therein  contained,  shall  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  fully  and 
amply  ratified  and  confirmed,  and  shall  be  and  ever  hereafter  remain 
in  force,  agreeably  to  the  true  tenor  and  extent  thereof.”* 

POLITICAL  DIVISIONS  AND  AREAS. 

EAST  AND  WEST  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  earliest  division  of  New  Jersey  was  into  East  and  West  Jersey. 
Charles  II.  granted  New  England  and  the  country  westward  to  the 
Delaware  river  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  March  12th,  1663-64.  The 
Duke  of  York  transferred  New  Jersey  to  John,  Lord  Berkeley,  and 
Sir  George  Carteret  the  following  24th  day  of  June.  They  held  and 
governed  it  until  the  29th  of  July,  1674,  when  the  Duke  of  York, 
in  a second  grant,  deeded  to  Carteret  all  of  the  province  north  of  a line 
drawn  from  “ a certain  creek  called  Barnegatt,  being  about  the  middle, 
between  Sandy  Point  and  Cape  May,  * * * to  a certain  creek  in 

Delaware  river,  next  adjoining  to  and  below  a certain  creek  in  Dela- 
ware river  called  Renkokus  Kill.”t  The  division  into  East  and 
West  Jersey,  however,  was  finally  made  by  the  Quintipartite  Deed  of 
July  1st,  1676,  “between  Sir  George  Carteret,  of  Saltreene,  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  knight  and  baronet,  and  one  of  his  Majesty’s  most 
honorable  Privy  Council,  of  the  first  part ; William  Penn,  of  Rich- 
man’s  worth,  in  the  county  of  Hertford,  Esq.,  of  the  second  part ; 
Gawn  Lawry  of  London,  merchant,  of  the  third  part;  Nicholas 
Lucas  of  Hertford,  in  the  county  of  Hertford,  malster,  of  the  fourth 
part ; and  Edward  Billinge  of  Wistminster,  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, gent.,  of  the  fifth  part.”;}; 

The  last  four  parties  held  the  undivided  moiety  or  half  part  which 
had  been  transferred  by  Lord  Berkeley.  No  mention  is  here  made 
of  the  second  grant  of  the  Duke  of  Y"ork  to  Carteret.  This  quin- 
tipartite deed  gives  to  Carteret  all  east  of  a straight  line  to  be  drawn 
from  the  most  northerly  point  of  the  Duke  of  Yrork’s  grant,  here 


* See  act  of  Penasvl  vania,  September  25th,  1786. 
t Learning  & Spicer,  p.  47. 


X Id.,  p.  61. 


90  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


agreed  to  be  called  the  north  partition  point,  “ unto  the  most  south- 
wardly point  of  the  east  side  of  Little  Egg  Harbour/’  which  was 
agreed  to  be  called  the  south  partition  point.  His  part  was  to  be 
known  as  East  New  Jersey  and  the  part  west  of  this  line  was  deeded 
to  the  other  four  parties,  and  was  to  be  known  as  West  New  Jersey. 
The  uncertainty  as  to  what  point  on  the  Delaware  was  intended  by  the 
Duke  of  York  to  be  the  northernmost  point  led,  as  has  been  ex- 
plained, to  disputes  as  to  the  north  line  of  the  province,  which  were 
finally  settled  by  the  commission  of  1767  agreeing  upon  the  forks  of 
the  Mahackamack  or  Navesink  river  as  the  point,  so  there  were  con- 
troversies as  to  this  line,  which  were  settled  by  the  adoption  of  Law- 
rence’s line,  run  in  1743,  but  in  this  case  the  northernmost  point  was 
taken  to  be  at  Cochecton,  in  latitude  41  deg.  40  min.  A line  had 
been  run  in  1687,  by  George  Keith,  however,  which,  although  it  was 
not  accepted  by  the  proprietors,  was  agreed  on  as  the  line  by  Gov- 
ernor Daniel  Coxe,  of  West  Jersey,  and  Governor  Robert  Barclay,  of 
East  Jersey,  in  1688.  While  this  agreement  had  no  effect  on  the 
claims  of  the  respective  proprietors,  it  did  give  this  line  prominence 
as  a political  division,  and  it  is  to-day  represented  in  the  boundaries 
of  ten  counties.  It  ran  from  the  north  side  of  Little  Egg  Harbor 
inlet  in  a straight  line  to  where  the  present  line  between  Hunterdon 
and  Somerset  counties  strikes  the  South  Branch  of  the  Raritan  river, 
at  Three  Bridges  ; thence  along  the  present  line  between  said  counties 
to  Lamington  river  (this  line  then  following  the  rear  of  the  planta- 
tions along  the  Raritan) ; thence  up  said  river  to  Allamatonk  falls ; 
thence  straight  to  the  nearest  point  of  the  Passaic  river,  as  the  line 
between  Somerset  and  Morris  counties  now  runs.  From  here  it  fol- 
lowed down  the  Passaic  and  up  the  Pequannock  to  latitude  41  degrees, 
thence  due  east  to  the  partition  point  between  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  on  Hudson  river.  The  whole  area  of  the  State,  excluding  the 
waters  of  Raritan  and  Delaware  bays,  being  7,795  square  miles,  this 
division  would  have  given  East  Jersey  but  2,392  square  miles  and 
West  Jersey  5,403  square  miles.  The  line  finally  adopted  was  run 
by  John  Lawrence,  in  1743,  as  nearly  straight  as  the  rough  compass 
and  chain  survey  of  that  time  would  admit  of,  from  the  north  side 
of  Little  Egg  Harbor  inlet  to  Cochecton,  crossing  the  Delaware  river 
about  one  and  one-half  miles  below  Dingman’s  Ferry.  This  gave  to 
East  Jersey  3,073  square  miles  and  to  West  Jersey  4,722  square  miles. 
This  line  has  only  been  preserved  as  a political  division  in  the  bound- 
aries of  six  townships  of  Sussex  county.  The  governments  of  East 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


91 


and  West  Jersey  having  been  surrendered  in  1702,  and  the  two  divis- 
ions united  under  one  government,  this  became  merely  a property 
line. 

THE  FORMATION  OF  COUNTIES. 

Under  the  government  of  the  proprietors  of  East  Jersey  a law  was 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1682,  creating  the  four  counties  of 
Bergen,  Essex,  Middlesex  and  Monmouth.*  In  1688  Somerset  county 
was  formed  from  a part  of  Middlesex. f 

In  West  Jersey,  Cape  May  county  was  erected  in  1685.  j This  act 
states  that  the  province  had  formerly  been  divided  into  three  counties, 
but  they  could  not  have  been  very  well  defined.  In  1 692  the  bounds 
between  Burlington  and  Gloucester  were  defined,  § but  this  law  was 
repealed  the  following  year,  and  the  boundary  must  have  been  left 
quite  indefinite. 

In  1694  laws  were  passed  fixing  the  boundaries  of  Burlington, 
Gloucester  and  Salem  counties  a few  miles  back  from  Delaware  river 
only,  leaving  everything  indefinite  in  the  interior.  The  sketch  on 
following  page  shows  the  progress  which  had  been  made  in  the  forma- 
tion of  counties  up  to  this  year,  1694. 

In  1709  an  act  was  passed  defining  the  boundaries  of  all  the  coun- 
ties in  the  province  of  New  Jersey.  The  counties  named  in  this  act 
were  Bergen,  Essex,  Somerset,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Burlington, 
Gloucester,  Salem  and  Cape  May. 

In  1713  all  of  the  northern  part  of  the  province  not  contained  in 
the  above-mentioned  counties  was  erected  into  the  county  of  Hunter- 
don. It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  accompanying  sketch  that 
most  of  the  lines  established  in  1709  still  remain  as  county  lines. 
From  this  time  the  several  counties  began  to  assume  their  present 
shape.  Hunterdon  was  reduced  to  its  present  form  by  the  setting  off 
of  Morris  county,  in  1738-9.  Somerset  and  Middlesex  have  been  but 
little  changed  since  1713-14,  and  in  the  same  year  Monmouth  was 
made  to  include  what  is  now  Monmouth  and  Ocean  counties.  Cum- 
berland was  set  off  from  Salem  in  1748,  the  latter  county  remaining 
otherwise  as  created  in  1709.  Sussex  county  was  formed,  containing 
what  is  now  Sussex  and  Warren,  in  1753.  Warren  was  erected  in 
1824,  Passaic  and  Atlantic  in  1837,  Mercer  in  1838,  Hudson  in  1840, 


* Learning  & Spicer,  p.  229. 
f Id.,  p.  305.  % Id.,  p.  507. 


£ Id.,  p.  513. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


93 


Camden  in  1844,  from  Gloucester;  Ocean  in  1850,  from  Monmouth ; 
Union  in  1857,  from  Essex.  There  are  at  present  twenty-one  counties. 

The  General  Assembly  of  East  Jersey,  in  1693,  passed  a law  divid- 
ing the  several  counties  into  townships,  as  follows : * Bergen  into 
Hacksack  and  Bergen;  Essex  into  Acquickanick  and  New  Barbadoes, 
Newark  and  Elizabethtown ; Middlesex  into  Woodbridge,  Perth 
Amboy  and  Piscataway ; Monmouth  into  Middletown,  Shrewsbury 
and  Freehold.  Somerset  was  not  subdivided.  We  have  few  records 
of  the  erection  of  townships  in  West  Jersey,  but  an  act  of  1701  f 
mentions  in  Burlington  county,  Hopewell,  Maidenhead,  Nottingham, 
Chesterfield,  Mansfield,  Springfield,  Northampton,  Burlington,  Wellin- 
borough,  Chester,  Eversham  ; in  Gloucester  county,  Waterford,  New- 
ton, Gloucester,  Deptford,  Greenwich,  Egg  Harbour;  in  Salem  county, 
the  precincts  of  Salem,  Elsinborough,  Penn’s  Neck,  Maneton  (Man- 
nington),  Alloways  Creek,  “the  upper  side  of  Cohansey  creek,”  and 
Fairfield.  None  are  mentioned  in  Cape  May  county.  From  this 
beginning  the  number  of  townships  has  steadily  increased,  until  now 
it  has  reached  241.  These  townships  range  in  size  from  136  square 
miles,  the  area  of  Galloway  township,  Atlantic  county,  to  less  than 
one  square  mile.  There  are  also  40  cities,  ranging  in  population  from 
153,513  to  567,  and  35  boroughs  and  incorporated  villages,  with  popu- 
lations ranging  from  8,542  to  169. 

AREAS. 

The  following  table  of  areas  has  been  prepared  from  the  maps  of 
the  recent  Topographic  Survey,  as  follows : The  State  was  divided 

into  sections,  including  15  minutes  of  latitude  by  15  minutes  of  longi- 
tude, or  one-sixteenth  of  a square  degree  each.  The  areas  of  these 
sections  were  determined  geodetically ; all  sections  having  the  same 
latitudes  being,  of  course,  equal  in  area.  Then  to  ascertain  the  area 
of  the  State,  all  of  those  sections  lying  partly  within  and  partly  with- 
out the  State  had  these  two  parts  carefully  measured  with  an  Amstler 
polar  planimeter.  The  sum  of  these  areas,  or  the  whole  area  of  the 
section  as  ascertained  by  planimetric  measurement,  was  then  com- 
pared with  the  geodetic  area,  and  the  small  difference  indicated  was 
divided  proportionally  between  the  two  parts.  Then  the  sum  of  all 
the  sections  and  part  sections  lying  within  the  State  boundaries,  gave 
the  true  area  of  the  State. 


* Learning  & Spicer,  p.  328. 


f Learning  & Spicer,  p.  581. 


94  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


The  boundaries  followed  in  the  measurement  are  shown  on  the  map 
of  New  Jersey,  on  a scale  of  five  miles  to  an  inch,  and  are  also  given 
in  the  chapter  on  boundaries.  Seaward  they  included  all  to  a line 
drawn  across  from  Oriental  Hotel  station,  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey,  on  Coney  Island,  to  Hook  beacon  on  Sandy  Hook ; 
thence  following  low-water  mark  to  Cape  May,  crossing  the  several 
inlets  on  a line  with  the  beach  fronts ; thence  straight  across  toward 
Cape  Hen! open  to  the  intersection  of  the  Delaware  and  New  Jersey 
line  through  the  middle  of  the  bay.  The  areas  of  the  counties  were 
then  determined  by  measuring  the  part  sections  lying  in  the  several 
counties,  correcting  these  partial  areas  so  that  their  sum  in  each  section 
agreed  with  the  true  geodetic  area  of  the  section,  and  then  adding 
together  the  areas  belonging  to  each  county.  Th6  townships  were 
next  measured,  and  the  sum  of  the  areas  of  those  in  a given  county 
made  to  agree  with  the  area  of  the  county  as  already  ascertained. 

By  this  system  of  measurement  it  is  believed  that  the  list  of  areas 
here  given  is  freed  from  all  errors  save  those  which  come  from  uncer- 
tainty as  to  the  exact  location  of  boundary  lines,  arising  from  vague- 
ness of  description  or  imperfect  marking. 


SUMMARY  OF  AREAS. 


Square 

Miles. 

Acres. 

The  State 

8,224.44 

5,263,641 

Land  surface 

7,514.40 

4,809,218 

454,423 

Water  surface* 

710.04 

Upland  f 

7,022.76 

4,494,567 

Tide-marsh  J 

463.28 

296,500 

Beach  

28.^6 

18,151 

2,069,819 

2,424,748 

2,096,297 

Forest  $ 

3,234.09 

3,788.67 

Cleared  upland 

Improved  land  in  farms,  census  of  1880  || 

* Includes  all  streams  and  channels  more  than  100  yards  in  width,  and  all  bodies 
of  water  approximating  or  exceeding  100  acres  in  extent. 

f Upland  as  distinguished  from  tide-marsh,  but  really  including  all  swamps  and 
fresh  meadow. 

J 34,304  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  more  or  less  improved. 

\ Includes  all  lots  of  ten  acres  and  upward. 

||  A comparison  of  the  areas  by  counties  in  the  census  with  the  areas  below,  will 
show,  in  most  cases,  a considerable  excess  of  cleared  upland  over  improved  land  in 
farms.  Cape  May  and  Cumberland  counties  are  exceptions,  but  here  and  in  Camden, 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION, 


95 


l 

Areas  by  Counties. 


Counties. 


Atlantic 

Bergen 

Burlington.... 

Camden 

Cape  May 

Cumberland, 

Essex 

Gloucester...., 

Hudson 

Hunterdon.. 

( Mercer 

Middlesex..., 

Monmouth.. 

Morris 

Ocean 

Passaic 

Salem 

Somerset 

Sussex 

Union 

Warren 

The  State 


Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Beach. 

Total 

Land 

Surface. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

613.49 

392,633 

307,409 

53,325 

3,415 

364,149 

28,484 

35,771 

271,638 

244.66 

156,581 

142,504 

8,378 

150,882 

5,699 

85,879 

56,625 

898.79 

575,223 

532,929 

22,374 

989 

556,292 

18,931 

211,232 

321,697 

225.96 

144,613 

139,101 

2,964 

142,065 

2,548 

72,513 

66,588 

442.05 

282,915 

105,004 

53,638 

5,503 

164,145 

118,770 

29,631 

75,373 

. 685.36 

438,630 

274,669 

52,661 

327,330 

111,300 

101,691 

172,978 

. 129.72 

83,023 

76,746 

4,631 

81,377 

1,646 

52,507 

24,239 

. 339.28 

217,139 

199,901 

10,946 

210,847 

6,292 

126,319 

73,582 

60. 48^ 

38,709 

15,786 

11,468 

27,254 

11,455 

15,073 

713 

| 

1 439.12 

281,037 

279,919 

279,919 

1,118 

240,438 

39,481 

. 227.90 

145,858 

144,229 

376 

144,605 

1,253 

128,400 

15,829 

. 324.44 

207,639 

191,440 

8,199 

199,639 

8,000 

131,276 

60,164 

. 537.94 

344,280 

300,999 

3,378 

1,901 

306,278 

38,002 

211,288 

89,711 

480.19 

307,318 

303,910 

303,910 

3,408 

163,809 

140,101 

. 675.61 

432,389 

338,998 

27,969 

6,343 

373,310 

59,079 

43,831 

295,167 

. 200.16 

128,100 

126,454 

126,454 

1,646 

50,284 

76,170 

! 389.37 

| 249,198 

188,138 

31,780 

219,918 

29,280 

138,081 

50,057 

. 305.02 

195,213 

194,965 

194,965 

248 

j 166,352 

28,616 

. 535.31 

342,603 

338,393 

338,393 

4,210 

201,855 

136,538 

. 104.94 

67,164 

61,304 

4,413 

65,717 

1,447 

46,954 

14,350 

. 364.65 

233,376 

231,769 

231,769 

1,607 

171,564 

60,205 

. 8224.44 

5,263,641 

4,494,567 

296,500 

18,151 

4,809,218 

454,423 

i 2,424,748 

1 

2,069,819 

Gloucester  and  Salem  counties,  considerable  areas  of  improved  tide-marsh  have  been 
included  in  the  improved  land  in  farms.  For  the  State  the  areas  of  cleared  upland 
and  improved  tide-marsh  aggregate  2,459,052  acres,  exceeding  the  census  figures  for 
improved  land  in  farms  by  362,755  acres.  This  excess  may  be  accounted  for  approxi- 


mately as  follows : 

Cleared  but  unimproved  land  in  farms 125,384  acres. 

Highways. 150,000  “ 

City  and  town  sites 65,000  “ 

Railway  lines 20,000  “ 


This  is  sufficiently  close  to  establish  the  accuracy  of  the  census  figures.  The  agree- 
ment of  the  two  sets  of  figures  obtained  by  entirely  independent  and  widely  different 
methods,  is  in  fact  remarkable. 


96  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Atlantic  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Beach. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Absecon 

5.299 

3,391 

2,396 

• 995 

1,066 

1,330 

Atlantic  City 

2.620 

1,677 

720 

166 

791 

Buena  Vista 

57.974 

37,103 

37,103 

4,940 

32,163 

Egg  Harbor 

111.678 

71,474 

43,300 

18,387 

8,703 

1,084 

9,266 

34,034 

Egg  Harbor  City 

10.624 

6,799 

5,971 

643 

185 

659 

5,312 

Galloway 

135.949 

87,008 

44,074 

23,660 

17,734 

1,540 

6.873 

37,201 

Hamilton 

113.857 

72,869 

72,690 

179 

1,197 

71,493 

Hammonton..... 

45.008 

28,805 

28,805 

7,142 

21,663 

Mnllica 

54.818 

35,083 

35,083 

2,266 

32,817 

Weymouth 

75.663 

48,424 

37,987 

8,920 

1,517 

2,362 

35.625 

Totals 

613.490 

392,633 

307,409 

53,325 

28,484 

3,415 

35,771 

271,638 

Bergen  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Englewood 

11.319 

7,244 

6,547 

697 

4,196 

2,351 

Franklin 

29.011 

18,567 

18,567 

10,122 

8,445 

Harrington 

26.764 

17,129 

15,537 

1,592 

6,995 

8,542 

Hohokus 

80.274 

19,376 

19,376 

8,718 

10,658 

Lodi 

15.077 

9,649 

7,551 

1,925 

173 

5,334 

2,217 

Midland 

16.035 

10,262 

10,262 

7,229 

3,033 

New  Barbadoes 

3.857 

2,468 

2,033 

345 

90 

1,778 

255 

Orvil  ..  .. 

17.260 

11,046 

11,046 

7,265 

3,781 

Palisade 

16.269 

10,412 

9,542 

870 

5,232 

4,310 

Ridgefield * 

18.595 

11,901 

8,006 

2,085 

1,810 

5,571 

2,435 

Ridgewood 

6.921 

4,429 

4,429 

3,277 

1,152 

Raddle  River 

14.883 

9,525 

9,525 

7,265 

2,260 

Union 

13.995 

8,957 

4,467 

4,023 

467 

3,332 

1,135 

Washington 

24.398 

15,616 

15,616 

9,565 

6,051 

Totals 

244.658 

156,581 

142,504 

*8,378 

5,699 

85,879 

56,625 

* 80  acres  of  this  is  improved. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION, 


97 


Burlington  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Bass  River 

79.623 

50,959 

44,834 

Beverly  City 

0.544 

348 

348 

Beverly  Township 

6.250 

4,000 

3,182 

Bordentown 

9.140 

5,850 

5,536 

Burlington 

18.830 

12,051 

10,862 

Chester 

18.904 

12,099 

11,977 

Chesterfield 

22.123 

14,159 

14,159 

Cinnaminson 

11.610 

7,430 

5,681 

Delran 

9.050 

5,792 

5,299 

Easthampton 

5.766 

3,690 

3,690 

Evesham 

29.604 

18,947 

18,947 

Florence 

10.153 

6,498 

6,076 

Little  Egg  Harbor 

75.305 

48,195 

21,173 

Lumberton 

20.820 

13,325 

13,325 

Mansfield 

23.204 

14,851 

14,518 

Medford 

42.001 

26,880 

26,880 

Mount  Laurel 

22.128 

14,162 

14,162 

New  Hanover 

40.913 

26,184 

26,184 

Northampton 

2.356 

1,508 

1,508 

Pemberton 

64.899 

41,535 

41,535 

Randolph 

61.685 

39,478 

35,860 

Shamong 

70.321 

45,005 

45  005 

Southampton 

47.194 

30,204 

30,204 

Springfield 

29.5761 

18,929 

18  929 

Washington 

41.5151 

26,570 

26,570 

Westhampton 

11.242 

7,195 

7,195 

Willingboro 

7.238 

4,632 

4,543 

Woodland.. 

116.792 

74,747 

74,747  . 

Totals 

898.786 

1 

575,223 

532,929 

Tide 

Marsh. 


Acres. 


5,166 


109 

83 

397 

122 


Water. 


Acres. 


45 

12,431 


96 


3,044 


89 


*22,374 


959 


709 

231 

792 


1,028 

422 


377 

13,602 


237 


574 


18,931 


Beach. 


Acres. 


Cleared 

Upland. 


Acres. 


1,573 

348 

2,971 

5,130 

9,923 

11,059 

13,827 

5,355 

4,281 

3,600 

10,012 

5,776 

3,253 

11,612 

13,635 

9,622 

12,996 

18.912 
1,462 

12.913 
1,150 
7,852 

14,581 

18,372 

627 

6,287 

3,700 

403 


Forest. 


Acres. 


211,232 


43,261 


211 

406 

939 

918 

332 

326 

1,018 

90 

8,935 

300 

17,920 

1,713 

883 

17,258 

1,166 

7,272 

46 

28,622 

34,710 

37,153 

15,623 

557 

25,943 

908 

843 

74,344 


321,697 


299  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  improved. 


98  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


Camden  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Camden  City 

5.241 

3,354 

1,971 

561 

822 

1,971 

Centre 

12.995 

8,317 

7,845 

472 

6,883 

962 

Delaware 

24.395 

15,613 

15,613 

13,734 

1,879 

Gloucester 

36.667 

23,467 

23,467 

15,215 

8,252 

Gloucester  City 

1.732 

1,108 

535 

223 

350 

535 

Haddon 

12.344 

7,900 

7,314 

586 

7,186 

128 

Merchantville 

0.632 

404 

404 

369 

35 

Stockton 

15.394 

9,852 

7,354 

1,122 

1,376 

7,073 

281 

Waterford 

57.325 

36,688 

36,688 

10,023 

26,665 

Winslow 

59.233 

37,910 

37,910 

9,524 

28,386 

Totals 

225.958 

144,613 

139,101 

2,964 

2,548 

72,513 

66,588 

Cape  May  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Beach. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Cape  May  City 

2.056 

1,316 

177 

920 

58 

161 

177 

Dennis 

68.044 

43,548 

31,855 

9,994 

1,118 

586 

6,178 

25,677 

Lower 

35.641 

22,810 

13,634 

7,233 

1,210 

733 

6,924 

6,710 

Middle 

93.057 

59,556 

29,619 

21.321 

6,184 

2,432 

10,515 

19,104 

Upper 

79.316 

50,763 

29,719 

14,170 

5,283 

1,591 

5,837 

23,882 

* Water 

163.937 

104,922 

104,922 

Totals 

442.051 

282,915 

105,004 

f53,638 

118,770 

5,503 

29,631 

75,373 

*Part  of  Delaware  bay  included  in  Cape  May  county,  but  not  belonging  to  any  township, 
f 1,402  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  more  or  less  improved. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION 


99 


Cumberland  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

12.870 

8,237 

8,167 

70 

5,041 

3,126 

Commercial 

85.096* 

22,461 

13,954 

7,765 

742 

4,907 

9,047 

Deerfield 

41.416 

26,506 

26,506 

14,899 

11,607 

Downe 

57.023 

36,495 

20,374 

15,666 

455 

4,228 

16,146 

Fairfield 

42.065 

26,922 

17,486 

8,764 

672 

7,767 

9,719 

Greenwich 

19.361 

12,391 

8,015 

4,139 

237 

6,313 

1,702 

Hopewell 

33.926 

21,713 

19,832 

1,516 

365 

17,439 

2,393 

Landis  

69.946 

44,765 

44,765 

16,134 

28,631 

Lawrence 

36.093 

23,100 

17,374 

5,585 

141 

6,284 

11,090 

Maurice  River 

104.837 

67,096 

58,574 

7,818 

704 

5,514 

53,060 

Millville 

45.529 

29,138 

28,217 

563 

358 

3,876 

24,341 

Stow  Creek 

19.271 

12,333 

11,405 

845 

83 

9,289 

2,116 

♦Water 

167.927 

107,473 

107,473 

Totals 

685.360 

438,630 

274,669 

152,661 

111,300 

101,691 

172,978 

*Part  of  Delaware  bay  inc.uded  in  Cumberland  county,  but  not  belonging  to  any  township. 
f7,142  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  improved. 


Townships. 


Belleville 

Bloomfield... 

Caldwell 

Clinton 

East  Orange. 

Franklin 

Livingston... 

Millburn 

Montclair 


Essex  County. 


Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

2.926 

1,873 

1,822 

51 

1,428 

394 

6.732 

4,308 

4,308 

3,574 

734 

28.428 

18,194 

18,194 

10,581 

7,613 

6.870 

4,397 

3,769 

628 

3,663 

106 

3.903 

2,498 

2,498 

2,338 

160 

3.492 

2,235 

2,197 

38 

1,838 

359 

17.419 

11,148 

11,148 

6,123 

5,025 

10.194 

6,524 

6,524 

3,619 

2,905 

6.180 

3,955 

3,955 

3,081 

874 

100  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Essex  County— Continued. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Newark 

20.997 

13,438 

7,878 

4,003 

1,557 

7,455 

423 

Orange 

2.144 

1,372 

1,372 

1,332 

40 

South  Orange 

8.364 

5,353 

5,353 

3,901 

1,452 

West  Orange 

12.075 

7,728 

7,728 

3,574 

4,154 

Totals 

129.724 

83,023 

76,746 

4,631 

1,646 

52,507 

24,239 

Gloucester  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Clayton 

21.645 

13,853 

13,853 

7,416 

6,437 

Deptford 

20.362 

13,032 

12,623 

409 

9,631 

2,992 

East  Greenwich 

14.190 

9,082 

9,024 

58 

7,715 

1,309 

Franklin 

57.875 

37,040 

37,040 

11,509 

25,531 

Glassboro 

11.366 

7,274 

7,274 

4,669 

2,605 

Greenwich 

14.959 

9,574 

4,318 

3,378 

1,878 

4,177 

141 

Harrison 

19.405 

12,419 

12,208 

211 

11,184 

1,024 

Logan.., 

28.101 

17,984 

10,863 

4,502 

2,619 

8,801 

2,062 

Mantua 

18.869 

12,076 

12,076 

10,091 

1,985 

Monroe 

45.837 

29,335 

29,335 

7,824 

21,511 

South  Harrison 

20.292 

12,987 

12,987 

10,040 

2,947 

Washington 

22.575 

14,448 

14,448 

10,584 

3,864 

West  Deptford 

20.172 

12,910 

9,167 

1,948 

1,795 

8,344 

n 823 

Woodbury 

1.687 

1,080 

1,029 

51 

1,023 

6 

Woolwich 

21.945 

14,045 

13,656 

389 

13,311 

345 

Totals 

339.280 

217,139 

199,901 

*10,946 

6,292 

126,319 

73,582 

*3,558  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  improved. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION 


101 


Hudson  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Bayonne 

11.533 

7,381 

2,279 

404 

4,698 

2,279 

friittpnhfvrg  

0.208 

133 

133 

133 

Harrison 

1.309 

838 

534 

246 

58 

534 

Hoboken 

1.907 

1,220 

518 

209 

493 

518 

Jersey  City 

19.199 

12,288 

5,859 

2,086 

4,343 

5,836 

23 

Kearney 

10.283 

6,581 

1,448 

4,520 

613 

1,208 

240 

North  Bergen 

11.949 

7,647 

3,152 

3,990 

505 

2,788 

364 

TTninn  (Town  of) 

0.425 

272 

272 

272 

Union  Township 

1.329 

851 

592 

259 

582 

10 

Weehawken 

1.472 

942 

443 

13 

486 

367 

76 

West  Hoboken 

0.869 

556 

556 

556 

Totals 

60.483 

38,709 

15,786 

*11,468 

11,455 

15,073 

713 

*4,045  acres  of  this  is  embanked,  and  1,550  acres  improved. 


Hunterdon  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Alexandria 

27.381 

17,524 

17,454 

70 

15,097 

2,357 

Bethlehem 

23.645 

15,133 

15,133 

9,789 

5,344 

Clinton  (Town  of) 

1.128 

722 

722 

722 

Clinton  Township 

28.010 

17,926 

17,926 

16,023 

1,903 

Delaware 

43.107 

27,589 

27,353 

236 

25,028 

2,325 

East  Amwell 

24.577 

15,729 

15,729 

12,313 

3,416 

Franklin 

22.861 

14,631 

14,631 

13,334 

1,297 

Frenchtown 

0.439 

281 

236 

45 

236 

High  Bridge 

17.731 

11,348 

11,348 

8,481 

2,867 

Holland 

24.886 

15,927 

15,665 

262 

12,594 

3,071 

Kingwood 

36.940 

23,642 

23,271 

371 

20,698 

2,573 

102  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Hunterdon  County— Continued. 


Townships. 


Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

1.178 

754 

671 

83 

671 

26.396 

16,893 

16,893 

12,313 

4,580 

39.663 

25,384 

25,384 

24,050 

1,334 

48.734 

31,190 

31,190 

29,818 

1,372 

32.281 

20,660 

20,660 

16,792 

3,868 

19.897 

12,734 

12,734 

11,910 

824 

20.266 

12,970 

12,919 

51 

10,569 

2,350 

439.120 

281,037 

279,919 

1,118 

240,438 

39,481 

Lambertville 

Lebanon 

Raritan 

Readington... 

Tewksbury... 

Union 

West  Amwell 

Totals 


Mercer  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Chambersburg 

1.225 

784 

784 

784 

East  Windsor 

16.956 

10,852 

10,852 

9,104 

1,748 

Ewing 

17.748 

11,359 

11,103 

256 

10,512 

591 

Hamilton 

41.075 

26,288 

25,388 

376 

524 

23,432 

1,956 

Hopewell 

60.242 

38,555 

38,312 

243 

34,893 

3,419 

Lawrence 

•21.660 

13,862 

13,862 

12,902 

960 

'Millham  

0.628 

402 

402 

402 

Princeton 

18.331 

11,732 

11,732 

9,951 

1,781 

Trenton 

2.908 

1,861 

1,631 

230 

1,631 

Washington 

20.7% 

13,309 

13,309 

10,982 

2,327 

West.  Windsor 

26.334 

16,854 

16,854 

13,807 

3,047 

Totals 

227.903 

145,858 

144,229 

376 

1,253 

128,400 

15,829 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION, 


103 


Middlesex  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

17.713 

11,336 

11,336 

9,886 

1,450 

East  Brunswick 

29.162 

18,664 

17,971 

622 

71 

9,745 

8,226 

Madison 

37.496 

23,998 

22,766 

1,232 

9,136 

13,630 

Mon  roe 

44.159 

28,262 

28,262 

21,025 

7,237 

New  Brunswick - 

4.351 

2,785 

2,586 

51 

148 

2,528 

58 

North  Brunswick 

14.024 

8,975 

8,975 

7,076 

1,899 

Perth  Amboy 

6.245 

3,997 

2,624 

334 

1,039 

1,880 

744 

Piscataway 

32.212 

20,616 

20,462 

154 

19,107 

1,355 

Raritan 

35.688 

22,840 

20,370 

1,950 

520 

15,038 

5,332 

Sayreville 

17.161 

10,983 

8,366 

1,745 

872 

1,790 

6,576 

South  Amboy 

1.122 

718 

705 

13 

615 

90 

South  Brunswick 

48.971 

31,341 

31,341 

21,640 

9,701 

Woodbridge 

29.536 

18,903 

15,676 

2,252 

975 

11,810 

3,866 

* W ater 

6.596 

4,221 

4,221 

Totals 

324.436 

207,639 

191,440 

8,199 

8,000 

131,276 

60,164 

* Part  of  Raritan  bay  included  in  Middlesex  county,  but  not  belonging  to  any  township. 


Monmouth  County. 


Total. 


Upland. 


Townships. 


Sq.  M. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Atlantic 

Eaton  town .. 

Freehold 

Holmdel 

Howell 

Manalapan.. 

Marlboro 

Matawan 

Middletown, 
Millstone 


31.662 

20,264 

20.264 

12.000 

7,680 

7,199 

40.577 

25,969 

25,969 

17.968 

11,500 

11,500 

65.951 

42,209 

42,209 

31.276 

20,017 

20,017 

30.575 

19,568 

19,568 

8.455 

5,411 

4,891 

43.132 

27,604 

25,326 

39.616 

25,354 

25,354 

Tide 

Marsh. 


Acres. 


Water. 


Acres. 


Beach. 


Acres. 


77 


404 


520 

1,008 


1,270 


Cleared 

Upland. 


Forest. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


14,088 

5,358 

16,941 

10,203 

16,345 

16,755 

14,860 

4,304 

20,353 

19,300 


6,176 

1,841 

9,028 

1,297 

25,864 

3,262 

4,708 

587 

4,973 

6,054 


104  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Monmouth  County— Continued. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Beach. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Neptune 

12.756 

8,164 

7,445 

39 

680 

3,553 

3,892 

Ocean  

25.237 

16,152 

12,355 

206 

1,690 

1,901 

9,450 

2,905 

Raritan 

9.410 

6,022 

5,200 

822 

4,169 

1,031 

Shrewsbury 

32.882 

21,014 

18,308 

526 

2,210 

13,055 

5,253 

Upper  Freehold 

47.997 

30,718 

30,718 

29,550 

1,168 

Wall 

40.994 

26,236 

24,676 

180 

1,380 

13,004 

11,672 

*Water 

47.450 

30,368 

30,368 

Totals 

537.938 

344,280 

300,999 

3,378 

38,002 

1,901 

211,288 

89,711 

* Part  of  Raritan  bay  included  in  Monmouth  county,  but  not  belonging  to  any  township. 


Morris  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Rnontnn 

6.875 

4,400 

4,400 

1,990 

2,410 

Chatham 

22.913 

14,664 

14,664 

10,611 

4,053 

Chester 

30.200 

19,328 

19,328 

13,089 

6,239 

Hanover 

51.587 

33,016 

33,016 

21,728 

11,288 

Jefferson 

44.258 

28,325 

27,315 

1,010 

7,369 

19,946 

Mendham 

24.355 

15,587 

15,587 

10,969 

4,618 

Montville 

18.850 

12,064 

12,064 

6,490 

5,574 

Morris 

18.870 

12,077 

12,077 

8,269 

3,808 

Mount  Olive 

32.066 

20,522 

20,036 

486 

11,282 

8,754 

Passaic 

33.315 

21,322 

21,322 

16,160 

5,162 

Pequannock 

36.777 

23,537 

23,430 

107 

9,370 

14,060 

Randolph 

27.854 

17,827 

17,827 

9,607 

8,220 

Rockaway 

63.339 

40,537 

39,420 

1,117 

10,606 

28,814 

Roxbury 

24.244 

15,516 

14,828 

688 

7,012 

7,816 

Washington 

44.682 

28,596 

28,596 

19,257 

9,339 

Totals 

480.185 

307,318 

303,910 

3,408 

163,809 

140,101 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION, 


105 


Ocean  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Beach. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Acres. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Berkeley 

58.563 

37,480 

26,826 

2,036 

7,615 

1,003 

2,091 

24,735 

Brick 

62.127 

39,761 

32,888 

2,739 

3,787 

347 

6,456 

26,432 

Dover 

55.732 

35,669 

24,534 

2,458 

7,785 

892 

6,494 

18,040 

Eagleswood 

35.308 

22,597 

6,251 

5,566 

9,607 

1,173 

1,036 

5,215 

Jackson  

98.431 

62,996 

62,996 

9,873 

53,123 

Lacey 

107.511 

68,807 

56,369 

2,800 

8,792 

846 

2,621 

53,748 

Manchester 

83  239 

53,273 

53,273 

- 

1,857 

51,416 

Ocean 

33.936 

21,719 

10t182 

1,368 

9,569 

600 

972 

9,210 

Plumstead 

40.191 

25,722 

25,722 

8,245 

17,477 

Stafford 

55.749 

35,679 

22,803 

6,246 

5,756 

874 

2,800 

20,003 

Union 

44.821 

28,686 

17,154 

4,756 

6,168 

608 

1,386 

15,768 

Totals 

675.608 

432,389 

338,998 

27,969 

59,079 

6,343 

43,831 

295,167 

Passaic  County. 


Acquackanonck. 

Little  Falls  

Manchester 

Passaic 

Paterson 

Pompton 

Wayne 

West  Milford 


Townships. 


Total. 


Land. 


Water. 


Cleared' 
Land.  I 


Forest. 


Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

11.338 

7,256 

7,256 

6,395 

861 

5.804 

3,715 

3,715 

2,509 

1,206 

10.934 

6,998 

6,998 

4,556 

2,442 

3.241 

2,074 

2,074 

2,023 

51 

8.472 

5,422 

5,422 

5,131 

291 

53.394 

34,172 

33,968 

204 

7,535 

26,433 

26.729 

17,107 

17,011 

96 

9,488 

7,523 

80.244 

51,356 

50,010 

1,346 

12,647 

37,363 

200.156 

128,100 

126,454 

1,646 

50,284 

1 

76,170 

Totals. 


106  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Salem  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

34.046 

21,789 

21,789 

14,032 

7,757 

Elsinboro 

13,242 

8,475 

4,261 

4,163 

51 

4,188 

73 

Lower  Alloways  Creek 

45.787 

29,304 

13,462 

15,759 

83 

10,731 

2,731 

Lower  Penns  Neck 

24.075 

15,408 

10,787 

4,218 

403 

10,187 

600 

Mannington 

38.321 

24,526 

20,204 

4,047 

275 

18,551 

1,653 

Oldmans 

21.266 

13,610 

11,216 

1,710 

684 

8,414 

2,802 

Pilesgrove.. 

37.044 

23,708 

23,708 

22,414 

1,294 

Pittsgrove 

49.874 

31,919 

31,919 

11,088 

20,831 

Quinton 

24.798 

15,871 

15,373 

498 

8,101 

7,272 

Salem 

2.863 

1,832 

1,258 

523 

51 

1,258 

Upper  Penns  Neck 

18.707 

11,973 

11,111 

862 

8,663 

2,448 

Upper  Pittsgrove 

36.016 

23,050 

23,050 

20,454 

2,  £96 

*Water 

43.333 

27,733 

27,733 

Totals 

389.372 

249,198 

188,138 

+31,780 

29,280 

138,081 

50,057 

*Part  of  Delaware  river  included  in  Salem  county,  but  not  belonging  to  any  township. 
+ 15,225  acres  of  this  is  embanked  and  improved. 


Townships. 


Bedminster 

Bernards 

Branchburg 

Bridgewater 

Franklin 

Hillsboro 

Montgomery 

North  Plainfield. 
Warren 


Somerset  County. 


Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared^ 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

27.018 

17,292 

17,292 

16,882 

410 

41.402 

26,497 

26,497 

20,435 

6,062 

20.362 

13,032 

13,032 

12,867 

165 

44.395 

28,413 

28,343 

- 70 

23,729 

4,614 

47.107 

30,148 

29,970 

178 

27,477 

2,493 

58.232 

37,268 

37,268 

33,226 

4,042 

33.075 

21,168 

21,168 

20,074 

1,094 

14.051 

8,993 

8,993 

4,598 

4,395 

19.378 

12,402 

12,402 

7,064 

5,33 £ 

305.020 

195,213 

194,965 

248 

166,352 

28.61& 

Totals. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION 


107 


Sussex  County. 


Townships. 

Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Andover 

24.599 

15,743 

15,626 

117 

10,903 

4,723 

Byram 

36.249 

23,199 

21,912 

1,287 

4,948 

16,964 

Frankford 

36.509 

23,366 

22,581 

785 

16,617 

5,964 

fJrppn  ....  , 

20.969 

13,420 

13,420 

10,609 

2,811 

Hampton 

29.765 

19,050 

18,950 

100 

14,254 

4,696 

TTfl.WHstnn  

38.741 

24,794 

24,794 

13,438 

11,356 

T, fl.ffl.yptt.fi 

18.245 

11,677 

11,677 

10,346 

1,331 

Montague 

44.565 

28,522 

28.166 

356 

9,319 

18,847 

Nfi.wtnn 

2.750 

1,760 

1,760 

1,587 

173 

Sandyston 

42.527 

27,217 

27,002 

215 

12,821 

14,181 

Sparta 

42.233 

27,029 

26,893 

136 

14,293 

12,600 

Stillwater 

37.614 

24,073 

23,473 

600 

17,223 

6,250 

Vernon 

69.045 

44,189 

43,949 

240 

20,292 

23,657 

Wallpack 

23.337 

14,936 

14,562 

374 

7,122 

7,440 

Wfl.ntfl.ge 

68.169 

43,628 

43,628 

38,083 

5,545 

Totals 

535.317 

342,603 

338,393 

4,210 

201,855 

136,538 

Union  County. 


Townships. 


Clark 

Cranford 

Elizabeth 

Fanwood 

Linden 

New  Providence. 

Plainfield 

Rahway 

Springfield 


Total. 


Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

4.743 

3,036 

5.838 

3,736 

12.961 

8,295 

10.451 

6,689 

14.008 

8,965 

9.919 

6,348 

5.923 

3,791 

4.035 

2,582 

4.958 

3,173 

Upland. 

Acres. 

3,036 

3,736 

4,388 

6,689 

7,057 

6,348 

3,791 

2,537 

3,173 


Tide 

Marsh. 


Acres. 


Water. 


Acres. 


2,658 


1,710 


45 


1,249 


198 


Cleared 

Upland. 


Forest. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


230 


2,727 


3,989 

4,668 

5,822 

3,703 

3,433 

2,484 

1,966 


399 

2,021 

1,235 

2,645 

358 

53 

1,207 


108  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Union  County— Continued. 


Townships; 

Total. 

Upland. 

Tide 

Marsh. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Upland. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Summit 

6.012 

8,848 

3,848 

2,222 

1,626 

Union 

15.274 

9,775 

9,775 

8,312 

1,463 

Westfield 

10.822 

6,926 

6,926 

4,822 

2,104 

Totals 

104.944 

67,164 

61,304 

4,413 

1,447 

46,954 

14,350 

Townships. 


Allamuchy 

Belvidere 

/ Blairstown 

Franklin 

Frelinghuysen 

Greenwich 

Hackettstown 

Hardwick 

Harmony 

Hope 

Independence 

Knowlton 

Lopatcong 

Mansfield 

Oxford 

Pahaquarry 

Phillipsburg 

Pohatcong 

Washington  (Borough). 
Washington  Township. 


Warren  County. 


Total. 

Land. 

Water. 

Cleared 

Land. 

Forest. 

Sq.  M. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

20.572 

13,166 

13,166 

8,699 

4,467 

1.349 

863 

832 

31 

819 

13 

31.817 

20,363 

20,363 

14,688 

5,675 

23.927 

15,313 

15,313 

12,441 

2,872 

23.759 

15,206 

15,206 

12,003 

3,203 

11.067 

7,083 

7,083 

6,463 

620 

2.964 

1,897 

1,897 

1,851 

46 

17.662 

11,304 

11,304 

7,298 

4,006 

24.323 

15,567 

15,345 

222 

11,751 

3,594 

30.850 

19,744 

19,627 

117 

14,896 

4,731 

20.164 

12,905 

12,905 

9,150 

3,755 

25.651 

16,417 

16,171 

246 

13,087 

3,084 

9.387 

6,008 

5,925 

83 

5,554 

371 

30.335 

19,414 

19,414 

13,600 

5,814 

34.057 

21,796 

21,556 

240 

16,526 

5,030 

21.155 

13,539 

13,118 

421 

3,197 

9,921 

1.186 

759 

689 

70 

689 

14.807 

9,476 

9,299 

177 

8,150 

1,149 

1.823 

1,167 

1,167 

1,141 

26 

17.796 

11,389 

11,389 

9,561 

1,828 

364.651 

233,376 

231,769 

1,607 

171,564 

60,205 

Totals. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION.  109 

AREAS  OF  LAKES  AND  PONDS. 

ATLANTIC  COUNTY. 

Acres. 

Bargaintown,  lower  pond 73 

Bargaintown,  upper  pond 57 

Gloucester  lake 85 

May’s  Landing  mill-pond 333 

Pleasant  Mills,  south  pond 51 

Weymouth  mill-pond 205 

BERGEN  COUNTY. 

Franklin  lake 89 

Rotten  pond 25 

BURLINGTON  COUNTY. 

Atsion  mill-pond 77 

Batsto,  east  pond 89 

Brown’s  Mills  pond * & 45 

Hanover  Furnace  pond 103 

Harrisville  mill-pond..- 101 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

Bridgeton  mill-pond 85 

Millville  mill-pond 926 

Willow  Grove  mill-pond 118 

ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Orange  reservoir..  ; 64 

GLOUCESTER  COUNTY. 

Clayton  mill-pond 69 

Malaga  Furnace  pond 92 

MIDDLESEX  COUNTY. 

Weston’s  Mills  pond 64 

MONMOUTH  COUNTY. 

Como  lake 50 

Deal  lake 144 

Silver  lake  14 

Spring  lake 18 

Sunset  lake 18 

Takanassee  lake 29 

Wesley  lake  ...; 18 

MORRIS  COUNTY. 

Budd’s  lake 475 

Denmark  pond 172 

Dixon’s  pond 35 

Durham  pond 47 

Green  pond 460 


110  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Acres. 

Hopatcong  lake 2,443 

Middle  Forge  pond 96 

Mooseback  pond 21 

Petersburg  mill-pond 53 

Shongum  pond 70 

Splitrock  pond ! 315 

Stickle  pond 110 

OCEAN  COUNTY. 

Carasaljo  lake  (Lakewood) 97 

Cook’s  pond. 22 

Little  Silver  lake 16 

Manahawken  mill-pond 98 

Old  Sam’s  pond 28 

Twilight  lake 21 

PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

Buckabear  pond 59 

Cedar  pond 69 

Charlottesburgli  mill-pond 42 

Dunker  pond 17 

Greenwood  lake  (total  area) 1,920 

Hank’s  pond 75 N 

Macopin  lake 299 

Mud  pond 28 

Negro  pond  69 

Pompton  lake 196 

Sheppard’s  pond 97 

Tice’s  pond 20 

SALEM  COUNTY. 

Alloway  mill-pond 122 

SUSSEX  COUNTY. 

Bear  ponds 38 

Buckmire  pond 10 

Catfish  pond  (near  Stillwater) 14 

Cranberry  reservoir 154 

Culver’s  pond 486 

Davis  pond 14 

Decker  pond  (Pochuck  mountain) 76 

Franklin  Furnace  pond 55 

Hewitt’s  pond 35 

Hopewell  Furnace  pond 24 

Howell’s  pond 26 

Hunt’s  pond 37 

Iliff’s  pond 36 

Lane’s  pond,  or  Grinnell  lake 67 

Little  pond  (Swartswood) 100 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


Ill 


Acres. 

Long  pond  (near  Culver’s  Gap) 299 

Long  pond  (near  Andover) 117 

Long  pond  (Kittatinny  mountain) 13 

Losee  pond 137 

Marcia  lake 23 

Mashipacong  pond 46 

Morris  pond 136 

Mud  pond  (Hamburg  mountain) 28 

Panther  pond 41 

Quick  pond 43 

Roe  pond 23 

Round  pond  (Kittatinny  mountain) 33 

Sand  pond  (near  Coleville) 65 

Sand  pond  (Hamburg  mountain) 32 

Stag  pond 23 

Stanhope  reservoir 339 

Stickle  pond 35 

Sucker  pond 95 

Swartswood  lake 505 

Turtle  pond 13 

Waterloo  pond 68 

Wawayanda  lake 240 

White  lake 17 

White’s  pond. i 11 

Wright’s  pond 31 

WARREN  COUNTY. 

Allamuchy  pond 56 

Catfish  pond 31 

Cedar  lake  (near  Blairstown) 27 

Glover’s  pond... '. 13 

Green’s  pond  117 

Sand  pond 14 

Shuster  pond 14 

Silver  lake 35 

Sunfish  pond 41 

White  pond 67 

AREAS  OF  TIDAL  WATERS. 

Hudson  river  and  New  York  bay,  in  New  Jersey 12,048 

Newark  bay 5,126 

Raritan  bay,  in  New  Jersey 35,274 

Navesink  river,  Highlands  to  Seabright  and  Red  Bank 2,502 

Shrewsbury  river  above  Seabright  bridge 2,202 

Shark  river  bay 1,018 

Manasquan  river 1,216 


112  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Acres. 

Barnegat  bay,  Bay  Head  to  Cedar  Bonnets 46,289 

Little  Egg  Harbor  bay,  Cedar  Bonnets  to  Little  Egg  Harbor  light 20,108 

Great  bay 11,347 

Little  and  Grassy  bays 2,969 

Reed’s  bay 2,502 

Absecon  bay 1,440 

Lake’s  bay 1,792 

Scull’s  bay 627 

Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  not  including  Peck’s  bay 4,832 

Ludlam’s  bay 960 

Great  sound 1,542 

Jenkins’  sound  and  Genesis  bay 730 

Delaware  bay  in  New  Jersey,  below  Cohansey  light 207,448 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  DESCRIPTION. 

New  Jersey  lies  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Appalachian  region. 
This  region  may  be  defined  as  being  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
Atlantic,  on  the  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  west  by  the 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  and  on  the  north  by  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence. The  elevation  of  Lake  Erie  is  565  feet  above  the  sea,  and  the 
Ohio  river  at  Pittsburgh  is  700  feet.  The  highest  part  of  the  bound- 
ary of  the  region  lies  between  these  two  points,  and  does  not  exceed 
1,000  feet.  The  mountains  which  give  character  to  the  whole  Appa- 
lachian region,  rise  at  the  promontory  of  Gasp6,  on  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  and  extend  southwest  to  Northern  Alabama,  where  they 
sink  below  the  plain. 

The  remarkably  deep  valley  of  the  Hudson  and  Lake  Champlain 
cuts  off  the  New  England  portion  from  the  rest  of  the  region.  So 
deep  is  this  valley  that  a rise  of  about  150  feet  in  the  sea  level  would 
cut  off  New  England  from  the  rest  of  the  continent,  forming  a great 
island.  The  New  England  section  consists  of  twin  mountain  masses 
divided  by  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut.  The  eastern  mass,  begin- 
ning at  Gasp6,  reaches  an  elevation  of  5,385  feet  in  Mt.  Katahdin, 
225  miles  southwest,  and  its  culminating  point  is  Mt.  Washington,  at 
an  elevation  of  6,288  feet,  375  miles  from  Gaspe.  Thence  it  descends 
irregularly  southward  into  Massachusetts.  Westward  the  other  mass, 
that  of  the  Green  mountains,  rises  near  Quebec,  and  crossing  into 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  as  a double  ridge,  attains  a height  of 
4,450  feet  in  Mt.  Mansfield,  in  Northern  New  Hampshire.  Killing- 
ton  peak  is  4,221  feet  high.  Thence  the  Taghkanic  and  Hoosic 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


113 


mountains  extend  southward  between  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and 
Connecticut,  reaching  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson  with  an  elevation 
of  about  1,600  feet.  Here  the  range  is  cut  through  to  its  base,  but 
continues  onward  southwest,  essentially  as  one  range,  into  New  Jersey, 
becoming  our  Highland  region. 

From  the  heart  of  the  Appalachian  region,  at  Albany,  New  York, 
the  Mohawk  valley  runs  due  west  to  the  northwest  border  of  the 
system.  North  of  this  valley  and  west  of  the  Hudson-Champlain 
valley  lies  the  triangular  mountain  mass  known  as  the  Adirondacks, 
detached  from  the  northwest  side  of  the  Appalachians.  Its  maximum 
elevation  is  Mt.  Marcv,  5,379  feet  above  the  sea,  and  within  20  miles 
of  Lake  Champlain. 

Southwest  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  valleys  lies  the  division  of 
the  Appalachians  which  crosses  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
distinguished  by  having  on  its  eastern  side  a series  of  parallel  and 
remarkably-continuous  ridges,  and  for  its  western  half,  broad  plateaus, 
which  range  from  2,000  feet  to  2,600  or  2,700  feet  in  elevation,  and 
descend  gradually  northwest  toward  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  the 
western  base  of  the  system.  First  on  the  east  come  the  Highlands, 
which  we  have  already  followed  across  the  Hudson.  They  come  into 
New  Jersey  with  an  elevation  of  from  1,400  to  1,500  feet,  and  con- 
tinue southwest,  gradually  descending  to  about  700  feet  as  they  reach 
the  Delaware,  but  recovering  a height  of  more  than  1,000  feet  again 
in  Pennsylvania  before  they  finally  disappear  at  Reading.  For  sixty 
miles  southwest  the  range  is  lost  sight  of,  but  re-appears  beyond  the 
Susquehanna,  as  South  mountain.  Swerving  more  to  the  southward 
and  crossing  the  Potomac  near  Harper’s  Ferry,  we  reach  an  elevation 
of  3,993  feet  in  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  west  of  Lynchburg,  Virginia. 
Thence  into  North  Carolina  these  mountains  continue  as  two  ranges, 
the  eastern  of  which  retains  the  name  Blue  Ridge,  which  is  applied 
to  the  range  in  Virginia,  while  the  western  is  known  as  the  Unaka 
or  Smoky  mountains.  Here  and  there  the  two  ranges  are  connected 
by  transverse  ridges,  forming  great  mountain  masses,  which  range  above 
4,000  feet  elevation,  and  reach  a maximum  of  6,707  feet  in  Black 
Dome,  North  Carolina. 

Northwest  of  this  rather  irregular  range  lies  one  of  the  most  con- 
tinuous and  remarkable  features  of  the  Appalachian  region.  It  is  the 
Great  Appalachian  valley,  which  runs  through  from  the  St.  Lawrence 
by  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  river,  which  stream,  as  we  have 

H 


114  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


already  seen,  leaves  it  at  Newburg  and  proceeds  southward  by  a deep 
clove*  through  the  Highlands  to  the  sea. 

Thence  the  Great  valley  runs  southwest  across  Ulster  and  Orange 
counties,  New  York,  and  across  Sussex  and  Warren  counties,  New 
Jersey,  via  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  to  Harrisburg  and  onward,  be- 
coming, finally,  the  valley  of  the  East  Tennessee  river.  It  is  known 
as  Kittatinny  valley  in  New  Jersey  and  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  and 
as  Cumberland  valley  in  Southern  Pennsylvania. 

Northwest  of  this  valley  is  a remarkably-continuous  level-crested 
ridge,  which  is  known  as  the  Shawangunk  mountain,  in  New  York, 
and  as  the  Kittatinny  mountain,  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
It  runs  along  the  northwest  border  of  New  Jersey  from  the  New  York 
line  to  the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  which  is  cut  through  it.  Thence  it 
continues  across  Pennsylvania  west  of  Harrisburg,  following  the  Great 
Valley,  as  already  described.  It  rarely  exceeds  2,000  feet  in  eleva- 
tion, the  highest  point  in  New  Jersey  being  1,801  feet.  A feature  of 
this  range  is  the  remarkable  series  of  picturesque  gaps  through  it, 
which  give  passage  to  the  drainage  of  the  country  west.  Among  these 
may  be  mentioned  the  Delaware,  Lehigh,  Schuylkill,  Swatara,  and 
Susquehanna  Gaps,  ranging  at  distances  of  from  22  to  28  miles  apart. 

This  ridge  and  the  valley  west  of  it,  running  through  from  Kingston, 
New  York,  to  Port  Jervis,  thence  as  the  Delaware  river  flows,  to  the 
Water  Gap  and  on  southwest,  crossing  Pennsylvania  southeast  of 
Mauch  Chunk  and  Pottsville,  are  the  last  members  of  the  Appalach- 
ian mountain  region  which  are  represented  in  New  Jersey.  North- 
west of  these  lies  a region  having  for  its  northwest  border  the  steep 
face  of  the  Allegheny  mountain,  and  generally  about  50  miles  in 
width.  Beginning  at  the  Hudson,  we  have  the  Catskills,  rising  above 
4,000  feet.  This  plateau  region  extends  into  Pennsylvania,  where  it 
is  known  as  the  Pocono  mountain,  and  ranges  a little  above  2,000 

* This  term  is  here  and  subsequently  used  to  denote  a narrow,  deep  valley  running 
across  the  mountain  ranges  and  not  conforming  to  the  general  geological  and  topo- 
graphical structure  of  the  country,  while  the  term  valley  is  confined  to  valleys  which 
do  thus  conform  to  the  structure.  The  terms  Hudson  valley,  Delaware  valley,  Sus- 
quehanna valley,  etc.,  are  misleading,  as  none  of  these  streams  has  one  valley 
throughout.  All  enter  and  flow  in  the  Great  Appalachian  valley,  for  instance,  for  a 
short  distance,  then  leave  it  through  narrow  cloves,  cutting  the  intervening  ridges 
through  to  their  bases.  Ravine  is  here  confined  to  a hollow,  which  is  very  shallow 
high  up  at  the  head  of  the  stream,  and  becomes  deeper  below.  A “ clove,”  on  the 
contrary,  is  of  about  the  same  depth  throughout.  A canon  is  a clove  with  vertical 
sides  and  a flat  bottom. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


115 


feet  in  elevation.  Next,  southwest,  this  region  becomes  a labyrinth 
of  mountains,  with  a few  small  plateaus,  but  mainly  composed  of 
narrow,  steep-sided  ridges,  rising  from  800  to  1,000  feet  above  the 
valleys.  About  the  Susquehanna  the  country  becomes  more  open,  with 
low,  rolling  slate  hills  and  limestone  valleys,  the  whole  being  under 
cultivation.  Still  further  southwest  we  have  a series  of  parallel  ridges 
rising  from  800  to  1,200  feet  above  the  valleys,  and  sometimes  reach- 
ing 1,500  feet.  The  valleys  range  from  500  to  1,000  feet. 

Back  of  this  region  of  mountain  ridges  and  small  plateaus  rises  the 
Allegheny  mountain,  presenting  on  the  southeast  a nearly  continuous 
wall  of  rock  2,000  feet  high.  Northwest  from  its  crest  the  country 
generally  descends  slightly,  but  maintains  the  character  of  a great 
plateau. 

The  eastern  base  of  the  Appalachian  system  is  a plain  gently  sloping 
toward  the  Atlantic,  having  a width  of  about  50  miles  in  New  Eng- 
land, but  being  decreased  by  the  great  bight  of  the  ocean  sweeping 
inward  between  Capes  Cod  and  Hatteras  to  but  a few  miles  near  New 
York,  thence  increasing  rapidly  in  width  southward,  it  reaches  200 
miles  at  Cape  Hatteras.  Its  elevation  along  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tains in  New  England  is  from  300  to  500  feet;  in  New  Jersey  from 
200  to  600  feet,  and  southward  it  rises  above  1,000  feet.  The  west- 
ern base  on  the  plains  about  the  Ohio  river  is  about  1,000  feet  above 
tide,  and  about  Buffalo,  Rochester  and  Syracuse  from  500  to  600  feet.* 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  topography  of  the  State  is  readily  classed  in  belts  which  cor- 
respond closely  with  the  outcrops  of  the  various  geological  formations. 
Beginning  at  the  northwest  we  have  the  Kittatinny  mountain  and  val- 
ley, occupying  the  western  half  of  Sussex  and  Warren  counties,  and 
corresponding  to  the  Paleozoic  formation,  next  the  Archaean  Highlands, 
then  the  rolling  Triassic  or  red  sandstone  plain,  then  the  furrowed 
and  irregularly-hilly  Cretaceous  plain,  and  lastly  the  triangular,  ex- 
tremely-level,  sandy  and  pine-clad  plain  of  the  Tertiary  formation, 
fringed  seaward  by  a belt  of  tide-marsh  enclosed  from  the  sea  by 
sand  beaches.  These  features  are  common  to  the  Atlantic  slope 
southwest. 

*The  Appalachian  Mountain  System,  by  Prof.  Arnold  Guyot,  in  Silliman’s  Journal, 
Vol.  31,  Second  Series,  p.  157  ; and  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley’s  Topography  of  Pennsylvania, 
have  been  freely  drawn  upon  for  the  above. 


116  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


EFFECT  OF  GLACIAL  ACTION  ON  THE  TOPOGRAPHY. 

Before  proceeding  with  a detailed  description  of  these  belts  it  will 
be  well  to  explain  the  cause  of  the  great  contrast  presented  by  the 
northeastern  and  southwestern  portions  of  each.  The  most  cursory 
glance  at  the  topographic  sheets  will  reveal  a marked  difference  in  the 
two  portions.  To  the  northeast  there  is  evidence  of  great  erosion,  the 
ridges  are  more  cut  up  by  transverse  depressions,  the  valleys  are  less 
smooth,  and  everywhere  we  find  lakes  and  ponds,  marshes  and  sink- 
holes. This  is  to  be  attributed  to  a cause  the  discussion  of  which 
belongs  more  properly  to  the  geologist  than  to  the  topographer,  yet 
the  effects  are  so  striking  to  the  observer  that  it  is  necessary  to  briefly 
call  attention  to  it  here. 

In  1877  and  1878  the  annual  reports  of  the  State  Geologist  set 
forth  the  evidence  of  the  existence  at  some  time  of  a great  ice  sheet 
covering  New  Jersey,  in  common  with  the  rest  of  our  continent,  down 
to  latitude  40°  30'.  Its  southern  limit  was  traced  carefully  across 
the  state.  This  limit  is  clearly  marked  by  a line  of  extremely  irregu- 
lar, fantastically-arranged  hills  of  gravel  and  boulders,  formed  of  the 
material  eroded  by  the  glacier  from  the  hills  to  the  north  and  deposited 
here  where  the  ice  melted.  This  moraine  begins  at  Perth  Amboy 
and  runs  thence  through  Metuchen,  east  of  Plainfield,  where  the 
Nether  wood  hotel  is  built  upon  it,  to  the  base  of  the  First  mountain 
north  of  Scotch  Plains.  Thence  the  mantle  of  gravel  is  wrapped 
about  the  slope  and  over  the  north  end  of  Springfield  or  Rolfs  hill 
and  filling  completely  the  valley  west,  crosses  Second  mountain  and 
lies  up  against  the  north  end  of  Long  hill,  at  Chatham.  From  here 
to  Morristown  it  fills  the  valley  of  the  Passaic  with  a broad  ridge  of 
gravel,  thence  it  skirts  around  the  base  of  the  Highlands  and  up 
through  the  valley  of  the  Rockaway  to  Dover.  From  here  the  line 
is  quite  direct  by  Budd’s  lake,  Hackettstown  and  Townsbury,  to 
Belvidere. 

To  the  north  of  this  the  ice  sheet  was  thick  enough  to  overtop  all 
of  the  mountains  of  northern  New  Jersey  and  most  of  those  of  New 
York.  Its  movement  was  generally  toward  the  south,  and  when  we 
recall  that  a thickness  of  2,000  feet  would  mean  a pressure  at  the 
base  of  sixty  tons  per  square  foot,  and  that  often  boulders  were  im- 
bedded in  the  base  of  the  ice  and  moved  forward  with  irresistible 
force,  it  may  bring  some  conception  of  the  enormous  eroding  action 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


117 


of  the  glacier.  It  denuded  the  ridges  of  all  disintegrated  rocks, 
scooping  out  transverse  depressions  where  the  rock  was  soft,  and  leav- 
ing often  hard,  bare  summits  and  irregular,  jagged  ridge  lines  in  place 
of  the  well-soiled,  gracefully-undulating  ridges  to  the  south  of  the 
moraine.  It  deposited  in  the  valleys  great  masses  of  gravel  and  mud, 
which  have  been  in  some  cases  assorted  and  worked  down  into  level 
terraces  by  water,  but  again  left  in  all  the  fantastic  disorder  of  their 
original  deposition,  in  crooked  ridges  enclosing  bowl-like  depressions 
with  no  outlets,  or  hills  carrying  similar  depressions  in  their  very 
tops,  like  small  volcanoes  with  their  craters,  and  in  every  conceivable 
topographically- monstrous  arrangement.  Often  these  deposits  have 
closed  the  outlet  of  a valley,  holding  back  the  water  in  beautiful  lakes 
and  ponds,  the  water  having  been  forced  back  over  the  original 
divide  of  the  valley  into  another  drainage  system.  When  the  drift 
dam  has  not  been  high  enough  for  this,  it  has  been  cut  away  again  by 
the  water  overtopping  it.  Remains  of  such  dams  may  be  found,  with 
gravel  terraces  on  the  slopes  of  the  valley  above  to  mark  the  shores 
of  the  ancient  lakes.  The  above  accounts  for  the  existence  of  most 
of  the  beautiful  lakes  of  the  northern  counties,  and  also  for  the 
swamps  and  sink-holes  which  are  merely  shallow  lake  basins  which 
have  become  filled  with  mud  or  vegetable  matter.  The  drift  dam 
which  has  formed  Budd’s  lake  is  very  evident,  as  is  the  one  at  Green’s 
pond.  The  slopes  of  the  hills  of  this  region  have  usually  been  left 
covered  with  boulders,  the  finer  material  having  been  carried  down 
into  the  valleys  by  water.  The  whole  aspect  of  the  country  has  been 
changed.  Much  of  the  soil  having  been  rendered  unfit  for  cultivation, 
a large  percentage  of  the  area  is  left  in  forest. 


MINISINK  VALLEY. 

The  Delaware  river,  from  Port  Jervis  to  the  Water  Gap,  lies  in  the 
valley  which  runs  through  from  just  west  of  Kingston,  New  York, 
by  Ellenville  to  Port  Jervis,  thence  to  Stroudsburgh  and  southwest, 
crossing  the  Lehigh  river  between  Mauch  Chunk  and  the  Lehigh 
Gap.  This  quiet  and  beautiful  Minisink  valley,  with  its  wealth  of 
romantic  aboriginal  traditions  and  associations  and  its  tragic  colonial 
history,  has  long  enjoyed  a well-merited  reputation  as  a charming, 
restful  summer  retreat  for  those  who  admire  simple  nature,  and  as 
a paradise  for  the  sportsman  and  angler.  On  the  southeast  rise  the 


118  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


long,  forested  slopes  of  Kittatinny  mountain,  with  its  continuous 
level  crest,  and  bold  front  raised  as  a final  bulwark  against  the  busy, 
bustling  world  beyond,  and  giving  to  the  valley  its  air  of  remoteness 
and  seclusion.  To  the  northwest  rises  first,  near  the  river,  a line  of 
steep  wooded  hills  four  or  five  hundred  feet  high,  and  back  from  their 
crests  the  undulating  slope  of  the  Catskill  plateau  still  ascends  for  ten 
miles  from  the  Delaware,  attaining  an  elevation  of  1,500  or  1,600  feet 
in  Pike  county  and  over  2,000  feet  in  Monroe  county.  From  crest 
to  crest  of  the  mountains,  therefore,  this  valley  is  more  than  fifteen 
miles  wide  and  about  1,200  feet  deep.  From  Port  Jervis  to  Walpack 
bend  the  Delaware  flows  through  a flat-bottomed,  U-shaped  sub- 
valley, at  the  bottom  of  the  great  valley,  having  steeper  slopes  and  a 
mean  width  of  two  miles  with  a depth  of  400  to  500  feet.  This  is 
really  a trough  in  the  rock  with  its  bottom  filled  to  a depth  of  more 
than  100  feet  with  gravel  and  drift.  It  is  a buried  valley.  A well 
at  Port  Jervis  was  bored  to  a depth  of  113  feet,  or  63  feet  below  the 
river,  without  striking  bed-rock.*  The  surface  of  this  gravel  has  been 
formed  into  a series  of  level  terraces;  the  lowest,  rising  abruptly  from 
the  river  as  a gravel  bluff  from  20  to  30  feet  high,  is  well  shown  at 
Mashipacong  island,  Milford,  Dingman’s,  Shapnack  island  and  above 
Poxono  island.  There  is  another  terrace  at  about  50  feet,  another  at 
120  feet  and  a fourth  at  150  feet  above  the  river.  These  are  so  well 
marked  as  to  become  prominent  topographical  features  of  the  valley, 
and  may  be  traced  on  the  contour  maps  on  the  New  Jersey  side. 
Their  further  discussion  must  be  left  to  the  geologist.  On  these  ter- 
races, and  particularly  on  the  lowest,  which  is  composed  of  finer 
material  than  the  others,  were  the  level  and  easily-cultivated  Indian 
plantations  and  later  the  farms  of  the  pioneers,  which  gave,  early  in 
the  eighteenth  century,  a wide  reputation  for  fertility  to  the  Minisink 
country. 

From  Deposit,  the  Delaware  river  comes  rushing  down  through  a 
narrow  clove  in  the  Catskill  plateau,  with  a fall  of  six  and  one-half 
feet  per  mile  for  90  miles,  and  enters  our  valley  at  Port  Jervis.  Here 
it  turns  a sharp  right  angle  to  the  right  and  then  meanders  south- 
westerly through  the  valley,  now  gliding  gently  through  long,  deep 
pools  and  now  leaping  down  short  rapids,  over  rough  boulder  reefs. 
The  total  fall  from  Port  Jervis,  where  its  elevation  is  411  feet,  to  the 

* Second  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Geology  of  Pike  and  Monroe 
counties,  p.  52. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


119 


Water  Gap,  is  124  feet,  or  just  three  feet  to  the  mile  for  the  41  miles. 
Often  the  stream  divides  into  two  or  more  channels  enclosing  some 
large  islands.  At  Mashipacong  island  the  width  from  outside  to  out- 
side of  the  extreme  channels  is  three-quarters  of  a mile.  From  the 
river  just  above  Milford  one  can  look  to  the  eastward  up  an  appar- 
ently unbroken  forest  slope  for  six  miles,  to  High  Point,  1,400  feet 
above  the  river.  At  Wallpack  bend,  25  miles  down  the  valley 
from  Port  Jervis,  the  stream  completely  reverses  its  course  twice 
within  one  and  one-half  miles,  passing  southeast  through  Wallpack 
ridge  into  another  parallel  sub-valley,  partially  separated  from  the 
first  by  the  ridge.  This  valley  first  makes  its  appearance  as  a shelf  on 
the  mountain  slope  two  miles  southeast  from  and  380  feet  above  the 
river  at  Montague  bridge ; thence  it  gradually  deepens  southwesterly 
into  the  valley  of  Flat  brook,  and  so  rapidly  steepens  the  west  slope 
of  Kittatinny  mountain  to  a gradient  of  1,000  feet  per  mile,  cutting 
off  Wallpack  ridge  to  the  west  with  a general  elevation  of  about  700 
to  900  feet,  or  from  300  to  500  feet  above  Flat  brook.  In  this  valley 
lie  the  villages  of  Hainesville,  Layton,  Peter’s  Valley,  Wallpack 
Centre  and  Flatbrookville.  The  small  valley  of  Millbrook,  heading 
at  the  same  point  near  Montague  and  coming  out  at  Carpenter’s  Point, 
cutting  off  Hog-back  ridge  from  the  Kittatinny  slope,  might  be  con- 
sidered a continuation  to  the  northeast  of  this  same  sub-valley.  It 
contains  the  most  fertile  land  between  the  crest  of  the  Kittatinny 
mountain  and  the  Delaware ; in  fact,  together  with  Wallpack  ridge,  it 
contains  practically  all  the  cleared  land  of  this  region.  At  Wallpack 
bend,  where  the  Delaware  cuts  through  it,  Wallpack  ridge  becomes  for 
a few  miles  a series  of  knobs  merely,  but  rises  again  further  on,  sep- 
arating the  two  sub-valleys.  This  ridge  is  formed  of  the  hard, 
resisting  Candagalli  grit,  the  valley  northwest  being  eroded  in  the 
Marcellus  shale,  and  that  southeast  in  the  Clinton  red-shale.  No- 
where is  the  dependence  of  topographical  features  on  geological  con- 
ditions more  clearly  shown  than  in  this  Minisink  valley. 

As  the  river  proceeds  below  Wallpack  bend  it  nestles  up  close  against 
the  western  foot  of  Kittatinny  mountain,  which  here  rises  in  an  un- 
broken slope,  1,000  to  1,300  feet,  in  a distance  of  three-quarters  of  a 
mile,  giving  this  part  of  the  valley  a wilder,  more  forbidding  aspect 
than  that  above.  Even  here,  however,  we  find  quite  broad  cultivated 
gravel  terraces  on  the  Pennsylvania  side,  from  which  the  river  has 
separated  the  large  Shawnee  and  Depue  islands. 


120  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


KITTATINNY  MOUNTAIN. 

Although,  as  we  have  seen,  Wallpack  and  Hog- back  ridges  are  cut 
oh  partially  by  the  sub-valley,  broadly  we  may  consider  the  Kitta- 
tinny  mountain  region  to  embrace  all  between  the  Delaware  river,  the 
New  York  line,  and  the  eastern  foot  of  the  steep  mountain  face  which 
is  so  marked  a feature  of  the  landscape  of  Sussex  and  Warren  coun- 
ties. This  embraces  the  townships  of  Montague,  Sandyston  and  Wall- 
pack,  in  Sussex  county,  and  Pahaquarry,  in  Warren  county,  an  area 
of  about  140  square  miles.  Its  width  at  the  New  York  line  is  three 
miles.  The  spreading  out  of  both  sides  brings  the  greatest  width, 
which  is  opposite  Montague,  up  to  eight  miles;  thence  it  narrows 
down  to  two  miles  at  the  Water  Gap.  Its  western  foot  is  the  Dela- 
ware, at  an  elevation  of  411  feet,  at  Port  Jervis,  and  287  feet  at  the 
Water  Gap.  The  foot  of  its  steep  eastern  face  rests  on  the  high  slate 
hills  of  the  west  side  of  Kittatinny  valley,  and  has  throughout  a re- 
markably uniform  elevation,  ranging  between  900  and  1,000  feet. 
The  crest  of  the  mountain  is  generally  only  from  200  to  400  yards 
west  of  this  foot,  and  is  from  450  to  650  feet  above.  The  crest  is 
often  double,  but  excepting  the  first  four  miles  from  the  New  York 
line,  the  higher  one  is  immediately  at  the  top  of  the  escarpment.  From 
the  depression  at  Otisville,  New  York,  10  miles  northerly  from  the 
State  line,  where  the  mountain  is  crossed  by  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie 
and  Western  railroad,  it  rises  gradually,  reaching  an  elevation  of  1,539 
feet,  where  it  enters  New  Jersey,  and  its  culminating  point  at  High 
Point,  one  and  one-quarter  miles  southwest,  with  an  elevation  of  1,803 
feet,  is  the  highest  land  in  New  Jersey.  Thence  it  descends  irregu- 
larly to  Sand  pond,  near  Coleville.  This  portion  of  the  crest  is  more 
irregular  than  any  other  part  within  the  State.  The  eastern  slope  is 
less  steep  and  rises  in  two  terraces,  the  lower  reaching  a general  eleva- 
tion of  1,400  feet,  and  holding  the  beautiful  Sand  pond  at  an  elevation 
of  1,302  feet.  Just  southwest  of  High  Point,  in  the  depression  in 
the  mountain  crest,  lies  Lake  Marcia,  at  an  elevation  of  1,570  feet — 
the  highest  body  of  water  in  New  Jersey.  At  High  Point  the  moun- 
tain is  a simple  ridge,  with  a short  eastern  and  a long  western  slope. 
Five  miles  southwest,  at  Mashipacong  pond,  it  has  become  a plateau 
four  miles  wide,  with  its  eastern  edge  at  an  elevation  of  from  1,400  to 
1,650  feet,  and  its  western  at  about  1,200  feet;  its  western  slope 
falling  800  feet  in  three  miles,  and  its  eastern  slope  being  the  char- 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


121 


acteristic  eastern  escarpment  of  the  mountain.  The  main  eastern 
crest  reaches  a second  culmination  west  of  Beemerville,  where  it  has 
an  elevation  of  1,650  feet.  Thence  it  continues  southwest,  gradually 
descending  to  1,340  feet,  where  it  is  cut  through  by  Culver’s  gap,  the 
-bottom  of  which  is  at  an  elevation  of  915  feet,  being  the  lowest  point 
of  the  crest  between  Otisville,  New  York,  and  the  Delaware  Water 
Gap.  From  the  State  line  to  this  point  the  eastern  escarpment  is  con- 
vex, beginning  with  a direction  of  south  15°  west,  and  gradually  curving 
round  to  south  50°  west.  Southward  from  this  it  is  concave  to  the  War- 
ren county  line.  Opposite  Culver’s  gap,  on  the  northwest,  Flatbrook 
valley  begins  to  assume  character  and  to  steepen  the  western  slope  and 
narrow  the  mountain  to  a ridge;  although  the  plateau,  reduced  to  a 
width  of  less  than  two  miles,  continues  to  near  the  line  between  Sandy- 
ston  and  Wallpack  townships.  Here  the  mountain  is  suddenly  nar- 
rowed to  a single  ridge,  with  a base  width  of  less  than  one  and  one- 
half  miles.  It  continues  southwest  to  the  Water  Gap,  with  sometimes 
a single  and  sometimes  a double  crest,  and  with  a base  width  of  from 
one  and  one-quarter  to  two  miles.  The  main  crest  is  almost  every- 
where immediately  at  the  top  of  the  escarpment,  and  the  highest  point 
between  Culver’s  gap  and  the  Water  Gap  is  just  northeast  of  Round 
pond,  reaching  1,614  feet.  Through  from  Culver’s  gap  to  the  Sandy- 
ston  and  Wallpack  line  it  ranges  from  1,300  to  1,400  feet,  through 
Wallpack  township  from  1,300  to  1,600  feet,  and  through  Warren 
county  from  1,300  to  1,625  feet,  excepting  at  Catfish  Pond  gap,  the 
lowest  point  of  the  23  miles  between  Culver’s  gap  and  the  Water  Gap, 
where  it  is  1,205  feet.  There  are  long  stretches  of  remarkably  level 
crest ; sometimes  the  elevation  does  not  vary  fifty  feet  for  a distance  of 
two  or  three  miles. 

This  part  of  the  mountain  in  Warren  county  is  characterized  by 
marked  offsets  in  the  eastern  escarpment,  the  mountain  suddenly 
advancing  eastward  as  we  proceed  southwest.  These  offsets  are  three 
in  number.  The  first,  at  the  road  crossing  from  Millbrook  to  Blairs- 
town,  amounts  to  about  700  yards ; the  next,  five  and  one-half  miles 
southwest,  amounts  to  nearly  a mile ; and  one  at  the  Water  Gap  itself, 
to  some  240  yards.  At  the  famous  Delaware  Water  Gap  the  Kitta- 
tinny  mountain  is  cut  completely  across  to  its  base.  Coming  down 
along  the  western  foot  of  the  mountain  with  a general  course  south 
61°  west,  the  river  turns  suddenly  to  a direction  about  south  27°  east, 
and  proceeds  on  this  course  directly  through  Kittatinny  mountain  and 


122  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


ten  miles  onward  across  the  valley  almost  to  its  eastern  side.  The 
elevation  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  ridge  on  the  New  Jersey  side  of 
the  gap  is  1,486  feet,  and  one  mile  back  the  crest  rises  to  1,635  feet. 
The  brow  on  the  Pennsylvania  side  is  1,400  feet,  and  the  top  of  the 
crest  just  southwest,  1,495  feet.  The  elevation  of  the  river  below  is 
283  feet.  The  width  of  the  gap  at  the  top  is  1,500  yards,  and  at  the 
bottom  about  300  yards.  The  base  of  the  mountain  proper  is  a trifle 
over  two  miles,  but  the  gap  continues  through  the  foot-hills  east, 
having  still  a depth  of  300  feet,  one  and  a half  miles  from  the  foot 
of  the  Kittatinny  escarpment.  If  we  suppose  the  gorge  to  have  been 
formed  entirely  by  erosion,  the  mass  of  material  removed  in  the  four 
miles  below  the  west  foot  of  the  mountain  must  have  been  1,260 
million  cubic  yards,  or  equal  to  a mass  with  a base  of  one  square  mile, 
and  a height  of  over  1,200  feet.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  a 
fault  exists  here,  and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  there  was  a fis- 
sure of  some  width,  which  has  been  widened  and  deepened  by  erosion. 

This  clean  cut  through  the  remarkably-uniform,  level-crested 
Kittatinny  mountain,  with  its  edges  rising  sheer  1,200  feet,  in 
slopes  averaging  45  degrees,  and  in  part  nearly  vertical,  is  a most 
impressive  and  majestic  feature  of  the  landscape  of  Sussex  and  War- 
ren counties.  Visible  from  every  hilltop  open  to  the  northwest  or 
west,  it  rises  against  the  horizon  an  awe-inspiring  monument  of  the 
irresistible  character  of  nature’s  forces  and  of  the  comparative  insig- 
nificance of  man  and  his  works. 

The  Kittatinny  mountain  region  is  generally  not  well  fitted  for 
cultivation.  The  mountain  crest  is  formed  of  the  flinty  Oneida  con- 
glomerate, but  thinly  soiled  ; and  the  western  slope  and  rolling  plateau 
are  covered  with  loose  rock,  gravel  and  boulders,  and  have  been  but 
little  cleared  and  improved.  Nearly  all  of  the  fertile  land  is  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Delaware  and  Flatbrook,  and  on  the  intervening  Pom- 
pey  or  Wallpack  ridge.  Of  the  whole  region,  but  40  per  cent,  is 
cleared  and  cultivated.  There  is  still  a considerable  amount  of  heavy 
timber  standing,  principally  hard  wood,  with  some  pine  and  hemlock. 
The  general  aspect  of  the  region  is  wild  and  forbidding. 

KITTATINNY  VALLEY. 

New  Jersey  contains  40  miles  of  the  length  of  the  great  Appala- 
chian valley.  Its  width  varies  from  10  to  13  miles.  Its  general 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


123 


direction  is  south  50°  west.  On  the  northwest  it  is  bounded  and 
overlooked  by  the  almost  unbroken  Kittatinny  escarpment,  and  on 
the  east  by  the  irregular  edges  of  the  Highland  plateaus.  Two  well- 
defined  drainage  axes  or  sub-valleys  traverse  it  longitudinally.  The 
principal  one  lies  from  two  and  one-half  to  five  miles  from  the  north- 
western side  of  the  valley,  gradually  approaching  the  Kittatinny 
mountain  as  we  proceed  southwest.  The  general  direction  of  this 
sub- valley  is  quite  straight,  and  its  highest  point  is  just  east  of 
Augusta  cross-roads,  501  feet  above  tide.  Should  the  sea  rise  this 
amount,  it  would  surround  and  make  an  island  of  the  Highlands  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware.  Northeast  from  this  divide  the  valley 
is  drained  by  the  Papakating  creek  and  the  Wallkill,  reaching  the 
State  line  with  an  elevation  of  403  feet,  and  to  the  southwest  by  the 
Paulinskill,  which  enters  the  Delaware  at  an  elevation  of  270  feet; 
excepting  the  part  occupied  by  Papakating  creek,  which  is  on  the 
slate,  the  bottom  is  everywhere  on  the  limestone,  and  is  fertile.  The 
higher  parts  of  Kittatinny  valley  are  slate,  and  the  sub-valleys  are 
generally  on  the  Magnesian  limestone.  To  the  northwest  of  this 
drainage-axis  the  slate  hills  rise  rather  abruptly  to  elevations  ranging 
from  700  to  900  feet,  and  then  there  is  a general,  although  not  always 
marked  ascent  toward  the  mountain,  the  foot  of  the  escarpment  of 
which  ranges  from  900  to  1,000  feet  in  elevation.  There  is  a marked 
tendency  to  a ridge  structure  in  this  region  of  foot-hills,  the  axes  of 
the  ridges  being  parallel  with  the  trend  of  the  mountain  above,  and 
changing  as  it  curves.  The  continuity  of  the  ridges  is  broken  by 
transverse  ravines,  the  general  direction  of  the  drainage  being  south- 
east. One  of  the  best  known  of  these  deep  ravines  is  “ the  Clove,” 
between  Deckertown  and  Coleville.  The  ridges  are  not  marked,  how- 
ever, and  often  the  general  appearance  of  the  topography  is  that  of 
a confused,  irregular  mass  of  hills  and  knobs,  separated  by  very  un- 
even and  crooked  ravines.  At  Mt.  Salem  and  at  Coleville,  in  Want- 
age township,  these  hills  reach  1,030  feet  in  elevation.  Between 
Branch  ville  and  S warts  wood  they  assume  the  character  of  a plateau 
coming  out  quite  level  for  three  and  one-half  miles  from  the  foot  of 
Kittatinny  mountain  directly  to  the  border  of  the  sub-valley  at 
Myrtle  Grove  with  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  or  more.  Culver’s  pond, 
with  an  elevation  of  849  feet,  and  Long  pond,  865  feet,  are  clear  and 
beautiful  lakes  on  this  plateau,  directly  at  the  foot  of  the  Kittatinny 
escarpment.  Their  high  elevation  and  the  proximity  of  Culver’s 


124  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


gap  and  the  mountain,  from  the  crest  of  which  may  be  had  most 
charming  views  of  the  wild,  romantic  mountain  scenery  of  the  Kitta- 
tinny  region  itself,  of  the  Catskill  plateau  in  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania, beyond  the  Minisink  valley,  as  well  as  of  the  calm  and 
peaceful  Kittatinny  valley,  with  the  graceful  profiles  of  the  High- 
lands beyond,  to  the  southeast,  should  give  these  lakes  and  the  sur- 
rounding country  popularity  as  a summer  resort.  Northeast  of 
Culver's  pond  there  is  a marked  absence  of  ponds  in  the  Kittatinny 
valley ; but  from  this  and  White  lake,  almost  exactly  opposite  on  the 
east  side  of  the  valley,  southwest  to  the  terminal  moraine,  they  are 
very  numerous.  One  of  the  most  attractive  of  these  is  Swartswood 
lake  lying  at  the  west  side  of  the  Paulinskill  valley  which  is  here 
about  two  miles  wide  and  somewhat  broken  by  limestone  knobs. 
This  lake  is  482  feet  above  sea  level,  and  is  exceedingly  picturesque 
and  beautiful,  having  bold,  irregular  shore-lines,  and  clear,  limpid 
waters.  It  has  begun  to  attract  pleasure-seekers  in  considerable  num- 
bers. A mile  southwest  of  the  Sussex  and  Warren  line,  just  west  of 
Newbaker's  Corner,  is  the  highest  land  in  the  foot-hill  region.  It  is 
1,105  feet  above  tide.  A few  miles  below  this  the  Paulinskill  sweeps 
in  toward  the  mountain,  and  the  foot-hills  are  reduced  to  almost  a 
continuous  slope  from  the  foot  of  the  escarpment  to  the  sub-valley 
750  feet  below. 

The  northeastern  part  of  this  foot-hill  region  is  generally  well  cul- 
tivated and  productive.  Wantage  township  lies  almost  entirely  on  it, 
and  has  but  13  per  cent,  of  its  area  in  timber.  Frankford  township 
has  27  per  cent.,  and  Hardwick  township  36  per  cent,  of  uncleared 
land,  showing  the  increase  of  waste  land  as  we  proceed  southwest. 
This  is  largely  due  to  glacial  debris,  as  is  also  the  greater  prevalence 
of  lakes  and  ponds  in  this  direction.  But  even  in  the  more  cultivated 
parts  of  the  Kittatinny  valley  the  timber  is  so  disposed  over  the  tops 
and  slopes  of  the  hills  as  to  give  the  impression  of  a country  but  little 
cleared  and  improved  in  any  general  view,  particularly  looking  east, 
as  there  is  rather  more  timber  on  the  western  than  on  the  eastern 
slopes. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  great  valley,  close  to  the  foot  of  the  High- 
land plateaus,  lies  the  second  drainage  axis,  or  sub-valley.  The  Lehigh 
and  Hudson  River  railroad,  from  the  New  York  line  to  Belvidere, 
lies  in  it  throughout.  It  cuts  off  from  the  Highlands  the  gneissic 
masses  of  Pochuck  mountain,  at  the  New  York  line,  and  Jenny  Jump 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


125 


mountain,  near  Belvidere,  leaving  them  standing  out  like  islands  of 
Archaean  rock  in  the  edge  of  the  limestone  valley.  If  we  take  into 
account  the  geological  structure  and  subordinate  the  topographical 
appearances,  we  may  regard  Pochuck  mountain  as  a continuation  of 
Pimple  Hill  ridge  southwest,  said  ridge  having  been  depressed  below 
the  valley  bottom  at  Hamburg.  Likewise  Jenny  Jump  mountain 
may  be  regarded  as  a northeast  continuation  of  Scott’s  mountain;  but 
as  much  of  the  drainage  of  the  Kittatinny  valley  passes  around  to  the 
southeast  and  south  of  this  mass  through  the  valley  of  the  Pequest, 
which  has  much  in  common  with  the  main  valley,  and  Pochuck  moun- 
tain is  so  completely  isolated,  we  prefer  to  regard  Jenny  Jump  and 
Pochuck  mountains  as  detached  masses  standing  out  in  the  great  valley. 

Five  miles  northeast  of  the  New  York  line,  in  Orange  county, 
Kittatinny  valley  has  reached  a width  of  20  miles,  for  at  the  State 
line  the  Highlands  fall  back  suddenly  to  the  southeast  and  Kittatinny 
mountain  not  only  becomes  gradually  depressed,  but  also  keeps  up 
the  general  retreat  to  the  northwest,  which  it  begins  at  Beemerville, 
in  Sussex  county.  The  bottom  of  the  valley  is  here  very  level  for  a 
width  of  nine  miles,  with  no  marked  sub-valleys,  but  going  farther 
northeast  the  ridges  of  slate  again  rise  and  the  sub- valleys  are  marked. 
Starting  from  the  forks  of  the  Wallkill  and  Pochuck  creek,  at  the 
southern  edge  of  this  broad  valley  expanse,  and  passing  up  the 
Pochuck  southward,  we  cross  the  New  Jersey  and  New  York  line  at 
an  elevation  of  392  feet  on  the  Pochuck  meadows,  and  find  ourselves 
cut  off  from  the  great  valley  on  the  west  by  Pochuck  mountain,  which 
began  to  rise  from  the  valley  one  and  one-half  miles  back  and  has 
already  reached  an  elevation  of  1,167  feet,  or  775  feet  above  the  val- 
ley, and  reaches  its  summit  elevation  four  miles  southwest,  at  the 
head  of  Decker  pond,  where  it  is  1,224  feet  above  the  sea.  From 
north  to  east,  however,  all  is  open  to  the  main  valley,  for  Vernon 
valley,  as  this  part  of  the  sub-valley  is  called,  is  funnel-shaped  and  is 
here  still  six  miles  wide.  It  is  a pleasant  and  fertile  limestone  valley, 
with  extensive  meadows  bordering  its  streams,  and  furnishing  much 
good  grazing,  although  they  are  rather  too  wet  for  the  good  of  the 
district.  On  the  southeast  side — for  we  are  gradually  turning  to  the 
southwest  as  we  proceed  up  the  creek — rise  the  steep  slopes  of  the 
Wawayanda  and  Hamburg  mountains.  In  reality,  this  is  only  the 
edge  of  a broad  Highland  plateau.  It  rises  sheer  1,000  feet  above 
the  valley.  On  its  foot-hills,  100  feet  above  the  meadows,  stands  the 


126  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


village  of  Vernon.  Five  miles  from  the  State  line  the  valley  has 
narrowed  to  a mile  in  width,  but  just  beyond,  at  McAfee,  it  begins  to 
spread  again,  opening  out  once  more  to  the  main  valley  as  Pochuck 
mountain  rapidly  subsides  below  the  bottom  of  the  valley.  One  mile 
from  Hamburg  we  pass  over  the  dividing  rim  between  the  Pochuck 
and  Wallkill  drainage  basins,  at  an  elevation  of  493  feet,  and  reach 
the  Wallkill  at  Hamburg,  with  an  elevation  of  405  feet.  This  stream 
comes  out  in  the  Kittatinny  valley,  at  Franklin  Furnace,  from  a small 
valley  in  the  Highlands,  which  might,  as  we  have  observed,  be  con- 
sidered the  head  of  Vernon  valley.  Thence  to  Hamburg  the  Wall- 
kill  falls  128  feet  as  it  crosses  our  sub- valley  diagonally,  and  then  flows 
straight  across  into  the  northwestern  sub-valley,  with  scarcely  enough 
fall  for  ready  flow,  cutting  the  intervening  ridge  completely  through. 

At  Hamburg  begins  a mass  of  drift,  in  hills  and  terraces,  which 
almost  destroys  the  continuity  of  the  sub-valley  line.  The  first  eight 
miles  of  the  valley,  from  the  State  line,  was  drained  by  the  Pochuck. 
The  Wallkill  water-shed  takes  in  seven  and  one-half  miles,  to  just 
south  of  White  lake,  where  we  cross  the  rim  of  the  Paulinskill  basin, 
at  an  elevation  of  620  feet.  We  are  now  on  the  Germany  Flats,  a 
district  of  broad  gravel  terraces,  with  a very  decided  slope  toward  the 
southwest.  It  is  evident  to  the  observer  that  there  are  great  masses 
of  gravel  through  from  here  to  Andover,  and  the  line  of  deep  ponds 
and  sink-holes,  almost  continuous,  furnishes  evidence  of  a buried 
valley.  For  four  miles  from  White  lake  this  sub- valley  is  drained 
by  the  east  branch  of  the  Paulinskill,  which  flows  straight  across  the 
Kittatinny  valley  to  the  northwest  sub-valley,  through  a remarkable 
cross  valley  or  clove,  which  may  well  challenge  the  attention  of  the 
geologist.  Starting  from  the  valley  of  Flatbrook,  near  Layton,  a 
marked  depression  may  be  followed  across  Kittatinny  mountain, 
through  Culver's  gap  to  Branchville,  where  it  is  full  300  feet  deep. 
From  here  it  crosses  by  Lafayette  to  the  southeastern  sub-valley,  at 
Sparta  Junction,  almost  level,  cutting  through  the  intervening  ridges 
with  an  average  depth  of  about  100  feet,  and  proceeds  across  Pimple 
Hill  ridge,  with  a depth  of  400  feet,  cutting  it  down  to  near  the  level 
of  the  valley  at  Sparta,  whence  it  can  be  traced  on  completely  across 
the  Sparta  plateau  to  Milton,  Morris  county,  running  thus  20  miles  at 
right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  ridges  and  the  strike  of  the  rock. 

At  Mulford  Station  we  pass  over  into  the  Pequest  drainage  basin 
at  an  elevation  of  600  feet,  and  from  here  this  stream  follows  the 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


127 


sub-valley  to  its  junction  with  the  Delaware,  at  Belvidere,  at  an 
elevation  of  229  feet.  Through  Germany  Flats  the  sub-valley  is 
something  over  a mile  in  width.  The  slopes  of  the  Highlands  on 
the  southeast  are  gentler  and  more  irregular  than  elsewhere,  rising 
only  from  200  to  400  feet.  The  limestone  knobs  and  slate  ridges 
northwest  do  not  average  more  than  150  feet  above  the  flats.  At 
Long  pond,  near  Andover,  the  valley  is  contracted  to  one-quarter  of 
a mile,  being  almost  filled  by  the  pond ; but  from  here  it  widens 
rapidly,  the  limestone  hills  northwest  gradually  falling  off  to  the 
general  level  of  the  valley,  so  that  between  Johnsonburg  and 
Allamuchy  we  have  a flat  two  and  one-half  miles  wide,  with  some 
scattering  knolls  40  to  80  feet  high.  Here  is  the  beginning  of  the 
Pequest  meadows,  and,  just  as  we  reach  them,  Jenny  Jump  mountain 
springs  from  the  plain  on  the  northwest,  reaching  at  once  an  eleva- 
tion of  1,141  feet  and  narrowing  our  valley  to  an  average  width  of 
two  miles.  For  four  miles  our  sub-valley  is  now  occupied  by  a dead 
level  of  peaty  bog  or  heavily-timbered  swamp,  probably  the  remains 
of  a shallow  lake  held  back  by  a dam  of  drift  at  its  lower  end.  The 
improvement  of  the  outlet,  a few  years  since,  has  so  far  relieved  this 
tract  from  overflow  as  to  render  its  cultivation  very  profitable,  and  a 
few  years  more  will  no  doubt  see  this  great  waste  converted  into 
smiling  fields  and  meadows. 

To  the  southwest  end  of  these  meadows  the  direction  of  the  sub- 
valley has  been  uniformly  south  40°  west,  but  here  the  way  is  com- 
pletely blocked  in  this  direction  by  Mt.  Mohepinoke,  which  rises  to 
an  elevation  of  1,140  feet.  The  valley,  therefore,  offsets  its  whole 
width  to  the  southeast  at  Danville,  and  then  continues  in  the  same 
direction  as  before  for  five  miles,  when  it  turns  due  west  around  the 
south  ends  of  Mohepinoke  and  Jenny  Jump  mountains  to  Belvidere. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  last  sub- valley  is  less  continuous  than  the 
one  occupied  by  the  Paulinskill,  Papakating  and  Wallkill,  and  its 
drainage  often  passes  across  into  that  line  of  lowest  levels  of  the 
valley ; so  we  may  regard  the  northwestern  as  the  main  axis  of  the 
great  valley.  Nevertheless,  when  we  consider  the  higher  levels  only, 
the  tops  of  the  ridges  and  knolls,  we  find  that  the  general  elevation 
of  the  eastern  side  of  Kittatinny  valley  is  lower  than  the  western. 
In  fact,  we  can  trace  another  quite  distinct  longitudinal  line  of  low 
levels  nearly  midway  between  these  two  sub-valleys,  well  separated 
from  the  northwestern  one  by  continuous  slate  ridges,  but  often  so 


128  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


imperfectly  distinguished  from  the  southeastern  sub-valley  as  to  some- 
times make  it  seem  almost  truer  to  regard  them  as  parts  of  one  valley 
or  level  plain  diversified  by  a confused  jumble  of  shapeless  limestone 
knobs.  The  two  principal  sub- valleys  are  from  four  to  five  miles 
apart  across  Sussex  county  and  into  Warren  to  where  Jenny  Jump 
mountain  rises  abruptly  from  the  valley,  but  diverge  from  there, 
reaching  a distance  of  ten  miles  apart,  before  the  Pequest  valley  turns 
westward  to  the  Delaware. 

This  third  line  of  depression  begins  with  the  valley  of  Beaver  run, 
a tributary  of  the  Wallkill,  west  of  Hamburg,  and  for  some  distance 
is  less  than  two  miles  from  the  southeastern  sub-valley.  Beaver  run 
valley  is  narrow,  but  as  we  reach  the  rim  of  the  Paulinskill  water- 
shed, a mile  southwest  of  Harmony  Vale  school-house,  it  spreads  into 
a broad,  flat  valley,  564  feet  above  sea  level,  diversified  by  low  knolls 
and  ridges  from  75  to  100  feet  above  its  general  level.  On  the  south- 
east is  a narrow,  continuous  slate  ridge  rising  from  700  feet  elevation 
opposite  Hamburg  to  800  feet  southeast  of  Lafayette.  On  the  north- 
west we  are  separated  from  the  Papakating  valley,  which  lies  150  feet 
lower,  by  a slate  ridge  more  than  a mile  across,  having  many  summits, 
irregularly  disposed,  and  rising  from  700  to  900  feet  above  tide. 
This  ridge  is  cut  down  to  the  level  of  our  valley  of  Beaver  run  by 
two  gaps,  the  one  near  the  road  from  Monroe  Corners  to  Papakating 
valley,  and  the  other  between  the  two  roads  leading  from  Beaver  run 
into  the  same  valley. 

Proceeding  southwest  to  Lafayette,  we  cross  the  great  cross  clove, 
already  mentioned,  at  an  elevation  of  550  feet,  and  proceeding,  find  our 
valley  filled  with  the  bog  and  brushy  swamp  known  as  the  Paulins- 
kill meadows,  reaching  from  Branchville  Junction  to  Newton,  three 
miles,  with  an  average  width  of  three-quarters  of  a mile.  It  is 
noticeable  that  swamps  occupy  more  than  half  the  length  of  this  line 
of  low  levels  which  we  are  following  across  Sussex  county.  These 
and  the  masses  of  gravel  left  by  the  glacier  have  robbed  Sussex  of 
much  of  what  should  be  her  most  fertile  land,  the  limestone  bottoms 
of  this  and  the  valley  east. 

Where  Newton  lies  up  against  its  northwestern  slope  our  valley 
begins  to  widen.  After  crossing  the  cross  clove,  through  which  the 
east  branch  of  the  Paulinskill  pours  the  waters  of  Germany  Flats, 
at  Branchville  Junction,  the  slate  ridge  southeast  rose  again,  and  oppo- 
site here  it  has  an  elevation  of  over  800  feet  on  some  of  the  highest 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


129 


knobs,  but  as  we  pass  on  from  the  Pauli nskill  to  the  Pequest  drainage 
basin,  with  a maximum  elevation  of  592  feet,  and  reach  Springdale, 
the  Pequest  breaks  across  the  ridge  due  south  to  the  valley  beyond, 
and  the  two  valleys  become  practically  one  from  here  to  the  northeast 
end  of  Jenny  Jump  mountain.  This  area  from  the  crossing  of  the 
Paulinskill  southwest  to  Jenny  Jump  mountain,  about  four  miles 
wide  and  fifteen  miles  long,  including  the  middle  and  southeastern 
sub-valleys,  is  best  treated  of  as  a whole.  It  is  almost  entirely  on 
the  limestone,  and,  while  it  has  many  very  fertile  farms  scattered  in 
among  the  craggy  limestone  knobs  in  the  hollows,  it  embraces  much 
waste  land  in  its  swamps  and  on  its  bare  ledges  of  rock.  At  the 
northeast  it  has  30  per  cent,  of  its  area  in  forest  and  the  southwest 
portion  has  20  per  cent.,  but  the  timber  is  so  disposed  over  the  hills 
as  to  appear  to  cover  more  than  this. 

Just  northwest  of  Springdale,  at  the  west  side  of  this  valley,  lie 
the  famous  Muckshaw  and  the  cavern  known  as  the  DeviPs  hole,  of 
revolutionary  fame.  Southwest  of  Springdale  we  can  still  readily 
follow  the  line  of  low  levels,  nowhere  rising  above  600  feet,  passing 
just  east  of  the  village  of  Johnsonburg,  which  nestles  in  a depression 
in  the  side  of  the  slate  ridge  northwest,  and  just  beyond  striking 
Glover’s  pond,  the  source  of  the  eastern  branch  of  Beaver  brook. 
We  now  pass  into  a well-defined  valley  to  the  west  of  Jenny  Jump 
mountain,  which  for  nine  miles  onward  rears  its  steep  slopes  from 
600  to  700  feet  above  forming  a marked  feature  of  the  landscape  of 
this  region.  Reaching  the  quaint  and  attractive  village  of  Hope, 
with  its  Moravian  traditions  and  peaceful,  rural  aspect,  we  are  met 
by  Beaver  brook  which  issues  here  from  a small  side  valley  which  it 
has  worked  out  for  itself  in  the  slate  hills  northwest.  The  valley 
bottom  is  here  400  feet  above  tide,  and  the  hills  on  its  northwest  side 
range  from  550  to  650  feet.  It  possesses  the  same  general  character 
to  where  the  Pequest  comes  in  from  the  east,  two  miles  northeast  of 
Belvidere,  where  a much  larger  valley  opens  out  and  continues  south- 
west to  Allentown,  Pennsylvania. 

Between  this  line  of  low  levels  last  traced  and  the  Paulinskill, 
there  lies  a very  rolling  slate  plateau  with  some  tendency  to  a ridge 
structure.  Back  of  Newton,  and  also  back  of  Johnsonburg,  it  is  but 
two  miles  wide,  expanding  to  three  miles  between  these  points.  South- 
west, near  the  Delaware,  it  is  five  miles  in  width.  Northeast  of  John- 
sonburg, where  it  is  depressed  to  700  feet,  its  summits  rise  from  850 


i 


130  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


to  950  feet  above  tide,  and  there  is  a remarkable  uniformity  in  the 
elevation  of  its  passes,  several  of  which  are  760  feet.  Southwest, 
from  Johnsonburg  to  the  Delaware,  its  higher  elevations  range  from 
700  to  800  feet.  This  is  as  fully  improved  as  any  part  of  the  Kitta- 
tinny  valley,  only  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of  the  area  being  unculti- 
vated. 

The  Delaware  comes  through  the  Water  Gap  with  an  elevation  of 
280  feet,  and  passes  straight  across  Kittatinny  valley  with  an  average 
fall  of  4J  feet  per  mile  through  a clove  or  cailon  from  three  to  four 
hundred  feet  deep,  and  with  a bottom  width  of  about  one-third  of  a 
mile.  At  Manunka  Chunk  it  turns  abruptly,  and  follows  the  trend 
of  the  valley  southwest  toward  Easton.  At  this  crossing  of  the 
Delaware  there  is  a marked  change  in  the  topography  of  Kittatinny 
valley.  From  here  to  the  Hudson  the  main  drainage  is  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  valley,  and  there  are  two  or  more  sub- valleys,  as  described, 
but  to  the  southwest  we  have  but  a single  drainage  axis.  From  the 
junction  of  the  valleys  of  Beaver  brook  and  the  Pequest,  at  Belvidere, 
a broad  limestone  valley,  about  three  miles  wide,  opens  out  and 
broadens  as  we  proceed  southwest.  Easton,  Bethlehem  and  Allen- 
town, in  Pennsylvania,  are  at  its  southeastern  side  and  Nazareth  at  its 
northwestern,  its  width  here  being  seven  miles.  Continuing  its  gen- 
eral course  south  60°  west,  but  narrowing  somewhat,  it  strikes  the 
Schuylkill  river  about  six  miles  north  of  Reading.  It  will  be  recol- 
lected that  at  Belvidere  we  pass  the  southern  limit  of  the  great  ice  sheet, 
hence  this  valley  has  escaped  its  eroding  action,  and  in  place  of  the 
rough  rock  ledges,  gravel  and  swamps  of  the  more  northern  lime- 
stone, we  have  here  gently  sloping,  well-soiled  knolls  and  clean,  fertile 
hollows.  The  general  elevation  ranges  from  400  to  500  feet.  The 
East  Pennsylvania  railroad  passes  over  from  the  Lehigh  river  to  the 
Schuylkill  with  a maximum  elevation  of  less  than  500  feet.  This 
broad  limestone  valley  lies  at  the  extreme  southeast  side  of  the  Kitta- 
tinny valley  at  the  foot  of  the  Highlands.  At  Belvidere,  Scott’s 
mountain  rises  900  feet  above  on  the  southeast,  but  rapidly  falls  off 
and  disappears  below  the  valley  at  Easton.  The  continuation  of  the 
Highlands,  from  the  Delaware  to  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  nowhere 
rises  more  than  700  feet  above  the  valley  level,  and  usually  not  more 
than  500  feet.  On  the  northwest,  slate  hills  ascend  back  to  the  foot 
of  the  Kittatinny  escarpment  in  an  almost  continuous  slope,  rising 
to  the  same  general  elevation  as  the  foot-hills  in  New  Jersey.  Their 
drainage  is  all  southeast,  directly  toward  the  single  line  of  low  level. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


131 


The  Delaware  follows  the  middle  of  the  limestone  valley  from 
Belvidere  to  two  miles  below  Martin’s  Creek,  then  turns  southward, 
reaching  the  southeastern  side  at  Easton,  where  it  is  joined  by  the 
Lehigh.  The  elevation  of  the  river  being  229  feet  at  Belvidere  and 
156  feet  at  Easton,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  lies  from  two  to  three  hun- 
dred feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  valley.  In  the  18 J miles 
from  Manunka  Chunk  to  Easton  it  falls  93  feet,  12  of  which  is 
at  Foul  rift,  where  for  half  a mile  the  river  plunges  down  over  a 
limestone  reef.  The  remaining  fall  is  uniformly  distributed,  averag- 
ing 4J  feet  per  mile.  The  Lehigh  comes  through  Kittatinny  moun- 
tain at  Lehigh  gap,  with  an  elevation  of  390  feet,  and  runs  southeast 
16  miles  across  the  Kittatinny  valley  to  Allentown,  where  its  eleva- 
tion is  250  feet.  Here  it  turns  northeast  and  follows  the  eastern  side 
of  the  sub-valley  to  Easton,  14  miles.  Nearly  30  miles  of  the  main 
axis  of  Kittatinny  valley,  from  Belvidere  to  Allentown,  is  thus  occu- 
pied by  these  two  streams,  which  are  forced  to  follow  its  trend  until 
the  depression  of  the  Highlands  southeast  allows  their  waters  to  break 
through  and  proceed  seaward.  The  drainage  of  70  miles  of  this  val- 
ley finds  its  outlet  at  Easton.  At  this  point,  Scott’s  mountain  having 
fallen  off  about  four  miles  northeast,  a broad  expanse  of  rolling  plain, 
at  the  same  general  elevation  as  the  bottom  of  the  great  valley,  ex- 
tends eastward,  connecting  that  valley  and  the  fertile  Pohatcong  valley, 
lying  to  the  southeast  and  extending  northeasterly  18  miles  up  into 
the  Highlands  of  Warren  county.  This  valley  is  opposite  here  but 
imperfectly  separated  from  the  larger  parallel  valley  of  the  Muscon- 
etcong,  lying  three  miles  southeast  and  reaching  northeast  35  miles 
into  the  very  heart  of  the  Highland  region.  These  two  beautiful 
and  fertile  valleys  are  physically  similar  to  the  Kittatinny  valley. 

The  Kittatinny  valley  region  crosses  Sussex  county  a little  north- 
west of  its  middle  line,  occupying  all  of  the  townships  of  Wantage, 
Frankford,  Lafayette,  Hampton,  Newton  and  Stillwater;  all  of  Green 
excepting  a narrow  strip  on  the  southeast;  the  northwestern  halves  of 
Vernon,  Hardiston  and  Andover  and  a little  of  the  northwestern 
portion  of  Sparta.  In  Warren  county  Hardwick,  Frelinghuysen, 
Blairstown  and  Knowlton  lie  entirely  in  the  valley,  and  Allamuchy, 
Independence,  Hope,  Oxford  and  Harmony  partially ; while  Lopat- 
cong,  Greenwich  and  Pohatcong  are  almost  entirely  on  the  plain 
which  puts  into  the  Highlands  east  of  Phillipsburg  and  Easton.  The 
lower  levels  of  the  valley  are  mainly  on  the  limestone.  The  por- 


132  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


tion  of  this  included  in  the  last  four  townships  above  named,  having 
escaped  the  ice  field,  presents  a smooth,  well-soiled  surface,  well  adapted 
to  the  raising  of  grain.  It  is  almost  destitute  of  timber.  Its  fertility 
is  attested  by  the  substantial  character  of  its  buildings  and  other  im- 
provements. Northeast  of  Belvidere  the  limestone  is  much  eroded 
and  the  harder  portions  stand  up  in  craggy  ledges,  between  which  is 
often  lodged  gravel  and  other  debris.  Nevertheless,  nestling  in 
among  these  hills  are  many  excellent  farms,  and  to  compensate  for  the 
untillable  portions  we  have  those  beautiful  limestone  bottoms  with 
their  permanent  meadows  of  rich,  sweet  grasses,  which  have  given 
the  Kittatinny  valley  in  Warren  and  Sussex  counties,  and  in  Orange 
and  Ulster  counties,  New  York,  a national  reputation  for  the  quantity 
and  excellence  of  its  dairy  products.  It  is  these  which  enable  Sus- 
sex to  produce  more  than  one-quarter  of  the  total  milk  yield  of  the 
State,  and  to  make  on  her  farms  within  two  per  cent,  of  as  much 
butter  as  Orange  county  herself.* 

The  higher  slate  lands  are  devoted  to  ordinary  farming.  Indian 
corn,  oats,  rye  and  buckwheat  are  the  staple  crops,  but  little  wheat 
being  grown.  When  in  bloom  in  the  late  summer  the  white  buck- 
wheat fields  scattered  over  the  hills  are  a prominent  feature  of  the 
landscape.  The  forests  cover  from  10  to  13  per  cent,  of  Wantage, 
Lafayette  and  Newton  townships ; from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  Frank- 
ford,  Hampton,  Stillwater,  Green,  Frelinghuysen,  Knowlton  and  Hope, 
and  from  28  to  35  per  cent,  of  Blairstown  and  Hardwick.  For  the 
whole  valley  the  average  is  22  per  cent. 

THE  HIGHLANDS. 

This  region  lies  to  the  southeast  of  Kittatinny  valley,  and  occupies 
an  area  of  over  800  square  miles.  Excluding  the  isolated  masses  of 
Jenny  Jump  and  Pochuck  mountains,  which  are,  however,  essentially 
a part  of  the  Highlands,  these  mountains  enter  the  State  from  New 
York  with  a width  of  eighteen  miles,  which  is  maintained  for  thirty- 
six  miles  southwesterly,  the  general  trend  being  south  40°  west.  At 
this  distance  Mine  mountain  falls  off  to  the  plain  at  Peapack,  and  the 
eastern  face  of  the  Highlands  retreats  abruptly,  the  total  width  being 
reduced  to  thirteen  miles.  At  the  line  of  the  Central  Railroad  of 

* This  refers  to  butter  made  on  farms  and  not  in  large  creameries.  See  Census  of 
1880,  Statistics  of  Agriculture. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


133 


New  Jersey  there  is  another  abrupt  retreat  of  the  eastern  face,  and 
from  this  point  southwest  the  region  is  much  depressed. 

Next  to  the  Kittatinny  valley  the  Highlands  rise  to  from  1 ,400  to 
nearly  1,500  feet,  near  Vernon,  and  from  1,000  to  1,200  feet  south- 
west, rising  generally  from  600  to  1,000  feet  above  the  valley.  At  their 
southeastern  edge  the  elevations  near  the  New  York  line  rise  to  nearly 
1,200  feet,  but  decrease  southwest  to  less  than  1,000  feet.  This  edge  is, 
in  places,  depressed  to  the  level  of  the  plain  southeast,  but  generally  it 
rises  from  500  to  600  feet  above.  Before  being  cut  through  by  the 
Delaware  at  the  southwest,  the  whole  region  has  become  depressed 
below  600  feet.  Broadly,  therefore,  the  culminating  point  of  the 
region  in  New  Jersey  is  the  great  plateau  in  Vernon  township,  Sussex 
county,  and  West  Milford  township,  Passaic  county,  the  summit  of 
which  is  1,496  feet  above  the  sea.  Thence  the  region  descends  south- 
easterly and  southwesterly.  This  plateau  is  as  elevated  as  any  of  the 
Highlands  west  of  the  Hudson  river.  Between  the  Hudson  and  the 
New  York  line  the  elevations  range  about  the  same  as  in  New  Jersey, 
northeast  of  Dover.  Where  the  Hudson  cuts  through  to  their  base, 
the  Highlands  do  not  exceed  11  miles  in  width.  In  Pennsylvania 
an  irregular  line  of  hills  continues  southwest  over  40  miles  to  near 
Reading,  where  it  finally  disappears  beneath  the  plain,  leaving  the 
Kittatinny  valley  for  some  distance  open  to  seaward.  These  hills  rise 
gradually  from  the  Delaware,  finally  reaching  above  1,200  feet  in 
Berks  county. 

The  foot  of  the  southeastern  slope  of  the  Highlands  may  be 
outlined  here.  This  slope  is  prominent  throughout,  usually  rising 
rather  abruptly  from  the  plain.  Beginning  at  Tompkins7  cove,  on 
the  Hudson,  it  crosses  Rockland  county  southwest  to  Suffer n,  where 
it  enters  New  Jersey  and  proceeds  in  a direct  line  west  of  Pompton 
by  Boonton,  which  lies  upon  the  slope,  to  Morristown  and  on  beyond 
Bernardsville  to  the  north  branch  of  the  Raritan.  Here  it  suddenly 
falls  back  northwest  five  miles,  then  proceeds  southwest  to  Lebanon. 
Here  is  another  sudden  retreat  of  five  miles,  and  then  we  proceed  on 
a course  a little  more  westerly  than  before,  to  the  Delaware.  The 
Highland  district  includes  a strip  six  or  seven  miles  wide  at  the 
southeastern  side  of  Sussex  and  Warren  counties,  West  Milford  and 
Pompton  townships,  Passaic  county,  all  of  Morris  county  excepting 
the  Passaic  valley  southeast  of  Boonton  and  Morristown,  and  the 
northern  part  of  Hunterdon  county. 


134  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


The  terminal  moraine  follows  closely  a line  drawn  across  the 
district  diagonally  from  Boonton  to  Belvidere.  North  of  this  the 
country  is  mostly  a wilderness.  The  cleared  land  is  almost  all 
confined  to  the  valleys,  and  fully  90  per  cent,  of  the  higher  portions 
is  in  forest,  the  average  for  the  whole  area  being  about  75  per  cent. 
The  hills  have  many  bare  ledges  of  rock,  and  are  thinly  soiled,  their 
slopes  being  strewn  with  boulders.  The  valleys  are  often  covered 
with  drift  gravel.  Many  beautiful  lakes  and  ponds  are  found,  of 
which  the  largest  is  Lake  Hopatcong,  about  six  and  one-half  miles 
in  length,  and  having  extremely  irregular  and  picturesque  shore  lines. 
Its  surface  is  926  feet  above  tide,  and  it  covers  an  area  of  2,443 
acres.  It  is  accessible  by  railroad,  and  is  becoming  popular  as  a 
place  of  summer  residence.  The  next  in  size  is  Greenwood  lake, 
lying  partly  in  New  York.  It  is  six  miles  long  by  over  half  a mile 
broad,  being  of  uniform  width  throughout.  Its  area  is  1,920  acres, 
and  its  surface  is  621  feet  above  the  sea.  Lying  in  a deep,  narrow 
valley,  with  mountains  rising  sheer  700  feet  above  it  on  either  side, 
and  being  reflected  in  its  clear  waters,  this  lake  has  attractions  for 
numbers  who  yearly  frequent  it.  Budd’s  lake,  Green  pond,  Macopin 
lake  and  Wawayanda  lake  are  all  more  or  less  known  as  summer 
resorts,  but  data  as  to  these  will  be  given  elsewhere.  It  is  needless  to 
enumerate  more  of  them  or  to  point  out  their  attractions,  for  a High- 
land lake  implies  a charming  landscape. 

The  same  cause  which  produced  these  beautiful  lakes  has  scattered 
over  hill  and  dale  in  this  region  numberless  swamps,  large  and  small. 
Those  toward  the  north  are  distinguished  by  a growth  of  rhododen- 
dron, and  are  dark  and  almost  impenetrable.  The  whole  aspect 
of  this  part  of  the  Highlands  is  dark  and  wild,  excepting  where  here 
and  there  a cultivated  valley  introduces  an  element  of  quieter  beauty, 
or  a mountain  lake  sends  from  its  mirror-like  expanse  a brightening 
gleam. 

Southwest  of  the  moraine  line,  where  the  country  has  escaped  the 
denuding  ice  sheet,  the  appearance  is  different.  Not  a single  natural 
lake  occurs,  nor  even  a swamp,  excepting  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  moraine,  where  it  has  choked  up  valleys  and  forced  the  drain- 
age back  southward.  Bare  rock  ledges  are  extremely  scarce,  the  hills 
being  well  soiled  and  cultivated  right  across  their  summits.  Timber 
covers  but  a little  over  30  per  cent,  of  the  area,  excepting  in  Ran- 
dolph township,  Morris  county,  where  it  rises  to  43  per  cent.  It  is 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


135 


largely  on  slopes  which  are  too  steep  for  cultivation.  The  valleys 
here  are  fertile,  and,  for  quiet,  tranquil  beauty,  cannot  be  surpassed. 

Taking  up  the  structure  of  this  Highland  region  more  in  detail, 
we  find  that  it  may  be  readily  separated  into  four  more  or  less  distinct 
ranges.  These  are  parallel,  but  not  co-extensive.  The  trend  of  the 
Highlands,  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware,  is  south  52°  west, 
while  these  separate  ridges  trend  south  40°  west.  Hence  they  stand 
en  echelon , rising  successively  from  Kittatinny  valley,  $nd  running 
diagonally  through  to  the  southeast  face  of  the  Highlands,  where  they 
fall  beneath  the  plain.  By  following  any  of  the  intervening  valleys, 
we  may  pass  through  from  Kittatinny  valley  to  the  plain  southeast. 

HUDSON  RANGE. 

The  first  of  these  ridges  rising  beyond  the  Hudson  is  cut  completely 
across  to  its  base  by  that  stream  between  Cornwall  and  Peekskill,  and 
forms  the  famous  Highlands  of  the  Hudson.  Thence  it  runs  south- 
west as  a broad  and  rolling  plateau,  reaching  an  elevation  of  1,490 
feet  just  east  of  Turner’s,  on  the  Erie  railroad,  where  it  has  a width 
of  six  miles.  Continuing  southwest,  it  maintains  an  elevation  of  over 
1,000  feet  to  where  it  is  again  cut  completely  through  from  north  to 
south  by  the  deep  clove  of  the  Ramapo  river.  This  stream  enters 
from  the  valley  west  with  an  elevation  of  450  feet,  and  issues  from 
the  east  face  of  the  range,  at  Suffern,  with  an  elevation  of  270  feet 
above  tide.  Taking  advantage  of  this  clove,  the  New  York,  Lake 
Erie  and  Western  railroad  finds  its  way  through  the  Highlands  and 
into  Kittatinny  valley,  without  rising  above  608  feet  in  elevation. 

Southwest  of  the  Ramapo  the  eastern  edge  of  the  range  immedi- 
ately rises  to  1,171  feet  just  south  of  the  New  Jersey  and  New  York 
line.  This  end  of  the  range  is  known  as  Ramapo  mountain.  Cross- 
ing the  State  line  as  a ridge  four  or  five  miles  broad,  it  rapidly  nar- 
rows and  gradually  descends,  falling  off  near  Pompton,  ten  miles 
southwest.  It  is  a wilderness,  too  rocky  and  steep  for  cultivation. 

WANAQUE  VALLEY. 

The  valley  west  of  this  range  enters  from  Kittatinny  valley  at 
Turner’s,  and  is  occupied  by  the  Ramapo  river  for  six  miles  south- 
west to  the  head  of  the  clove  below  Southfield  ; thence  we  follow  up 


136  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


southwest  to  Tuxedo  lake,  a picturesque  sheet  of  water  which  here 
fills  the  valley  for  nearly  two  miles.  Just  beyond  the  head  of  this  lake, 
we  reach  the  headwaters  of  Ringwood  creek,  at  an  elevation  of  560 
feet.  This  stream  flows  down  southwest,  through  this  narrow 
valley,  into  New  Jersey  to  Ringwood,  where  the  valley  widens,  and 
is  but  360  feet  above  tide.  At  Board ville,  just  below,  the  Wanaque 
river  enters  from  the  northwest,  and  flows  southerly  through  a 
portion  of  our  valley,  issuing  from  the  southeastern  face  of  the  High- 
lands at  Pompton,  at  an  elevation  of  but  200  feet.  The  attractive 
scenery  of  the  Wanaque  valley  is  well  known  to  patrons  of  the  New 
York  and  Greenwood  Lake  railroad ; its  general  course  is  south  9° 
west,  but  the  remainder  of  the  valley,  from  Turner’s  through  to 
Boardville,  is  remarkably  straight,  and  has  a course  south  29°  west. 

PASSAIC  RANGE. 

The  next  range  rises  southwest  of  Monroe  and  Turner’s,  New  York, 
from  the  Kittatinny  valley,  which  has  here  an  elevation  of  from  600 
to  700  feet.  It  soon  reaches  its  maximum  elevation,  at  a point  one 
and  one-half  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Bashan  lake,  where  it  is  1,333 
feet  above  the  sea.  It  continues  southwest  across  the  State  line,  keep- 
ing above  1,200  feet,  Beech  mountain,  two  miles  southeast  of  Green- 
wood lake,  and  on  the  State  line,  being  1,227  feet.  This  part  of  the 
range  is  four  miles  wide.  At  its  west  side  is  a high,  continuous  ridge, 
with  the  elevations  above  noted.  Its  middle  part  is  depressed  to  from 
750  to  900  feet,  and  in  this  depression  lie  Sterling  and  Mt.  Bashan 
lakes.  At  the  east  side  of  the  range  is  a line  of  hills  rising  from 
1,000  to  1,263  feet,  but  as  the  whole  drainage  from  the  high  ridge 
west  passes  straight  across  southeast,  through  deep  ravines,  to  the 
valley,  these  hills  are  not  continuous.  The  Sterling  iron  mines  lie  in 
the  central  depression,  two  to  three  miles  northeast  of  the  State  line, 
while  the  famous  Ringwood  mines  lie  in  its  southeast  edge  in  New 
Jersey. 

Greenwood  lake  lies  in  the  valley  at  the  northwest  of  this  range  at 
an  elevation  of  621  feet  and  pours  its  waters  through  a deep  clove 
straight  across  to  the  Wanaque  valley,  at  Boardville.  At  Hewitt, 
right  in  the  heart  of  the  range,  the  river  is  only  400  feet  above  tide. 

As  we  pass  onward  southwest  over  the  portion  of  the  Passaic  range 
lying  in  West  Milford  and  Pompton  townships,  Passaic  county,  we 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


137 


find  that  it  widens  and  is  seven  miles  across  at  the  Pequannock  river. 
The  highest  point  of  this  section  of  the  range  is  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  north  of  where  the  road  from  Bloomingdale  to  West  Milford 
crosses  Post’s  brook.  It  is  1,242  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  extreme 
northwest  the  narrow,  continuous  ridge  of  Kanouse  mountain  rises 
above  the  valley.  Beginning  at  West  Milford,  with  au  elevation  of 
about  800  feet,  it  runs  southwest,  then  bends  around  to  due  south, 
and  reaches  an  elevation  of  1,195  feet  near  the  Pequannock.  At  its 
eastern  side  lies  Macopin*  lake,  at  an  elevation  of  893  feet. 

Here  about  Macopin  the  country  is  rolling  and  nearly  half  cleared. 
It  lies  at  an  elevation  of  from  1,000  to  1,150  feet.  As  we  proceed 
eastward,  however,  the  ravines  deepen,  while  the  general  mass  retains 
its  elevation  and  becomes  separated  into  steep,  rocky  knobs,  with  little 
regularity  of  arrangement,  although  there  is  some  tendency  to  a ridge 
structure,  the  ridges  having  a north  and  south  course  instead  of  the 
usual  northeast  and  southwest  trend.  It  is  particularly  noticeable 
that  the  water-courses  of  this  region  all  run  north  and  south  or  east 
and  west.  Not  more  than  20  per  cent,  of  this  area  is  cleared,  the 
remainder  being  covered  with  a close  growth  of  chestnut  timber. 
The  slopes  are  steep,  and  covered  with  loose  rocks.  Winbeam  moun- 
tain is  a marked  feature  of  the  landscape  of  Wanaque  valley  and 
Pompton  plains.  It  stands  well  out  from  the  eastern  edge  of  this 
Passaic  range,  and  rises  in  a long,  steep,  wooded  slope  800  feet  above 
the  valley.  While  it  appears  high,  its  elevation  is  but  1,026  feet, 
while  two  or  three  miles  southwest  the  mountains  rise  to  1,218  feet. 

The  Pequannock  river  leaves  the  valley  at  Newfoundland  with  an 
elevation  of  750  feet,  and  passing  through  Kanouse  mountain,  in  a 
narrow  gap  400  feet  deep,  makes  a detour  a mile  south  of  its  general 
course,  to  Charlottesburg,  in  the  small  valley  beyond.  Then  it  pro- 
ceeds in  a narrow,  winding  clove  south  70°  east,  through  the  moun- 
tains to  Pompton.  This  notable  clove  is  from  400  to  500  feet  deep, 
and  seven  miles  long.  It  cuts  this  Passaic  range  completely  across, 
and  marks  a decided  change  in  structure.  Southwest  from  here  to 
the  Rockaway,  12  miles  distant,  there  is  a more  developed  ridge 
structure  than  elsewhere  in  the  Highland  region.  First,  on  the 
northwest  are  the  long,  level-crested  ridges  of  Green  pond  and  Cop- 

*It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  lake,  which  is  beginning  to  attract  well-deserved 
attention,  may  be  allowed  to  retain  its  ancient  characteristic  name  and  not  lose  its 
individuality  under  the  later  name  now  in  use. 


138  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


peras  mountains,  rising  600  feet  above  the  valleys,  parallel,  with  their 
crests  from  half  to  three-quarters  of  a mile  apart,  and  from  1,200  to 
1,300  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  small  valley  between  them  lies 
Green  pond,  a clear  and  beautiful  sheet  of  water  two  and  one-half 
miles  long  and  three-eighths  of  a mile  wide.  A mass  of  gravel  has 
filled  this  valley  at  the  northeast  end  of  the  pond,  and  the  water, 
which  formerly  found  its  outlet  in  this  direction,  has  been  held  back 
and  forced  over  the  rock-divide  into  the  basin  of  the  Rockaway. 
This  is  the  way  in  which  this  beautiful  lake  has  been  made.  The 
surface  is  1,048  feet  above  the  sea.  These  ridges  are  completely 
separated  from  the  main  range  to  the  southeast  by  a broad  valley  run- 
ning from  the  Pequannock  river,  at  Charlottesburg,  through  to  and 
beyond  the  Rockaway,  opening  out  into  the  broad  Succasunna  plains. 
This  valley  has  been  recently  occupied  by  the  Morris  County  railroad. 
The  highest  point  of  its  drainage  axis,  on  the  rim  of  the  Pequannock 
and  Rockaway  water-sheds,  at  Green  Pond  mines,  is  910  feet  in 
elevation.  Denmark  and  Middle  Forge  ponds,  which  lie  in  it,  are 
artificial  ponds  originally  used  in  operating  forges.  This  valley  is 
but  little  cultivated,  being  largely  filled  with  glacial  debris  and 
swamps.  The  ridges  northwest  are  wholly  uncultivated,  being  steep 
and  rocky.  The  valley  trends  south  50°  west,'  the  ridges  rather 
nearer  the  meridian. 

Next  southeast  is  a belt  from  two  to  three  miles  wide,  of  irregu- 
lar hills,  barren,  rocky  and  wooded,  with  valleys  700  or  800  feet  and 
the  hills  from  1,050  to  1,150  feet  above  the  sea.  In  this  region  are 
the  famous  Mt.  Hope  and  Hibernia  iron  mines.  Proceeding  south- 
east, we  have,  east  of  Splitrock  pond,  a series  of  parallel  ridges, 
with  a height  of  from  200  to  300  feet  above  the  narrow  intervening 
valleys,  and  a base  breadth  usually  not  exceeding  half  a mile. 
There  is  a general  decrease  of  elevation  in  this  direction,  and  the 
edge  of  the  Highlands  immediately  overlooking  the  valley  at  Pomp- 
ton  and  Boonton,  ranges  from  850  to  950  feet  in  elevation.  This 
portion  of  the  Passaic  range  lying  between  the  Pequannock  and 
Rockaway  rivers,  in  the  townships  of  Pequannock,  Montville, 
Boonton  and  Rockaway,  Morris  county,  is  generally  uncultivated, 
the  hills  being  thinly  soiled  and  the  valleys  narrow,  rough  and 
drift-strewn.  More  than  70  per  cent,  of  its  area  remains  in  timber. 

Between  Rockaway  and  Boonton,  we  have  three  well- developed 
valleys  traversing  the  range  longitudinally  from  northeast  to  south- 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


139 


west.  First,  the  valley  of  Beaver  brook  heads  abruptly  at  Meriden, 
and  runs  thence  southwest  by  Rockaway  to  Millbrook,  about  eight 
miles  distant,  where  it  ends  abruptly  again  in  the  hills.  It  has  a very 
level  bottom  at  an  elevation  of  about  540  feet,  and  the  hills  rise  from 
300  to  500  feet  above  it.  A little  over  a mile  southeast,  the  valley 
of  Denbrook,  heading  southwest  at  Mt.  Freedom,  has  an  elevation  of 
720  feet  one  mile  northeast,  and  falls  to  520  feet  at  Cranberry  pond, 
seven  miles  further  on.  Here  it  loses  its  valley  character,  but  a line 
of  depression  may  be  followed  northeast  in  the  same  direction  to 
Buck  mountain,  four  miles  farther.  About  a mile  southeast  a third 
parallel  valley  runs  from  Denville  northeast  to  the  site  of  the  old 
Decker  forge,  seven  miles,  with  an  elevation  of  500  feet ; and  thence 
two  lines  of  depression,  one  to  the  northwest  and  the  other  to 
the  southeast  of  Rock  Pear  and  Kakeout  mountains,  may  be  followed 
through  to  the  Pequannock  without  rising  much  above  700  feet 
elevation.  The  southwest  part  of  this  valley,  known  as  Rockaway 
valley,  has  a width  of  about  half  a mile.  The  Rockaway  river 
entering  from  the  northwest,  west  of  Port  Oram,  with  an  elevation 
of  680  feet,  cuts  across  the  northwestern  half  of  the  Passaic  range 
five  miles,  to  the  valley  of  Beaver  brook,  which  it  enters  two  miles 
east  of  Dover  and  follows  two  miles  northeast  to  Rockaway.  Here 
it  passes  east  through  broad  depressions  in  the  ridges  intervening 
between  this  valley  and  Rockaway  valley,  entering  the  latter  at 
Denville  and  following  it  northeast  three  miles  to  Powerville,  where 
it  turns  again  southeast,  having  still  an  elevation  of  nearly  500  feet, 
and  passes  out  of  the  Highlands  to  the  plain  below,  falling  250  feet 
in  one  and  one-half  miles  at  Boonton.  The  general  course  of  the 
Rockaway  in  crossing  the  Passaic  range  is  eastward.  It  does  not 
cross  through  a continuous  clove,  as  did  the  Pequannock,  but  follows 
the  minor  valleys  until  a depression  occurs  in  the  ridge  southeast, 
then  passes  through  to  another  valley.  The  depression  by  which  it 
crosses  is  made  use  of  by  the  Morris  canal,  the  Delaware,  Lacka- 
wanna and  Western  railroad  and  the  High  Bridge  branch  of  the 
Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  in  crossing  the  Highlands.  It  is 
thus  one  of  the  main  highways  of  travel  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 

Southwest,  the  hills  speedily  regain  their  elevation,  reaching  a 
maximum  of  1,122  feet  one  mile  north  of  Mt.  Freedom,  with  a 
width  of  about  seven  miles.  The  range  narrows  rapidly  to  three 
miles  between  Mendham  and  Ironia,  and  this  width  is  carried  through 


140  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


to  the  end  of  the  Passaic  range  at  High  Bridge,  the  elevations  ranging 
from  800  to  1,000  feet.  This  region  is  a hilly  plateau,  with  about  40 
per  cent,  of  its  area  uncultivated.  Running  through  from  Ironia 
southwest  to  Califon,  the  narrow  valley  occupied  by  Black  river  and 
Tanner’s  brook,  having  a maximum  elevation  of  840  feet  three  miles 
from  its  southwest  end,  cuts  a narrow  ridge  olf  the  border  of  the  range 
next  to  German  valley.  Black  river  enters  this  sub-valley  from  Suc- 
casunna  plains  at  Ironia,  with  an  elevation  of  700  feet,  and  follows  it 
six  miles  southwest,  through  a swamp  which  occupies  the  whole  valley, 
to  Chester  Furnace.  Here  it  enters  another  of  those  remarkable 
north  and  south  cloves  peculiar  to  the  southeastern  half  of  the  High- 
land region,  and  passes  through  the  range  to  the  plain  at  Pottersville, 
falling  90  feet  to  the  mile. 

Passing  westward  into  the  Highland  region  from  Morristown  by 
the  valley  of  the  Whippany,  we  follow  along  the  base  of  the  hills 
above  described,  crossing  from  the  Whippany  to  the  Raritan  water- 
shed near  Mendham,  at  an  elevation  of  560  feet,  and  then  descend  to 
the  plain  again  at  Peapack.  This  valley  cuts  off  a triangular  mass 
of  hills,  having  its  vertex  at  Morristown,  reaching  a width  of  four 
miles  and  a maximum  elevation  of  857  feet  between  Mendham  and 
Bernardsville,  and  dropping  off  suddenly  to  the  plain  at  Peapack. 
This  is  known  as  Mine  mountain.  It  is  similar  physically  to  the 
range  northwest.  The  north  branch  of  the  Raritan  flows  from  north 
to  south  through  a clove  400  feet  deep  across  its  west  corner.  Mend- 
ham village  is  beautifully  situated  in  the  valley  north,  and  is  known 
as  a healthful  and  quiet  retreat  to  a limited  number  of  patrons. 

THE  GERMAN-LONGWOOD  VALLEY. 

The  most  important  valley  of  the  Highlands  is  to  the  northwest 
of  the  range  of  hills  just  described.  It  is  not  only  remarkable  for 
its  continuity,  but  also  for  dividing  the  Highlands  into  two  parts, 
differing  noticeably  in  structure.  Leaving  Kittatinny  valley  from 
the  southeastern  corner  of  Chester  township,  Orange  county,  New 
York,  we  ascend  first  the  valley  of  Trout  run  three  miles,  when  we 
pass  over  into  the  Greenwood  lake  water-shed,  at  an  elevation  of  780 
feet.  Thirteen  miles  of  the  valley  is  drained  into  Greenwood  lake, 
the  lake  itself  filling  the  valley  for  six  miles,  three  miles  in  New 
York  and  three  in  New  Jersey,  with  a surface  elevation  of  621  feet. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


141 


This  portion  of  the  valley  trends  south  35°  west.  It  has  the  rocky 
face  of  Bearfort  mountain  rising  700  feet  above  it.  on  the  northwest. 
On  the  southeast  the  hills  vary  in  height  from  700  feet  at  the 
head  of  Greenwood  lake  to  about  200  feet  beyond  its  foot.  The 
bottom  of  the  valley  is  under  cultivation,  and  this,  with  the  hills 
immediately  at  the  southeast  about  Macopin,  contains  most  of  the 
productive  land  of  West  Milford  township.  Slate  rock  underlies  the 
valley  but  is  frequently  covered  by  sandy  or  gravelly  drift  soils. 

Three  miles  southwest  of  the  hamlet  of  West  Milford  we  pass  the 
rim  of  the  Pequannock  water- shed  at  an  elevation  of  837  feet. 
Kanouse  mountain  now  begins  to  retreat  to  the  eastward,  while  Bear- 
fort  mountain  falls  off  and  the  western  side  of  the  valley  retreats 
nearly  two  miles.  Just  across  the  Pequannock  river,  Green  Pond 
mountain  rises  suddenly  from  the  valley,  so  we  bend  a little  west  to 
avoid  this  and  enter  a broad  slate  valley  having  a width  of  over  two 
miles  which  it  preserves  for  over  four  miles  to  Milton.  As  its  out- 
lets are  narrow  and  well  concealed  this  sudden  enlargement  of  the 
valley  seems  like  a great  basin  enclosed  completely  by  the  green  slopes 
of  the  hills  which  rise  on  every  hand  from  400  to  600  feet.  Coming 
down  from  the  plateau  the  Pequannock  enters  this  valley  at  its 
northernmost  corner  with  an  elevation  of  820  feet,  and,  making  a 
loop  two  miles  southwest,  returns  again,  flowing  round  the  northeast 
end  of  Green  Pond  mountain  by  the  village  of  Newfoundland,  and 
leaving  the  valley  with  an  elevation  of  750  feet  at  the  gap  through 
Kanouse  mountain.  It  is  a curious  fact  that  at  the  point  in  the  val- 
ley south  of  Oak  Ridge,  where  the  river  turns  again  northeast,  a dam 
25  feet  high  would  serve  to  send  its  waters  down  the  valley  10  miles 
to  the  southwest,  by  the  channel  of  the  Rockaway,  yet  it  turns  away 
from  this  apparently  easy  outlet  to  make  its  way  out  right  across  the 
broad  range  of  hills  eastward  through  a clove  four  or  five  hundred 
feet  deep.  In  fact  it  is  seemingly  anomalous  that  while  this  whole 
valley  is  so  uniform  in  elevation  and  offers  such  free  passage  to  the 
streams  northeast  and  southwest  its  drainage  should,  nevertheless, 
pass  eastward  across  the  broad  range  of  granite  hills  in  four  places : 
by  the  Wanaque,  Pequannock,  Rockaway  and  Black  rivers. 

At  the  point  above  mentioned  the  divide  between  the  Pequannock 
and  Rockaway  water-sheds  is  but  half  a mile  from  the  bed  of  the 
former,  and  the  lowest  elevation  of  the  rim  of  the  basin,  in  the  val- 
ley, is  814  feet.  Thence  we  descend  easily  southwest.  At  Milton 


142  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Bowling  Green  mountain  puts  out  boldly  from  the  plateau  northwest 
and  contracts  the  valley  to  a width  of  less  than  half  a mile.  This 
portion  is  known  as  Longwood  valley.  The  wooded  slopes  rise  steep 
and  rocky  500  feet  above  it  on  either  side.  The  bottom  is  cleared 
but  is  very  rough,  filled  with  glacial  debris.  Along  the  Rockaway 
are  several  old  forge  ponds  which  add  to  the  romantic  interest  of  the 
valley.  Once  its  dark  slopes  echoed  back  to  each  other  the  clink, 
clink  of  the  forge  hammer,  and  through  its  forest  vistas  came  the 
uncanny  wheeze  of  the  bellows  and  groan  and  splash  of  the  laboring 
water-wheel.  Forges  were  very  numerous  in  this  vicinity.  Lower 
Longwood,  Upper  Longwood,  Woodstock,  Petersburg,  Milton,  Rus- 
sia, with  Hopewell  just  above  in  the  mountains,  Wallace’s  Corner 
and  Clinton,  in  this  valley,  were  all  centers  of  development  of  a life 
which  disappeared  with  the  introduction  of  the  blast  furnace  and 
modern  methods  of  iron  manufacture. 

Before  continuing  through  the  valley  we  may  pause  a moment  to 
notice  the  wealth  of  attractions  which  this  portion  holds  out  to 
summer  sojourners.  Newfoundland  is  already  favorably  known. 
Within  a radius  of  five  miles  of  that  village  are  eleven  attractive 
Highland  lakes.  To  the  northward  Hank’s,  Buckabear  and  Cedar 
ponds  lie  in  a trackless  wilderness,  and  the  hardiest  mountain  climber 
will  find  severe  enough  labor  if  he  attempts  to  penetrate  still  further 
into  the  fastnesses  of  Bearfort  mountain.  Green  and  Macopin  lakes 
are  considerable  bodies  of  water  within  easy  walking  distance  by  good 
roads.  Pleasant  drives  are  innumerable.  Splitrock  pond,  Lake 
Hopatcong,  Greenwood  lake  or  the  vantage  points  of  Wawayanda 
mountain,  overlooking  beautiful  Kittatinny  valley,  Shawangunk 
mountain  and  the  Catskills  beyond,  may  be  made  objective  points  for 
delightful  day  journeys.  The  quiet,  pastoral  scenes  of  the  valley  may 
be  more  to  the  liking  of  others,  and  here  about  Oak  Ridge  and 
Milton  may  be  found  healthful  and  pleasant  sites  for  summer  hostel- 
ries,  at  elevations  of  from  900  to  1,300  feet.  Pure,  sweet  water 
abounds  everywhere.  The  distance  from  New  York  is  from  45  to  50 
miles. 

One  and  one-half  miles  southwest  of  the  village  of  Berkshire 
Valley  Longwood  valley  comes  to  an  end  by  the  falling  off  of  Green 
Pond  mountain,  and  the  Rockaway  river  starts  on  its  eastward  course 
with  an  elevation  of  680  feet.  Just  beyond  this  point  the  valley  is 
filled  for  two  miles  with  an  enormous  mass  of  gravel,  the  moraine  of 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


143 


the  glacier.  On  the  southeast  a line  of  low  hills  shows  here  and 
there  marking  the  continuation  of  the  conglomerate  of  Green  Pond 
mountain  but  hardly  separating  this  valley  from  the  broad  Succa- 
sunna  plains  and  the  continuation  of  the  valley  of  Green  Pond  brook 
to  the  southeast.  Ignoring  these  hills  we  have  here  an  extremely 
level,  sandy  plain  two  miles  wide  and  three  miles  long,  sloping  only 
ten  feet  to  the  mile  to  the  southwest,  and  about  twice  as  much  trans- 
versely. All  of  the  drainage  of  this  plain  goes  to  the  Raritan  river, 
the  divide  between  the  Raritan  and  the  Rockaway  being  within  a 
mile  of  the  latter  stream  where  it  leaves  this  valley.  This  divide  is 
730  feet  above  tide,  Succasunna  plains  being  about  720.  The  head- 
waters of  the  south  branch  of  the  Raritan  and  of  Black  river,  a 
tributary  of  the  north  branch  of  the  same  stream,  cross  this  plain 
within  a mile  of  each  other.  Black  river,  as  already  noted,  leaves 
the  plain,  penetrating  the  Highland  range  to  the  southeast  at  Ironia. 
The  south  branch  follows  the  valley  southwest,  and  keeping  about 
10  miles  west  and  south  of  the  first  stream,  finally  rejoins  it  40  miles 
below,  near  the  village  of  Raritan. 

Below  Succasunna  plains  our  valley  is  known  as  German  valley. 
At  Greenwood  lake  we  noted  that  the  trend  of  the  valley  was  south 
35°  west.  Longwood  valley  runs  south  40°  west,  and  German  valley 
south  49°  west.  The  last  is  a beautiful  and  fertile  limestone  valley 
about  one  and  one-half  miles  in  width  to  Califon,  but  here  it  contracts 
to  become  a mere  ravine  500  feet  deep,  with  the  sides  sloping  directly 
to  the  stream  bed.  At  High  Bridge  this  ravine  opens  out  to  the  plain, 
the  ridge  southeast  dropping  off  gradually  to  the  level  of  the  country 
eastward.  At  Califon  the  stream  is  470  feet  above  tide,  and  at  High 
Bridge  230  feet.  On  the  northwest  of  German  valley,  Schooley’s 
mountain  rises  abruptly  four  to  six  hundred  feet  above.  On  the 
southeast  the  slope  is  gentler,  and  three  to  four  hundred  feet  high. 

CENTRAL  HIGHLAND  PLATEAU. 

To  the  northwest  of  the  valley  first  described  lies  the  most  import- 
ant mountain  range  of  the  State.  It  is  not  so  high  by  300  feet  as  is 
Kittatinny  mountain,  but  it  is  more  massive,  and  the  portion  within 
the  State  is  longer.  It  is  a plateau  with  a width  of  from  five  to  seven 
miles  from  the  New  York  line  to  Lake  Hopatcong  and  Budd’s  lake, 
but  tapering  down  irregularly  to  a ridge  two  miles  wide  near  the  Del- 


144  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


aware.  At  the  northeast  it  rises  to  near  1,500  feet  above  the  sea, 
while  southwest  it  falls  below  800  feet.  Unlike  the  eastern  ranges  of 
the  Highlands,  it  is  not  cut  across  by  a single  stream  in  the  70  miles 
from  its  northern  end  to  the  Delaware. 

Rising  in  the  southern  corner  of  Chester  towmship,  Orange  county, 
New  York,  as  a single  ridge,  here  known  as  Belleville  mountain,  it 
broadens  rapidly  after  we  pass  the  Warwick  turnpike  and  at  the 
State  line  is  five  miles  wide,  which  is  increased  to  seven  miles  before 
we  reach  the  first  pass  at  Stockholm,  11  miles  further  on.  This  pass 
is  the  lowest  in  the  32  miles  from  the  beginning  of  the  range  to  Lake 
Hopatcong.  The  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad, 
having  passed  the  Passaic  range  by  the  Pequannock  clove,  and  sur- 
mounted this  plateau  by  the  aid  of  a ravine  occupied  by  the  same 
stream,  crosses  by  this  pass  with  a maximum  elevation  of  1,030  feet, 
thence  winding  its  way  down  the  western  slope  of  the  plateau  to  the 
Kittatinny  valley. 

From  the  State  line  to  this  point  the  low  levels  of  the  plateau  are 
generally  above  1,100  feet,  and  the  summits  rise  from  1,200  to  1,496 
feet.  The  bold  western  escarpment  rising  above  Vernon  valley  is 
known  as  Wawayanda  mountain  above  Vernon,  and  Hamburg  moun- 
tain east  of  Hamburg.  Bearfort  mountain  forms  the  southeast  face. 
The  latter  is  the  most  rugged,  inaccessible  mountain  in  the  State. 
The  rock  is  a hard  conglomerate  which  rises  in  smooth  ledges  at  the 
foot  of  which  are  often  great  piles  of  broken  rock.  Between  the 
ledges  are  narrow  and  almost  impassable  jungles.  Add  to  this  a growth 
of  stiff  scrub-oak  and  it  may  be  understood  how  it  often  became 
difficult  for  the  surveying  party  to  cover  a mile  an  hour  on  their  way 
to  and  from  their  work.  The  summit  of  this  mountain  is  1,490  feet 
above  tide. 

West  of  this  ridge  the  valley  occupied  by  Longhouse  and  Moss- 
man’s  brooks  apparently  separates  it  from  the  plateau  west,  but  as 
this  valley  is  generally  above  1,100  feet  it  is  evident  that  there  is  no 
real  separation. 

The  lower  portions  of  this  plateau  are  usually  occupied  by  thick 
swamps ; there  is  little  fertile  soil,  and  the  cleared  land  does  not  ex- 
ceed 20  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  Wawayanda  lake  is  the  largest  body 
of  water  in  the  region  ; its  elevation  is  1,152  feet  above  tide.  There 
are  ten  smaller  ponds. 

Southwest  of  the  Stockholm  pass,  the  plateau  soon  regains  an  ele- 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


145 


vation  of  1,300  feet,  but  is  contracted  to  a width  of  four  miles  by  the 
widening  of  the  valley  at  Oak  Ridge.  The  width  does  not  exceed 
five  miles  anywhere  beyond  Stockholm ; the  plateau  is  more  rolling 
here  than  it  was  beyond  the  pass;  elevations  range  from  1,200  feet 
upward,  a maximum  of  1,396  feet  being  reached  just  north  of  the 
Ford  and  Schofield  mines,  six  miles  southwest  of  Stockholm.  One 
mile  from  the  western  edge  of  the  range,  the  Ogden  mines  are  at  an 
elevation  of  1,240  feet;  this  is  the  highest  elevation  reached  by  a 
railroad  in  the  State.  As  we  proceed  the  mountain  falls  off.  Lake 
Hopatcong  lies  right  in  the  middle  of  the  plateau,  is  six  and  one-half 
miles  long,  and  has  a surface  elevation  of  926  feet.  While  here  and 
there  peaks  rise  nearly  to,  or  sometimes  above  1,200  feet  more  than 
half  the  area  of  the  plateau  from  the  head  of  Lake  Hopatcong  to 
Budd’s  lake,  a distance  of  12  miles,  is  depressed  below  1,000  feet. 

At  the  south  end  of  Lake  Hopatcong  is  an  important  pass  at  the 
same  elevation  with  the  surface  of  the  lake,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  while  the  natural  outlet  of  the  lake  was  westward,  the  dam 
erected  by  the  Morris  Canal  Company  across  this  outlet  would  have 
sent  its  waters  coursing  eastward  into  the  Raritan  water-shed,  had  not 
a small  side  dam  been  raised  at  the  extreme  south  end  of  the  lake. 
This  pass  is  occupied  by  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western 
railroad  and  the  Morris  canal.  The  Musconetcong  river,  the  outlet 
of  Lake  Hopatcong,  flows  directly  west  from  this  pass  to  the  Mus- 
conetcong valley,  falling  270  feet  in  five  miles.  The  whole  moun- 
tain, up  to  above  1,200  feet,  in  this  vicinity,  is  covered  by  glacial 
debris  in  contorted,  fantastically-shaped  knolls,  ridges  and  hollows, 
the  more  elevated  parts  remaining  in  all  the  irregularity  of  the 
original  deposition.  This  deposit  lies  in  a belt  about  two  miles  wide 
running  east  and  west  across  the  range  and  lying  mostly  south  of  the 
pass.  Down  to  the  southern  edge  of  this  moraine  the  amount  of 
cleared  land  does  not  exceed  20  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  the  plateau. 
There  are  often  several  square  miles  of  unbroken  forest. 

Lake  Hopatcong  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in  the  State. 
Its  area  is  2,443  acres.  It  has  an  extremely  intricate  shore  line. 
Byram  cove  extends  back  one  and  one-half  miles  from  the  main  body 
of  water.  The  shores  are  steep  and  rocky,  rising  in  graceful  slopes 
from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  feet  above  the  water. 
Its  picturesque  beauty,  high  elevation,  and  proximity  to  the  metrop- 


K 


146  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


olis  combine  to  give  it  a rapidly-increasing  popularity  as  a retreat 
during  the  heated  term,  when  life  in  the  cities  becomes  unendurable. 

Southwest  of  the  pass  the  plateau  bears  the  name  of  Schooley’s 
mountain.  Starting  with  a width  of  five  miles,  it  narrows  down  to 
half  this  at  Schooley's  Mountain  Springs.  In  the  heart  of  the  broad 
portion,  just  at  the  south  edge  of  the  moraine  belt,  lies  Budd’s  lake, 
one  and  one- quarter  miles  in  length  by  three-quarters  of  a mile  wide. 
Its  attractions  have  long  been  appreciated.  It  has  a surface  elevation 
of  933  feet  above  the  sea,  and  by  coming  up  from  Stanhope  and 
following  down  the  outlet  of  the  lake  to  the  German  valley  it  is 
possible  to  cross  Schooley’s  mountain  at  an  elevation^  not  exceeding 
945  feet.  The  highest  point  of  Schooley’s  mountain  is  less  than  a 
mile  west  of  this  lake,  and  is  1,227  feet  above  tide.  Down  to  the 
hotels  at  Schooley’s  Mountain  Springs  the  elevations  range  from 
1,100  to  1,200  feet,  the  hotels  are  1,020  feet,  and  southwest  the 
plateau  hardly  rises  above  1,100  feet,  and  gently  descends  to  950  feet 
and  less  near  the  pass  occupied  by  the  Central  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey.  More  than  60  per  cent,  of  this  plateau  is  cleared.  Its  sur- 
face is  undulating  and  well  soiled.  It  has  long  enjoyed  a well-merited 
reputation  for  healthfulness.  From  its  vantage  points  the  charming 
Musconetcong  and  German  valleys,  with  their  well-tilled  farms  and 
neat  villages,  may  be  overlooked  for  miles,  and  rising  above  them  are 
the  green  slopes  and  peculiarly  graceful,  undulating  profiles  of  the 
bordering  Highland  ranges.  These  valleys  lie  from  500  to  700  feet 
lower  than  the  surface  of  the  plateau. 

Three  miles  southwest  of  Schooley’s  Mountain  village  Spruce  run 
begins  to  form  for  itself  a longitudinal  valley  in  the  center  of  the 
plateau,  trending  a little  more  westerly  than  the  range.  This  val- 
ley is  from  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  over  two  hundred  feet  deep. 
Seven  miles  below  its  head  it  has  approached  to  within  half  a mile  of 
the  western  edge  of  the  mountain,  but  here,  at  Junction  village,  it 
turns  abruptly  to  the  southeast,  and  passes  out  by  a clove  five  or  six 
hundred  feet  deep  and  three  miles  long,  to  the  southeast  face  of  the 
plateau.  At  the  head  of  this  clove  the  ridge  just  northwest,  separat- 
ing the  valley  of  Spruce  run  from  the  Musconetcong  valley  northwest, 
is  depressed  to  an  elevation  of  550  feet,  or  100  feet  above  the  valley 
of  Spruce  run.  Coming  up  the  clove,  the  Central  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey  crosses  by  this  low  pass  to  the  Musconetcong  valley.  Just 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


147 


northeast  the  top  of  the  plateau  is  four  miles  wide,  but  southwest  it 
is  immediately  reduced  to  two  and  one-half  miles,  and  decreases  in 
width  still  farther  southwest  toward  the  Delaware.  Six  miles  south- 
west of  Spruce  run  pass,  the  Lehigh  Valley  railroad,  by  taking 
advantage  of  a deep  indentation  in  its  northwest  side,  passes  through 
this  ridge,  here  known  as  Musconetcong  mountain,  by  a tunnel  but 
one  mile  in  length,  at  an  elevation  of  about  500  feet  above  tide,  and 
over  400  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  ridge.  Musconetcong  mountain 
does  not  differ  materially  in  character  from  Schooley’s  mountain. 
The  Delaware  cuts  through  it  at  an  elevation  of  125  feet,  and,  with- 
out rising  again  above  600  feet,  it  finally  drops  off  to  the  plain  five 
miles  southwest,  near  Springtown,  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania. 

SPARTA  AND  MUSCONETCONG  VALLEYS. 

There  are  no  more  continuous  valleys  to  the  westward  passing 
entirely  through  the  Highlands,  but  the  Sparta  and  Musconetcong 
valleys,  lying  at  the  northwest  base  of  the  Central  Highland  plateau, 
are  nearly  so.  The  first  heads  near  Stag  pond,  in  the  extreme  north 
corner  of  Byram  township,  Sussex  county,  and  runs  northeast, 
coming  out  into  the  Kittatinny  valley  near  Franklin  Furnace.  The 
Musconetcong  valley  heads  in  Sparta  mountain,  three  miles 
east-northeast  of  the  former,  and  runs  southwest,  but,  separating  the 
two  valleys,  is  a rough  ridge  of  gneiss  rock,  which  puts  off  from  the 
central  plateau  between  Sparta  and  Woodport  villages,  and,  running 
west-southwest  with  an  elevation  of  about  1,100  feet,  forms  the  sole 
connection  between  this  plateau  and  the  Alamuche-Pohatcong  range 
northwest. 

Sparta  valley  heads  at  an  elevation  of  740  feet,  thence  descends  very 
gently  three  miles,  its  bottom  being  filled  with  swamp  and  meadow. 
At  Sparta  it  falls  80  feet  in  a mile,  the  stream  being  700  feet  above 
tide  above  the  upper  bridge,  then  descends  gently  five  miles  to  Frank- 
lin Furnace,  where  the  pond  is  533  feet  above  the  sea.  This  is  a 
limestone  valley,  and  the  Wallkill,  below  Sparta,  meanders  through 
beautiful  grassy  meadows.  At  Ogdensburg  is  a remarkable  ridge  of 
gravel  putting  out  squarely  across  the  valley  from  the  southeast  side 
and  almost  closing  it,  as  it  probably  has  done  at  some  time.  It  is 
100  feet  above  the  valley  bottom,  and  is  utilized  by  the  New  York, 


148  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad,  which  climbs  down  from  the 
plateau  and  crosses  the  valley  on  this  gravel  bank.  The  famous 
Sterling  Hill  zinc  mines  are  just  opposite  this  ridge,  and  below  are 
the  great  Franklin  Furnace  mines.  Sparta  village  is  pleasantly  located 
and  favorably  known  as  a quiet,  healthful  summer  retreat.  Morris 
pond  lies  on  the  edge  of  the  plateau,  just  above,  at  an  elevation  of 
932  feet. 

Musconetcong  valley  falls  from  1,100  feet  to  840  feet  in  the  first 
one  and  one-half  miles,  thence  descends  gently  southwest,  being  drained 
by  Lubber’s  run  for  nearly  nine  miles,  to  the  site  of  Old  Andover 
furnace,  where  its  elevation  is  660  feet  above  tide.  Here  the  Mus- 
conetcong river  comes  in  from  the  east,  carrying  the  drainage  of  35 
square  miles  of  the  plateau.  With  this  exception,  nearly  all  of  the 
plateau  drains  eastward,  and  the  change  to  the  westward  here  may 
probably  be  traced  to  the  disturbing  effects  of  glacial  erosion.  This 
portion  of  the  valley  and  onward  from  Old  Andover  to  Saxton  Falls, 
beyond  Waterloo,  is  of  variable  width,  but  not  much  exceeding  a mile 
anywhere.  Its  depth  increases  southwest  from  200  feet  to  over  500 
feet.  It  is  only  partially  cultivated,  being  drift-strewn  or  rocky.  At 
Saxton  Falls  the  width  is  but  half  a mile.  Just  beyond  it  increases 
rapidly,  reaching  two  miles  at  Hackettstown,  but  contracts  again  to 
one  mile  at  Port  Murray,  then  widens  to  two  miles  at  Asbury.  Con- 
tracting southwest  from  the  latter  village,  it  becomes  but  little  more 
than  a ravine  beyond  Bloomsbury.  Five  miles  beyond  the  Delaware, 
at  Springtown,  Pennsylvania,  it  opens  out  to  the  plain  southeast  of 
the  Highlands.  At  Hackettstown  the  valley  is  free  of  drift,  and  from 
here  southwest  it  is  under  a high  state  of  cultivation.  Its  soil  is  lime- 
stone and  slate.  Its  surface  is  rolling.  At  Hackettstown  the  Mus- 
conetcong river  has  an  elevation  of  520  feet.  The  general  surface  of 
the  valley  is  from  600  to  700  feet.  Both  valley  and  stream  fall  quite 
uniformly  southwest.  At  Bloomsbury,  20  miles  southwest,  the 
stream  is  260,  and  the  valley  does  not  rise  above  400  feet.  At  the 
junction  of  the  Musconetcong  with  the  Delaware  the  elevation  of  the 
streams  is  129  feet.  To  this  point  the  valley  is  42  miles  long.  The 
wooded  slopes  of  the  bordering  mountains  rise  sheer  from  400  to  600 
feet.  At  Washington  and  again  at  Bloomsbury  the  western  rim  of 
the  valley  is  depressed  to  the  general  level  of  the  valley  itself,  con- 
necting it  with  Pohatcong  valley  beyond. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


149 


ALAMUCHE-POHATCONG  RANGE. 

This  range  rises  from  Kittatinny  valley  at  Franklin  Furnace,  and 
reaches  an  elevation  of  1,124  feet  in  the  Pimple  hills  north  of  Sparta. 
Just  southwest  it  is  cut  through  by  the  gap  through  which  the  Water 
Gap  extension  of  the  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad 
finds  its  way  to  Kittatinny  valley.  It  rises  beyond  the  gap  above 
1,000  feet,  and  reaches  1,127  feet  between  Andover  and  Stag  pond, 
where  it  makes  a junction  with  the  ridge  putting  off  from  the  Central 
Highland  plateau.  Its  width  is  now  increased  to  three  miles,  and  its 
surface  is  very  hilly,  its  lower  levels  rising  but  little  above  the 
neighboring  valleys,  while  its  hill  tops  average  1,100  feet  in  elevation, 
reaching  a maximum  of  1,222  feet  just  east  of  WrighPs  pond  and 
the  Roseville  mine,  on  the  extreme  southeast  edge  of  the  range.  The 
surface  hereabout  is  very  rough  and  rocky,  the  rock  standing  up  in 
high,  bare  ledges,  with  more  or  less  gravel  and  boulders  in  the  hollows 
between.  The  slopes  are  steep  and  irregular.  About  25  per  cent,  of 
the  area  is  cultivated. 

The  Sussex  railroad  crosses  the  range  from  Waterloo,  in  the  Mus- 
conetcong  valley,  north  to  Andover,  in  the  Kittatinny  valley,  with  a 
summit  elevation  of  800  feet.  This  pass  runs  northeast  of  Panther 
hill.  Just  southwest  of  this  hill  is  another  pass  of  about  the  same 
elevation.  In  fact,  throughout  By  ram  township,  the  lower  levels  of 
the  plateau  range  from  750  to  800  feet.  Passing  southwest,  Alamuche 
mountain  rises  to  1,248  feet  just  east  of  Alamuche  village.  Lying 
up  in  this  mountain,  a mile  north  of  Waterloo  village,  is  one  of  the 
few  tamarack  swamps  of  the  State.  The  width  of  the  range  here  does 
not  exceed  two  miles. 

Just  southwest  of  Alamuche  the  ridge  throws  off  two  curious  spurs 
in  a direction  about  west-southwest  into  Kittatinny  valley.  The  first 
is  about  three  miles,  and  the  second,  sometimes  known  as  Cat  Swamp 
mountain,  about  four  miles  in  length.  Between  Hackettstown  and 
Vienna  the  ridge  is  depressed,  generally,  below  1,000  feet,  and  is 
crossed  by  the  moraine,  which  has  left  immense  deposits  of  drift  all 
across  the  top.  Almost  exactly  midway  between  these  two  places,  at 
an  elevation  of  989  feet,  lies  the  little  glacial  pond  or  bog  from  which 
were  taken  six  mastodon  skeletons. 

Just  south  of  the  moraine  the  mountain  rises  again  to  1,230  feet; 
thence  gradually  descends  to  the  southwest.  Here,  also,  the  range 


150  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


forks,  the  Pohatcong  mountain  runs  south  45°  west,  but  a spur  i& 
thrown  off  in  a direction  south  52°  west,  and  continued  as  a steep, 
narrow  ridge  connecting  this  range  with  the  plateau  of  Scott’s  moun- 
tain. In  the  forks  of  the  two  ridges  heads  the  Pohatcong  valley. 
Pohatcong  mountain,  being  now  clear  of  the  limits  of  the  devastating 
effects  of  the  ice  sheet,  partakes  of  the  general  character  of  Schooley’s 
mountain,  excepting  that  being  narrower  and  the  slopes  steeper,  rather 
less  of  its  area  is  cultivated.  At  Washington  it  falls  off  to  500  feet 
elevation,  the  general  level  of  the  adjacent  valleys.  The  town  lies  in 
this  depression,  and  through  it  pass  the  Morris  and  Essex  division 
and  the  main  line  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  rail- 
road, and  the  Morris  canal. 

Again  rising  as  a narrow  ridge  a mile  in  width,  Pohatcong  moun- 
tain reaches  an  elevation  of  898  feet,  five  miles  beyond,  to  fall  off 
again  to  the  level  of  the  valley  four  miles  further  on.  This  gap  near 
Bloomsbury  is  two  miles  wide,  and  gives  passage  to  the  Lehigh  Valley 
and  Central  railroads,  at  an  elevation  of  350  feet.  Musconetcong 
river  and  Pohatcong  creek,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  ridge,  have  here 
approached  to  one  and  one-half  miles,  and  onward  to  the  Delaware 
the  range  has  degenerated  to  a mere  line  of  low  hills  rarely  exceeding 
700  feet  in  elevation.  After  being  cut  through  by  the  Delaware,  this 
ridge  rises  again  in  Pennsylvania,  extending  toward  Hellertown 
and  reaching  above  1,000  feet. 

POHATCONG  VALLEY. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  heading  of  this  valley  west  of  Hack- 
ettstown;  thence  to  Washington  it  descends  and  widens  gradually. 
At  this  place  the  creek  is  at  an  elevation  of  400  feet,  and  the  valley 
has  a width  of  one  and  one-half  miles,  which  it  preserves  to  Stewarts- 
ville,  most  of  its  surface  lying  below  400  feet  and  sloping  gently.  It 
is  a highly-cultivated  limestone  valley,  fertile  and  attractive.  Scott’s 
mountain  raises  its  steep  green  slopes  from  six  to  seven  hundred  feet 
above  on  the  northwest,  and  along  its  foot  winds  the  Morris  canal. 
On  the  southeast  rises  Pohatcong  mountain,  in  gentler  slopes,  from 
four  to  five  hundred  feet.  At  Stewartsville  the  valley  opens  out  at 
the  eastern  angle  of  a triangular  plain,  with  a rolling  limestone  sur- 
face, at  a general  elevation  of  400  feet,  occupying  nearly  all  of 
Lopatcong,  Greenwich  and  Pohatcong  townships.  Scott’s  and  Marble 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


151 


mountain,  falling  off,  form  the  north  side  of  the  triangle ; Pohatcong 
mountain,  with  Pohatcong  creek  skirting  along  its  foot,  the  southeast 
side,  and  the  Delaware  river,  with  the  gneiss  hills  beyond  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  western  side.  At  Phillipsburg,  in  the  northwestern  angle, 
the  plain  is  open  to  Kittatinny  valley  for  two  miles.  This  plain 
partakes  of  the  general  character  of  Kittatinny  valley,  and  was 
spoken  of  in  the  description  of  that  valley. 

scott’s  mountain. 

The  ridge  which  puts  off  from  the  Alamuche-Pohatcong  range  near 
Vienna,  connecting  Scott’s  mountain  with  that  range,  continues  as  a 
steep  and  rocky  wooded  ridge,  eight  miles,  to  Oxford  Furnace,  where 
the  plateau  begins.  In  a distance  of  three  miles,  between  Karrville 
and  Oxford  Furnace,  this  ridge  is  cut  by  three  gaps.  The  general 
elevation  of  the  ridge  is  above  1,000  feet,  reaching  1,145  feet  between 
Stewart’s  and  Sikes’  gaps;  Stewart’s  gap,  back  of  Karrville,  is  744 
feet ; Sikes’  gap  runs  north  and  south,  and  is  narrow  and  deep.  Its 
elevation  is  699  feet.  Van  Nest’s  gap  is  637  feet.  Here  the  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Western  railroad  finds  its  way  through  from  the 
Pohatcong  to  the  Kittatinny  valley  by  a tunnel  half  a mile  long. 
Just  west  of  this  tunnel  is  Oxford  Furnace  with  its  famous  mines, 
where  a blast  furnace  was  erected  in  1742. 

Here  the  plateau  of  Scott’s  mountain  rises  with  a breadth  of  nearly 
four  miles,  and  continues  about  ten  miles  southwest.  Its  maximum 
elevation  is  1,277  feet  just  north  of  Montana  church,  and  its  surface 
averages  about  1,100  feet.  Just  west  of  this  point  Harker’s  hollow 
heads  and  runs  out  southwest  with  a depth  of  300  to  400  feet.  The 
portion  of  the  plateau  which  it  cuts  off  to  the  northwest  is  known  as 
Ragged  ridge.  This  is  continued  beyond  the  rest  of  the  plateau  to 
the  southwest  of  Harmony  as  Marble  mountain,  a very  narrow  ridge, 
with  an  elevation  of  770  feet.  It  is  cut  through  by  the  Delaware, 
then  continues  out  into  Kittatinny  valley  north  of  Easton,  with  an 
elevation  of  less  than  700  feet,  sinking  finally  to  the  valley  two 
miles  beyond. 

About  50  per  cent,  of  the  area  of  this  plateau  is  cultivated.  Its 
general  surface  is  about  800  feet  above  the  surrounding  valleys. 
Some  of  its  slopes  are  long  and  steep.  Their  relative  position  and 
trend  suggest  that  this  plateau  and  the  mass  of  Mt.  Mohepinoke  and 


152  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Jenny  Jump  mountain  should  be  regarded  as  parts  of  the  same  range, 
with  a broad  gap  at  Butzville,  by  which  the  Pequest  finds  its  outlet 
to  the  Delaware.  The  great  width  and  low  elevation  of  this  gap,  and 
its  physical  resemblance  to  the  general  surface  of  Kittatinny  valley, 
make  it  appear  better  to  consider  them  as  distinct  masses. 

THE  RED  SANDSTONE  PLAIN. 

Next  southeast  of  the  Highlands  comes  a belt  of  country  distin- 
guished from  that  region  in  a marked  way,  not  only  by  its  topo- 
graphical structure  but  also  by  the  peculiar  red  color  of  its  soil.  It  is 
the  most  densely  populated  and  highly  cultivated  portion  of  New 
Jersey.  Southwest  of  the  south  branch  of  the  Raritan,  in  Hunterdon 
county,  and  in  Mercer  county  not  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  the  area 
remains  in  forest.  For  the  whole  of  Somerset  county  the  wooded 
area  equals  14  per  cent.,  but  if  we  exclude  the  trap  ridges,  it  is  less 
than  10  per  cent.  The  effect  of  glacial  action  on  this  area  of  soft 
rock  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  from  less  than  8 per  cent,  in  Franklin 
and  Piscataway  townships,  southwest  of  the  moraine,  the  wooded  area 
increases  at  once  to  30  per  cent,  in  Fan  wood,  Westfield,  Cranford  and 
Springfield  townships,  Union  county.  In  the  northern  part  of  Bergen 
county  the  forests  cover  fully  50  per  cent,  of  the  surface.  For  the 
whole  area  northeast  of  the  moraine  the  average  is  above  30  per  cent., 
while  southwest  it  does  not  exceed  12  per  cent. 

The  northwest  border  of  this  plain  follows  the  base  of  the  High- 
lands and  ranges  from  300  to  400  feet  in  elevation,  although  at  the 
openings  of  the  Highland  valleys  it  sinks  to  200  feet.  The  southeast 
border  follows  the  Hudson  and  Arthur  Kill  about  to  Star  landing,  in 
Woodbridge  township.  From  here  southwest,  the  distinction  between 
this  and  the  Cretaceous  belt  southeast,  is  rather  geologic  than  topo- 
graphic. The  limit  runs  via  Woodbridge  village  to  the  Raritan,  at 
the  mouth  of  Lawrence’s  brook,  thence  up  this  brook  to  Monmouth 
Junction  and  onward  straight  to  Trenton.  Much  of  this  boundary 
is  at  tide- water,  and  it  nowhere  exceeds  100  feet  elevation  except  at 
the  moraine  hills  southwest  of  Woodbridge.  From  a width  of  16 
miles  at  the  New  York  line,  the  plain  broadens  to  over  thirty  miles 
at  the  Delaware.  Its  length  is  67  miles,  and  its  area  1,600  square 
miles.  Excluding  the  high  land  near  the  Delaware  and  the  trap 
ridges  which  stud  the  plain,  it  generally  falls  below  200  feet  within 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


153 


five  miles  of  the  Highlands,  and  the  southeastern  half  has  nearly  all 
of  its  area  below  100  feet,  considerable  areas  being  at  high-water 
level  only. 

WATCHUNG  MOUNTAINS  AND  THE  PASSAIC  VALLEY. 

A feature  of  this  plain  worthy  of  notice  is  the  Passaic  valley  and 
its  encircling  ridges  of  trap  rock.  The  most  easterly  of  these  ridges 
rises  near  the  little  village  of  Darlington,  and  is  separated  from  the 
Highlands  only  by  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Ramapo.  Three  miles 
northeast,  near  Suffern,  this  stream  enters  the  State  from  New  York, 
with  an  elevation  of  270  feet,  and  runs  down  along  the  base  of  Ram- 
apo mountain,  through  this  narrow  valley,  past  the  ends  of  the  trap 
ridges  and  into  the  basin  which  they  enclose.  The  second  trap  ridge 
rises  between  Oakland  and  Pompton,  at  the  east  side  of  Pompton  lake, 
near  the  base  of  the  Highlands,  and  runs  southeast  five  miles  to  High 
mountain,  its  highest  point,  879  feet  above  the  sea.  Here  the  eastern 
ridge,  coming  down  from  the  north  with  elevations  ranging  from  373 
to  752  feet,  approaches  within  one  and  one-half  miles  of  this.  From 
here  these  two  ridges  turn  southwest  and  continue  for  40  miles  exactly 
parallel,  with  their  crests  one  and  one-half  miles  apart.  Each  has  a 
steep  eastern  slope  and  a long,  gentle  western  one,  with  remarkably 
level  crests.  The  name  First  mountain  is  usually  applied  to  the  east-*" 
ern  one,  and  Second  mountain  to  the  western.  They  also  have  various 
local  names.  Their  remarkable  continuity  and  steep  eastern  faces 
make  them  noticeable  features  of  the  landscape  of  the  plain.  Their 
soil  being  thin  and  poor,  they  are  mostly  covered  with  timber. 

From  High  mountain  the  western  ridge  continues  south  two  miles, 
then  southwest  three  miles,  as  a rough,  jagged  ridge,  known  as  Preak- 
ness  mountain,  gradually  descending  to  400  feet  elevation.  At  Little 
Falls  is  a gap  two  miles  wide,  through  which  the  Passaic  river  comes 
from  the  west,  and,  crossing  the  barrier  of  trap  rock  at  an  elevation  of 
158  feet,  drops  by  a cascade  and  rapids  40  feet  in  a mile  of  pictur- 
esque gorge,  and  then  proceeds  northeast  three  miles,  to  Paterson, 
where  the  eastern  ridge  has  also  a gap  of  two  miles.  Coming  to  this 
barrier  with  an  elevation  of  110  feet,  the  river  drops  in  a sheer  fall 
of  70  feet  at  a deep  crevasse  in  the  trap  rock,  forming  the  famous 
Passaic  falls.  This  leap  is  now  only  occasionally  made,  however,  for 
usually  the  stream  is  led  away  into  the  race  of  the  Society  for  the 
Encouragement  of  Useful  Manufactures,  and  harnessed  to  the  wheels 


154  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


which  have  done  so  much  to  raise  Paterson  to  the  front  rank  of 
manufacturing  cities. 

North  of  this  gap,  in  which  the  city  of  Paterson  lies,  the  eastern 
ridge  is  known  as  the  Goffle.  South,  it  rises  abruptly  above  500  feet, 
and  proceeds  fourteen  miles  in  the  direction  south  28°  west.  Two 
and  one-half  miles  on  is  the  only  gap  for  this  distance,  which  falls 
below  500  feet.  This  is  Great  Notch,  303  feet,  by  which  the  New 
York  and  Greenwood  Lake  railroad  crosses.  The  highest  point  of 
the  ridge  is  just  north  of  Montclair,  665  feet.  The  eastern  slope,  and 
to  some  extent  the  crest  of  this  ridge,  is  rapidly  becoming  popular  for 
sites  for  suburban  residences.  It  is  known  as  Orange  mountain. 
From  Eagle  rock  and  other  vantage  points  charming  views  are  to  be 
had  of  the  cities  of  the  plain  below;  and  beyond  New  York  bay,  the 
Narrows,  Sandy  Hook  and  the  Navesink  Highlands,  Long  Island 
sound,  the  hills  of  Staten  and  Long  Islands  and  Connecticut,  form  a 
pleasing  and  varied  landscape.  At  Mill  burn  the  ridge  drops  off 
suddenly  in  another  gap  about  two  miles  broad  and  the  great  masses 
of  moraine  debris  obliterate  the  valley  between  and  make  almost  a 
continuous  slope  from  the  crest  of  Second  mountain  out  in  the  gap  to 
the  face  of  the  First  mountain,  where,  at  Springfield,  the  plain  east 
is  below  100  feet  elevation.  The  highest  part  of  the  narrow  valley ^ 
between  this  and  Second  mountain,  is  at  Pleasantdale,  392  feet,  and 
from  here,  northeast,  the  valley  is  drained  by  Peckman’s  brook. 
Southwest,  to  the  gap  at  Millburn,  Rahway  river  receives  the  drain- 
age. This  little  valley  is  from  two  to  three  hundred  feet  deep. 

Second  mountain  rises  abruptly  from  the  gap  at  Little  Falls  to  an 
elevation  of  600  feet,  reaching  a maximum  of  691  feet  east  of  the 
village  of  Caldwell.  The  road  from  Montclair  to  Caldwell  passes 
through  a gap  at  an  elevation  of  474  feet.  South  of  this  the  ridge 
rises  immediately  to  640  feet,  then  descends  gradually  to  its  greatest 
depression  at  Summit,  390  feet  above  the  sea.  The  western  slope  is 
generally  convex,  the  ridge  being  rather  flat-topped,  and  very  rolling. 
At  Caldwell  there  are  large  bodies  of  drift-gravel  in  the  form  of  ter- 
races, at  an  elevation  of  about  400  feet.  Generally,  the  slope  is  drift- 
strewn,  and  the  whole  ridge  near  Summit,  where  the  moraine  crosses, 
is  buried  under  this  debris,  here  piled  in  bewildering  confusion.  The 
two  ridges  and  included  valley  cover  a strip  of  country  about  four 
miles  wide,  and  of  this  area  not  over  30  per  cent,  is  cleared.  Along 
the  steep  eastern  faces  of  these  ridges  the  trap-rock  is  easily  quarried,. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


155 


and  large  use  is  found  for  it  for  crushing  to  make  road  metal  for 
macadamizing,  for  which  purpose  it  is  most  admirably  adapted. 

Southwest  from  Summit  the  two  ridges  again  continue  side  by  side. 
First  mountain,  here  sometimes  called  Springfield  mountain,  rises 
from  the  gap  at  Millburn  to  a height  of  546  feet,  two  miles  south- 
west. Southwest  of  this  its  crest  keeps  a little  below  500  feet,  gen- 
erally. Just  back  of  Washington  rock,  near  Plainfield,  it  rises  to 
539  feet.  The  crest-line  is  very  level.  The  moraine  covers  the  end 
near  Millburn  gap,  and  is  piled  up  in  great  masses  of  gravel  and 
boulders  against  the  southeast  face  of  the  ridge  down  to  within  a mile 
of  Scotch  Plains,  otherwise  the  slopes  of  both  ridges  are  remarkably 
smooth  and  clean  southwest  of  Summit.  The  general  course  of  the 
ridges  from  Summit  15  miles  southwest,  to  Bound  Brook,  is  south 
52°  west,  and  First  mountain  is  from  nine  to  ten  miles  from  the  face 
of  the  Highlands  back  of  Morristown  and  Bernardsville.  The  val- 
ley between  the  ridges  pours  its  drainage  through  three  narrow  gaps 
in  First  mountain.  The  first  gives  passage  to  Green  brook,  at  Scotch 
Plains;  the  second  to  Stony  brook,  at  Plainfield;  the  third  to  Mid- 
dle brook,  at  Bound  Brook.  The  higher  parts  of  the  valley  are  at 
an  elevation  of  300  feet,  and  the  parts  at  the  outlets  back  of  the 
gaps  about  200  feet.  This  valley  is  called  Washington  valley.  It  is 
narrow  near  Summit,  but  widens  back  of  Bound  Brook,  at  Martins- 
ville, and  has  quite  an  area  of  farming  land.  The  base  breadth  of 
First  mountain  is  about  one  mile.  It  rises  here  about  400  feet  above 
the  plain. 

From  Summit  to  Mt.  Horeb  Second  mountain  is  double- crested, 
and  although  the  eastern  crest  is  the  higher  nearly  all  of  the  drain- 
age of  the  little  hollow  between  the  crests  passes  through  it  by  a 
series  of  five  gaps  of  which  the  deepest  is  Dock- watch  hollow,  over 
300  feet  below  the  crest.  The  distance  between  the  two  crests  varies 
from  half  a mile  near  Summit  to  over  a mile  at  Mt.  Horeb.  At  the 
former  point  the  elevation  of  the  eastern  or  main  crest  is  547  feet,  the 
same  as  First  mountain,  but  while  that  ridge  falls  slowly  southwest, 
this  rises  and  reaches  its  maximum  of  653  feet  three  miles  northwest 
of  Mt.  Horeb,  18  miles  from  Summit.  The  western  crest  varies  from 
450  to  535  feet  in  elevation.  The  higher  parts  of  the  included  hol- 
low are  nearly  level  with  this  crest,  the  lower  parts  sometimes  reach- 
ing 100  feet  below. 

At  Martinsville  both  ridges  turn  a right  angle  and  run  back  north- 


156  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


west  toward  the  Highlands,  but  six  miles  beyond.  First  mountain 
falls  off  at  Pluckamin.  Second  mountain  continues  north  from  this 
point  almost  to  the  Highlands,  then  curves  back  northeast.  Just  at 
this  point  is  the  only  pass  in  this  ridge  excepting  the  outlet  of  the 
valley,  at  Paterson,  which  is  lower  than  the  pass  at  Summit.  This 
pass  is  known  as  Moggy  hollow,  and  is  331  feet  above  tide.  It  is 
merely  a narrow  gorge  cut  through  a bed  of  gravel,  of  which  the 
surface  is  about  380  feet  above  the  sea.  Running  northeast  four  miles, 
to  Bernardsville,  the  ridge  finally  comes  to  the  foot  of  the  Highlands 
again  at  an  elevation  of  430  feet.  From  Summit  onward,  about  50 
per  cent,  of  the  area  of  these  ridges  and  the  included  valley  is  culti- 
vated. 

We  have  thus  enclosed  between  these  ridges  and  the  face  of  the 
Highlands  a portion  of  the  red  sandstone  plain  forty-one  miles  long 
and  varying  from  seven  miles  wide  at  the  ends  to  twelve  miles  at  the 
middle.  Wanaque  valley,  extending  north,  and  Ramapo  valley  north- 
east from  the  northeast  end  of  this  basin  continue  the  low  levels, 
below  300  feet  elevation,  for  ten  miles  further.  The  bottom  of  this 
basin  consists  of  a series  of  level  plains  and  marshes  lying  between 
160  feet  and  240  feet  elevation.  Most  of  the  area  of  the  basin  lies 
below  300  feet,  but  portions  near  the  base  of  the  Highlands  southwest 
from  Boonton  rise  occasionally  to  400  feet. 

So  completely  is  this  basin  enclosed  that  the  closing  of  the  little 
gorge  at  Moggy  hollow  and  raising  of  a dam  one  and  one-half  miles 
long  across  the  outlet  at  Totowa,  near  Paterson,  would  flow  an  area 
of  nearly  300  square  miles  to  a depth  of  200  feet  in  the  deeper  parts; 
the  surface  elevation  of  the  lake  being  385  feet  above  the  sea.  A 
series  of  distinct  gravel  terraces  within  this  area,  with  elevations  close 
to  400  feet,  shows  that  at  some  time  in  the  glacial  epoch  such  a lake 
actually  existed.  Among  these  terraces  may  be  noted  especially  those 
lying  against  the  face  of  the  Highlands  for  a distance  of  seven  miles 
northeast  from  Boonton,  some  of  which  are  three-quarters  of  a mile 
in  width;  those  at  Preakness  church  also  very  extensive ; at  Caldwell, 
on  the  west  slope  of  Second  mountain;  Morris  Plains;  the  flat  ridge 
extending  from  Morristown  to  Chatham,  and  those  at  Moggy  hollow, 
west  of  Liberty  Corners.  All  of  these  are  so  large  as  to  be  features 
of  the  topography  of  the  valley,  and  they  appear  to  be  masses  of  drift 
from  150  to  200  feet  in  depth,  at  least. 

This  enclosed  basin  is  subdivided  by  other  ridges  of  trap  and  drift 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


157 


into  four  distinct  parts.  A ridge  of  trap  rises  just  southwest  or  in- 
side of  the  north  end  of  Second  mountain,  at  Pompton,  and  runs 
about  south  10°  east,  for  five  miles,  leaving  on  its  east  side,  between 
itself  and  Preakness  mountain,  the  little  Preakness  valley  about  two 
miles  wide  and  opening  out  southward  into  the  Central  Passaic  valley; 
then  the  ridge  sweeps  round  in  a circular  curve  to  Mountain  View 
where  a gap  gives  passage  to  Pompton  river  from  the  north.  From 
this  point  this  ridge,  known  as  Towakhow  or  Hook  mountain,  runs 
a little  north  of  west  three  miles,  then  bends  around,  having  approached 
within  a mile  of  the  base  of  the  Highlands,  and  runs  due  south  into 
the  valley,  dropping  off  at  Pine  Brook.  This  ridge  reaches  an  eleva- 
tion of  512  feet  near  Pompton,  but  elsewhere  is  a little  below  500 
feet.  The  interval  between  where  the  ridge  bends  southward  and  the 
Highlands,  is  filled  with  a mass  of  glacial  drift,  about  Montville. 
This  ridge  encloses  a portion  of  the  north  end  of  the  Passaic  valley 
known  as  Pompton  Plains,  six  miles  long  from  north  to  south  and 
one  mile  wide  at  Pompton,  at  the  north  end,  and  four  miles  wide  at 
the  south  end.  It  is  exceedingly  level  and  generally  sandy.  The 
fall  from  north  to  south  is  only  seven  feet  to  the  mile.  From  east  to 
west  it  is  almost  a dead  level,  excepting  the  slight  lowering  of  the 
surface  at  the  bed  of  Pompton  river.  Swamps  occupy  about  two 
square  miles,  but  the  remainder  of  the  surface  is  cultivated.  At  the 
southwest  corner  is  the  Bog-and-Vly,  a peaty  swamp  of  about  a thou- 
sand acres  in  extent. 

The  Boonton  branch  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western 
railroad,  and  the  Morris  canal,  come  through  the  gaps  in  First  and 
Second  mountains  at  Paterson  and  Little  Falls,  and,  running  north- 
west across  the  outlet  of  Preakness  valley  three  miles,  enter  Pompton 
plains  at  Mountain  View  gap,  and  run  west  along  their  southern 
border  to  the  Highlands  at  Boonton.  The  New  York  and  Green- 
wood Lake  railroad  crosses  First  mountain  through  Great  Notch,  and 
thence  runs  through  the  gap  in  Second  mountain  at  Little  Falls, 
entering  the  Pompton  plains  by  Mountain  View,  and,  traversing  the 
plain  northward,  enters  Wanaque  valley  at  Pompton.  The  New 
York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad  crosses  the  extreme  north 
edge  of  the  plain  at  Pompton. 

The  Pompton  river  is  formed,  at  Pompton  village,  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Pequannock  from  the  northwest,  the  Wanaque  from  the 
north  and  the  Ramapo  from  the  northeast,  three  remarkably  pure  and 


158  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


clear  streams.  The  Pompton  flows  southward  through  the  gap  at 
Mountain  View,  emptying  into  the  Passaic  about  a mile  below. 

At  the  southwest  end  of  the  Passaic  valley  a ridge  of  sandstone  and 
trap  puts  off  from  near  Bernardsville,  at  the  base  of  the  Highlands 
where  Second  mountain  comes  in  from  the  southwest,  and  runs  south 
by  Basking  Ridge  about  three  miles,  with  an  elevation  generally  above 
400  feet.  At  Lyon’s  Station  it  falls  to  310  feet  and  meets  the  north 
slope  of  Long  Hill,  a trap  ridge  which  rises  at  Liberty  Corners  and 
runs  east  and  northeast  down  the  center  of  the  valley  eleven  miles,  to 
Chatham,  with  a general  elevation  of  450  feet,  rising  to  a maximum 
of  508  feet,  near  Chatham.  It  is  an  extremely  narrow  ridge,  its  base 
breadth  usually  not  exceeding  half  a mile.  It  rises  but  a little  over 
200  feet  above  the  valley.  It  is  curved  throughout  in  plan,  and  is 
about  five  miles  from  the  crest  of  Second  mountain  at  its  southwest 
end,  and  two  and  one-half  miles  at  the  northeast.  Between  the  two 
ridges  lies  the  curved  valley  of  the  Upper  Passaic.  The  Passaic  flows 
close  to  the  foot  of  Long  Hill,  and  is  sluggish,  falling  only  four  inches 
to  the  mile.  It  is  usually  bordered  by  flat  and  rather  wet  meadows. 
A straggling  line  of  low  hills,  from  forty  to  seventy  feet  high,  runs 
through  the  center  of  the  valley.  The  surface  is  generally  cleared. 

From  the  northeast  end  of  Long  hill,  at  Chatham,  a broad,  flat- 
topped  ridge  of  gravel  runs  due  northwest  across  the  valley  to  the 
base  of  the  Highlands  at  Morristown.  Its  general  elevation  is  about 
380  feet.  Just  northeast  of  Convent  station  are  two  notable  bowl- 
like depressions  in  the  top  of  the  ridge,  having  no  outlets.  They  are 
about  45  feet  deep,  and  the  larger  one  is  half  a mile  in  length  by  a 
quarter  in  breadth.  This  ridge  appears  to  be  merely  a portion  of  the 
terminal  moraine  which  has  been  leveled  down  by  the  action  of  water. 

These  ridges  enclose,  south  of  Morristown,  a portion  of  the  Passaic 
valley  nearly  square,  measuring  six  miles  from  the  Highlands  north- 
west to  Long  hill  on  the  southeast,  and  seven  miles  from  the  Chatham- 
Morristown  ridge  northeast  to  Basking  Ridge  on  the  southwest.  The 
north  corner  of  this  square,  about  New  Vernon,  is  occupied  by  trap 
and  sandstone  hills  ranging  from  400  feet  to  485  feet  in  elevation,  but 
separated  by  valleys  generally  below  300  feet.  The  rest  of  the  area 
is  occupied  by  Great  Swamp,  about  six  miles  long  by  three  miles  wide. 
The  outlet  of  this  basin  is  at  the  south  corner,  through  a narrow  gap 
in  Long  hill,  at  Millington,  where  the  river  is  221  feet  above  tide, 
and  there  are  fourteen  square  miles  of  wet  land  lying  below  240  feet 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


159 

elevation,  of  which  nearly  nine  square  miles  are  marsh  and  swamp. 
About  half  the  area  of  the  basin  is  wooded. 

The  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  railroad  crosses  Second 
mountain  at  the  depression  at  Summit,  and  thence  crosses  the  outlet 
of  the  Upper  Passaic  valley  to  Chatham.  From  here  it  climbs  the 
northeast  slope  of  the  drift  ridge  to  Convent  station,  then  follows  the 
top  of  the  ridge  to  Morristown.  Turning  northward  it  then  climbs 
the  slope  of  the  Highlands  to  Denville  where  it  turns  west  entering 
the  Highlands  by  the  valley  of  the  Rockaway.  From  Chatham, 
northeast  to  Towakhow  mountain  is  the  Central  Passaic  valley,  about 
12  miles  square.  The  Passaic  river  enters  this  division  of  the  valley 
at  Chatham,  falling  in  a mile  from  an  elevation  of  200  feet  to  177 
feet  at  Chatham  bridge.  Thence  it  flows  in  a sinuous  channel  through 
wet  meadows,  reaching  an  elevation  of  167  feet  at  lower  Chatham 
bridge,  two  and  one-half  miles  below,  then  proceeding  sluggishly, 
with  an  average  fall  of  but  four  inches  to  a mile,  reaching  an  ele- 
vation of  160  feet  at  Two  Bridges,  23  miles  below  Chatham  by  the 
stream,  but  only  12  miles  in  a straight  line.  The  general  course  of 
the  river  from  Chatham  is  a little  east  of  north  until  the  end  of  Hook 
mountain  is  reached,  at  Pine  Brook.  From  here  the  stream  follows 
the  ridge  north  and  then  east,  around  its  concave  side,  and  runs  six 
miles  east-southeast  to  the  outlet  of  the  valley  at  Little  Falls.  All 
along  the  river  the  ground  is  flat,  and  subject  to  overflow  during 
freshets.  The  largest  area  of  this  wet  land  is  enclosed  on  the  north 
and  west  by  Hook  mountain,  and  is  known  as  the  Great  Piece 
meadows,  five  square  miles  in  extent.  Between  this  and  Swinefield 
bridge  are  four  square  miles  more  of  meadow  and  swamp.  These, 
with  the  Troy  meadows  and  Black  meadows  on  the  Whippany,  make 
up  an  aggregate  area  of  over  20  square  miles  of  wet  lands,  rising 
nowhere  more  than  six  feet  above  the  ordinary  water-level  of  the 
streams  which  drain  them.  These  wet  lands  are  a blemish  to  an 
otherwise  beautiful  valley. 

East  of  the  Passaic  is  an  area  of  low  level,  from  two  to  three  miles 
wide,  then  the  surface  rises  in  the  northwest  slope  of  Second  moun- 
tain. Three  miles  below  Chatham,  Riker  hill  rises  from  the  valley 
east  of  the  Passaic.  It  is  a trap  ridge  about  three  miles  long,  running 
a little  east  of  north,  parallel  to  the  general  course  of  the  Passaic. 
Its  elevation  is  473  feet. 

The  Black  and  Troy  meadows  spoken  of  above  lie  in  a second  line 


160  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


of  low  level,  about  two  miles  west  of  the  Passaic.  This  begins  just 
north  of  Madison  and  runs  a little  east  of  north,  to  Montville,  being 
below  200  feet  for  10  miles  and  about  168  feet  at  the  middle,  where 
its  waters  pass  eastward  to  the  Passaic.  It  is  separated  from  the 
Passaic  flats  on  the  north  by  Hook  mountain,  and  on  the  south  by  a 
broad,  low  ridge  of  redshale  and  drift,  ranging  in  elevation  from  200 
to  300  feet  and  known  as  Hanover  Neck ; but  between  the  ends  of 
these  ridges  the  two  depressions  are  connected  by  a belt  of  flats  half  a 
mile  wide.  Whippany  river,  coming  out  of  the  Highlands  at  Mor- 
ristown with  an  elevation  of  300  feet,  flows  easterly,  through  a gorge 
in  the  drift  hills,  to  this  depression  at  Whippany,  thence  follows  it 
northeast  and  east  to  the  Passaic.  The  Rockaway,  after  its  plunge 
from  the  Highlands  at  Boonton,  also  flows  easterly  through  a deep 
gorge,  reaching  the  depression  near  its  north  end,  then  flowing  south- 
east diagonally  across  it  by  the  south  end  of  Hook  mountain,  and 
joining  the  Whippany  about  half  a mile  from  the  Passaic. 

Westward  from  this  westerly  line  of  flats  the  country  rises  away 
toward  the  Highlands,  reaching  above  500  feet  near  their  base,  where 
are  accumulated  immense  masses  of  drift.  In  fact  all  of  this  Central 
valley  is  characterized  by  the  prevalence  of  drift,  and  borings  have 
shown  that  in  places  the  actual  bed-rock  bottom  of  the  valley  is  below 
100  feet  elevation.*  This  shows  the  great  thickness  of  the  body  of 
drift.  At  the  ridge  at  Madison  it  cannot  be  less  than  300  feet.  The 
flats  represent  the  deeper  parts  of  the  great  lake  which  once  filled  this 
valley,  and  here  the  finer  mud  was  deposited,  and  as  the  lake  was 
drained  off*  by  the  cutting  down  of  the  outlet  shallow  ponds  were  left 
to  be  silted  up  with  the  sediment  of  the  streams.  About  30  per  cent, 
of  the  area  of  the  valley  remains  in  forest.  Of  the  remaining  70  per 
cent.  20  is  marsh  or  meadow.  This  is  either  used  for  pasture  or  for 
raising  hay,  but  as  the  crops  are  frequently  lost  by  overflow  it  is  not 
very  productive.  The  cleared  upland,  like  all  drift  soil,  varies  in 
productiveness.  Morristown  lies  close  to  the  foot  of  the  Highlands, 
at  an  elevation  of  380  feet,  on  the  moraine  hills.  The  peculiarly 
varied  and  graceful  slopes  of  the  drift  here  and  at  . Madison  have  been 
utilized  for  country  residences,  enabling  the  landscape  gardener  to 
secure  most  pleasing  effects.  The  same  is  true  of  Summit,  at  the  same 
elevation  on  Second  mountain.  Boonton  overlooks  the  valley  from 


* Geology  of  New  Jersey,  p.  226.  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1880, 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


161 


the  slope  of  the  Highlands  north.  It  lies  between  400  and  600  feet 
in  elevation,  and  its  white  spires  and  buildings  form  a landmark  for 
the  whole  valley  south. 

PALISADES  MOUNTAIN. 

Beyond  where  the  Ramapo  river  issues  from  the  Highlands  into 
the  Ramapo  valley,  at  Suffern,  New  York,  that  valley  is  continued 
northeast,  as  the  valley  of  the  Mahwah,  13  miles  along  the  base  of 
the  Highlands,  where  it  heads  at  an  elevation  of  608  feet.  From  the 
north  end  of  First  mountain,  near  Darlington,  the  southeast  side  of 
this  valley  is  bordered  by  a series  of  short  sandstone  ridges,  running 
due  north  and  south,  and  rising  from  450  feet  to  720  feet  above  sea- 
level,  while  the  elevation  of  the  intervening  hollows  ranges  from  350 
feet  to  450  feet.  From  near  the  head  of  the  Mahwah,  in  Rockland 
county,  New  York,  this  elevation  is  continued  by  a trap  ridge,  which 
runs  first  northeast  then  curves  around  in  a long  sweep  eastward,  run- 
ning south  of  Haverstraw,  where  the  West  Shore  railroad  passes 
through  it  from  the  enclosed  plain  south  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson, 
then  turns  and  runs  south  and  southwest,  down  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson  and  at  the  east  border  of  the  plain,  to  the  shore  of  the  Kill 
van  Kull  at  Bergen  Point.  Crossing  the  kill  we  may  consider  the 
moraine  hills  of  Staten  Island  a continuation  of  this  ridge;  these 
rise  to  an  elevation  of  370  feet  at  the  northeast,  but  fall  to  about  100 
feet  near  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  where  Arthur  Kill  cuts  through  at 
tide.  From  here  the  moraine  ridge  runs  northwest  to  Metuchen,  just 
east  of  which  place  it  rises  to  235  feet  in  Bloomfield’s  hill,  although 
its  general  elevation  is  about  160  feet;  thence  running  north,  to  the 
east  of  Plainfield,  with  increasing  elevation,  it  reaches  the  foot  of 
First  mountain  near  Scotch  Plains. 

This  line  of  ridges  encloses  an  area  50  miles  long  by  from  10  to 
13  miles  wide.  There  are  three  outlets  through  the  enclosing  rim. 
One  at  Piermont  gives  passage  to  the  waters  of  Sparkill  creek,  and, 
although  almost  down  to  sea  level,  but  10  square  miles  of  the  basin 
is  drained  through  it ; a second  is  Kill  van  Kull,  the  outlet  for  nearly 
the  whole  basin,  and  the  third  is  Arthur  Kill,  at  Perth  Amboy. 
These  last  two  outlets  are  both  tidal.  Elsewhere,  although  to  the 
southwest  the  enclosing  ridges  are  but  little  above  the  level  of  the 
plain,  they  are  high  enough  to  separate  the  drainage  of  the  basin  from 
that  of  the  outlying  country. 


L 


162  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


The  trap  ridge  running  south  along  the  Hudson  from  the  New 
York  State  line  is  well  known  as  Palisades  mountain.  Its  maximum 
elevation  is  550  feet  less  than  two  miles  from  the  State  line.  Its 
eastern  escarpment  at  this  point  is  vertical  for  a height  of  from  200  to 
300  feet,  a solid  wall  of  trap  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  a slope  of 
fallen  rock  reaching  to  the  bank  of  the  river.  This  perpendicular 
eastern  face  prevails  from  the  State  line  to  Weehawken,  17  miles, 
forming  a prominent  feature  of  the  scenery  of  the  Hudson  known  as 
the  Palisades.  Southward  the  ridge  falls  uniformly.  At  Fort  Lee, 
it  is  but  300  feet  high,  and  at  Hoboken  240.  At  Greenville  it  falls 
off  from  100  feet  to  the  gap  through  which  the  Morris  canal  passes 
at  tide.  From  here  to  Kill  van  Kull  it  does  not  rise  above  50  feet. 
Northward,  the  ridge  has  a width  at  its  base  of  two  miles,  and  this 
decreases  to  less  than  a mile  at  the  south  end.  The  western  slope  is 
quite  gentle.  In  Bergen  county  the  ridge  is  timbered,  excepting  as 
small  spaces  have  been  cleared  for  building  sites.  Englewood  and 
several  other  places  on  its  west  slope  and  crest  are  popular  places  of 
residence  for  business  and  professional  men  of  the  metropolis.  The 
whole  ridge  offers  attractive  sites  for  this  purpose,  which  will  in  time 
be  occupied.  In  Hudson  county,  the  ridge  is  being  rapidly  occupied 
by  a city. 

HACKENSACK  VALLEY. 

The  area  enclosed  by  Palisades  mountain  on  the  east,  the  Haver- 
straw  mountains  northeast  and  the  moraine  southwest,  as  outlined 
above,  has  no  distinctive  name,  but  since  the  Hackensack  river  occu- 
pies its  main  drainage  axis  and  embraces  in  its  water-shed  a large 
part  of  the  surface,  no  better  name  than  this  offers  itself.  Southwest 
of  Newark,  the  surrounding  ridges  are  so  low  that  there  is  hardly  a 
suggestion  of  a valley,  but  for  most  of  the  basin  lying  between  Pali- 
sades mountain  and  the  Watchung  mountains,  with  the  ridges  south 
and  east  of  Suffern,  we  readily  recognize  the  valley,  although  it  is 
very  broad  compared  with  its  depth.  The  main  axis  of  drainage  lies 
well  toward  the  southeast  side.  Entering  the  State  five  miles  west 
of  the  Hudson,  with  an  elevation  of  45  feet,  the  Hackensack  meanders 
through  a strip  of  meadow,  in  a course  a little  west  of  south,  to 
Hackensack  town,  where  it  reaches  tide  level.  From  here  it  flows 
through  a broad  belt  of  tide  marsh,  which,  with  Newark  bay,  gives  a 
tidal  area  four  miles  wide,  extending  sixteen  miles  southwest  to  the 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


163 


mouth  of  Kill  van  Kull,  where  the  drainage  turns  an  acute  angle  and 
flows  eastward  to  New  York  bay.  Southwest,  beyond  this  point,  the 
tide  level  area  is  continued  along  Arthur  Kill  with  a width  of  two 
miles,  but  diminishes  to  half  a mile  as  we  approach  the  rim  of  the 
basin  at  Amboy. 

The  Passaic  river  enters  through  the  gap  in  the  Watchung  moun- 
tains, at  Paterson,  and  after  its  leap  at  the  falls  proceeds  northeast 
three  miles,  to  Hawthorne.  Here  it  turns  and  runs  southeast  to  Pas- 
saic. Here,  having  fallen  nearly  to  high-water  mark,  it  is  joined  by 
Saddle  river.  This  stream  enters  the  State  about  five  miles  from  the 
base  of  the  Highlands,  having  its  source  two  miles  beyond  the  State 
line,  in  Rockland  county.  A mile  south  of  the  line  it  has  fallen  to 
an  elevation  of  200  feet.  Thence  it  runs  due  south  through  a sub- 
valley, 250  feet  deep  and  one  and  one-half  miles  wide,  to  Paramus, 
six  miles  below.  Here  the  valley  opens  out  and  the  river  proceeds 
through  a plain  with  scattering  knolls,  southward  to  the  Passaic. 
Above  Paramus  this  stream  falls  about  twenty  feet  per  mile,  and  below 
about  nine  feet.  It  receives  the  drainage  of  most  of  the  valley  west 
through  Hohokus  creek,  which  comes  in  below  Paramus. 

From  Passaic  city  the  Passaic  river  flows  south-southwest  through 
a narrow  sub-valley  to  Newark,  being  separated  from  the  tidal  plain 
east  by  a ridge  of  sandstone  one  and  one-half  miles  wide,  and  about 
140  feet  high  which  falls  off  at  Newark  and  allows  the  river  to  pass 
eastward  to  join  the  Hackensack  at  the  head  of  Newark  bay. 

West  of  the  Passaic  the  country  is  rolling,  and  rises  from  the  river 
to  an  elevation  of  about  300  feet  along  the  base  of  the  Orange  moun- 
tain. Montclair  lies  upon  this  slope,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain, 
between  250  and  400  feet  high.  Bloomfield  is  lower  down,  at  about 
150  feet.  Orange  lies  at  an  average  elevation  of  about  200  feet,  occa- 
sionally rising  to  270  or  280  feet.  This  elevated  land  continues  south- 
west of  Newark,  extending  out  three  or  four  miles  from  the  face  of 
Orange  mountain,  but  falls  off  abreast  of  where  the  mountain  falls  off 
at  Millburn.  Between  this  place  and  Elizabeth  the  plain  does  not 
rise  much  above  100  feet.  Newark  city  lies  upon  the  slope  west  of 
the  Passaic,  reaching  an  elevation  of  225  feet  near  its  western  limits. 

Northward  of  a line  drawn  from  Paterson  by  Paramus  and  West- 
wood  to  the  Hackensack  river  at  the  State  line  there  is  high  ground, 
consisting  of  a large  number  of  parallel  sandstone  ridges  trending 
due  north  and  south.  On  this  line  the  land  lies  mostly  between  50 
and  100  feet  in  elevation,  but  the  ridges  rise  steadily  northward,  reach- 


164  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

i 

ing  627  feet  between  the  Ramapo  and  Saddle  rivers,  at  the  New  York 
line,  and  497  feet  between  the  Saddle  and  Hackensack  rivers.  The 
slopes  here  are  steep,  and  50  per  cent,  of  the  area  is  uncultivated. 
The  effect  of  glaciation  has  been  here,  as  in  the  Highlands,  to  leave 
most  of  the  hollows  between  the  ridges  filled  with  swamps. 

About  Ramseys,  Wyckoff,  Crystal  lake  and  Franklin  lake  there 
are  heavy  bodies  of  drift,  evidently  of  great  depth.  Some  of  this  is 
in  the  form  of  flat-topped  terraces,  and  over  it  are  many  pond  holes, 
with  no  outlets. 

Excepting  this  area  and  the  country  along  the  foot  of  Orange 
mountain,  already  noticed,  almost  all  of  the  valley  of  the  Hackensack 
is  below  100  feet  elevation,  but  over  this  plain,  here  and  there,  ridges 
and  knolls  rise  to  160  or  170  feet,  the  highest  being  211  feet,  at 
Carlstadt  school-house.  This  last  is  on  a ridge,  which  is  continuous 
from  Hackensack  to  Newark  between  the  Passaic  and  Hackensack 
rivers,  having  a general  elevation  of  140  feet.  It  also  extends  north- 
ward from  Hackensack  to  Westwood  with  less  continuity  but  with 
its  higher  parts  at  about  the  same  elevation. 

By  passing  up  the  Hackensack  and  through  the  swamp  lying  east 
of  Norwood  and  Neuvy  to  the  headwaters  of  Sparkill  creek  we  may 
make  a complete  circuit  of  Palisades  mountain  without  exceeding  30 
feet  in  elevation.  By  way  of  Overpeck  creek,  keeping  along  the  line 
of  the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  and  close  to  the  foot  of 
Palisades  mountain,  there  is  another  line  of  depression  not  exceeding 
60  feet  elevation.  Between  these  two  Teaneck  ridge  rises  to  a maxi- 
mum elevation  of  171  feet. 

Southwest  of  Millburn  and  Lyon’s  Farms  the  valley  is  mainly 
below  100  feet  elevation,  reaching  about  150  feet  near  the  foot  of  First 
mountain.  Drift  hills  are  scattered  all  over  it,  and  sometimes  rise  to 
nearly  200  feet.  The  greatest  masses  of  drift  are  north  of  Westfield, 
and  about  Lyon’s  Farms  and  Connecticut  Farms.  Rahway  river 
flows  from  Millburn,  where  its  elevation  is  110  feet,  south  to  tide  at 
Rahway,  thence  east  to  Arthur  Kill.  The  western  portion  of  this 
area  has  30  per  cent.,  and  the  eastern  15  per  cent,  of  forest  land. 

THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  RARITAN. 

Southwest  of  the  valley  just  described  lies  the  valley  of  the  Raritan. 
It  is  broad  and  shallow,  yet  its  limits  are  well  defined.  The  moraine 


I 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION.  165 

hills,  from  Metuchen  north  to  Scotch  Plains ; the  Watchung  moun- 
tains, from  here  southwest  to  Bound  Brook,  thence  curving  around  to 
the  Highlands,  at  Bernardsville ; thence  the  face  of  the  Highlands 
west  by  Peapack  to  Pottersville,  and  the  end  of  Fox  Hill  from  here 
around  to  High  Bridge,  form  the  north  border.  Then  we  follow 
southwest  six  miles  along  Musconetcong  mountain  to  Pattenburg,  and 
from  here  we  follow  the  edge  of  the  sandstone  plateau  of  western 
Hunterdon  county  east-southeast  ten  miles,  to  Flemington ; thence 
southwest  seven  miles,  to  Sergeantsville,  the  top  of  the  plateau  de- 
scending from  930  feet  elevation,  near  Pattenburg,  to  500  feet  at  the 
latter  point,  and  from  500  feet  to  300  feet  above  the  valley.  From 
Sergeantsville  we  follow  a low,  flat  ridge  or  rather  water-shed  line 
east-southeast  five  miles,  to  Sourland  mountain,  crossing  a minimum 
elevation  of  240  feet  between  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  water-sheds. 
Sourland  mountain  runs  up  northeast  seven  miles  into  the  Raritan 
basin.  Crossing  it  we  descend  to  another  minimum  point  of  the 
water-shed  line  at  an  elevation  of  235  feet,  one  mile  southwest  of 
Hopewell,  at  a pass  where  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  railroad 
passes  from  the  plain  south  into  Raritan  valley.  From  this  point  the 
rim  of  the  Raritan  basin  is  Rocky  Hill,  a trap  ridge  running  three 
miles  east-southeast  to  Mount  Rose,  where  it  reaches  its  maximum 
elevation  415  feet  above  tide ; thence  it  runs  northeast  five  miles  to  a 
point  where  Millstone  river  passes  northward  through  a narrow  gap 
at  an  elevation  of  40  feet,  carrying  the  drainage  of  over  100  square 
miles  of  the  plain  east  and  south  back  from  the  ocean  northward  to 
the  Raritan  basin,  reversing  the  natural  order  of  things.  Beyond  this 
gap  the  ridge  rises  again  to  321  feet,  then  falls  off  to  the  sandstone, 
and  from  Franklin  Park  to  New  Brunswick  we  follow  a broad,  low 
sandstone  ridge  at  a general  elevation  of  120  feet.  Here  the  ridge  is 
cut'  down  to  tide  by  a narrow  clove,  through  which  the  Raritan  carries 
the  drainage  of  the  basin.  Northeast  it  continues  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  120  feet,  to  the  moraine  at  Metuchen.  While  the  drainage 
passes  through  this  ridge,  from  Bound  Brook  to  New  Brunswick,  the 
plain  slopes  back  northwest  from  it,  and  Bound  Brook,  where  the 
Raritan  is  at  an  elevation  of  17  feet,  is  the  point  toward  which  all  of 
the  slopes  of  the  Raritan  basin  tend. 

East  of  the  confluence  of  the  north  and  south  branches  of  the 
Raritan,  most  of  the  valley  is  below  100  feet  elevation,  and  a dam 
100  feet  high  at  New  Brunswick  would  flood  Plainfield,  Somerville 


166  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


and  100  square  miles  of  surrounding  country.  It  would  be  necessary 
to  close  the  gap  at  Rocky  Hill  also  to  accomplish  this,  however,  for 
the  divide  between  the  Delaware  and  Millstone  water-sheds  at  the 
point  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  is  only 
60  feet  above  the  sea.  By  following  up  the  Raritan  and  Millstone 
rivers  this  canal  passes  across  the  State  from  tide- water  in  the  Raritan 
to  tide-water  in  the  Delaware,  without  encountering  higher  ground 
than  this.  This  is  lower  by  nearly  40  feet  than  any  other  pass  across 
New  Jersey. 

The  western  part  of  the  Raritan  basin  is  mainly  below  300  feet, 
but  rises  higher  near  the  base  of  the  Highlands.  Cushetunk  moun- 
tain, a trap  hill  south  of  Lebanon,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  839  feet, 
is  a curious  feature  of  this  valley ; it  almost  cuts  otf  the  extreme  west 
end  of  the  basin  from  the  rest,  forming  a beautiful  valley  about  six 
miles  square,  with  the  village  of  Clinton  near  its  center.  This  moun- 
tain is  exactly  the  shape  of  a horseshoe,  so  far  as  its  inner  slope  is 
concerned ; it  encloses  a pleasant  little  valley  known  as  Round  valley. 
The  toe  of  the  shoe  is  turned  southeast ; the  distance  across,  between 
the  heels,  is  one  and  one-half  miles,  and  the  length  two  and  one-half 
miles.  Just  back  of  the  heels,  a cluster  of  hills,  from  500  to  600  feet 
in  elevation,  complete  the  closure  of  Round  valley,  leaving  outlets  just 
back  of  the  two  heels. 

Raritan  valley  is  characterized  by  a smooth,  undulating  surface ; the 
hilliest  portion  is  at  the  extreme  north,  about  New  Germantown  and 
Peapack ; everywhere  it  is  highly  cultivated.  Hackensack  valley  is 
a valley  of  cities,  but  this  is  purely  an  agricultural  region.  Except- 
ing the  trap  ridges,  not  more  than  3 per  cent,  of  the  surface  remains 
in  timber ; smiling  fields,  neat  farm  buildings  and  many  shining  white 
spires  of  village  churches  meet  the  eye  in  any  extended  view  of  its 
area. 

Plainfield,  in  an  angle  between  the  moraine  hills  and  the  face  of 
First  mountain,  standing  on  a level,  sandy  plain  at  an  elevation  of 
100  feet  above  the  sea,  is  a beautiful  and  growing  place  of  suburban 
residence.  Bound  Brook,  Somerville  and  Raritan  are  also  neat  and 
thriving  towns  of  this  valley.  Flemington,  the  county  seat  of  Hun- 
terdon county,  lies  at  the  south  side  of  the  valley,  at  an  elevation  of 
190  feet. 

From  the  outlet  at  New  Brunswick,  west-northwest  to  Pattenburg, 
at  the  head  of  the  valley,  is  32  miles.  From  Peapack  southwest  to 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


167 


Sergeantsville,  or  from  Plainfield  southwest  to  Hopewell,  is  25  miles. 
The  area  of  the  basin  is  about  450  square  miles. 


WEST  HUNTERDON  SANDSTONE  PLATEAU. 

In  the  description  of  Raritan  valley  the  edge  of  this  plateau  was 
given.  Running  out  from  the  southeast  face  of  Musconetcong  moun- 
tain, just  southwest  of  Pattenburg,  it  is  known  as  Barren  ridge,  and 
has  an  elevation  of  913  feet,  being  the  most  elevated  part  of  the  whole 
red  sandstone  plain.  At  Pittstown,  Cakepoulin  creek,  running  north- 
east from  the  top  of  the  plateau,  cuts  down  the  northeast  edge,  but  it 
rises  again  at  Quakertown  and  Cherryville,  reaching  an  elevation  of 
706  feet.  Sweeping  round  west  of  Flemington  the  escarpment  runs 
due  southwest  to  the  Delaware  at  Stockton.  The  top  surface  of  the 
plateau  is  inclined  gently  toward  the  Delaware  in  a southwest  direc- 
tion from  its  high  northeast  border.  One  mile  back  from  the  Dela- 
ware the  elevation  at  French  town  is  from  370  to  395  feet,  and  above 
Tumble  station  546  feet.  Just  above  Bulks  Island  it  is  466  feet. 
Thus,  for  the  five  miles  from  Barren  ridge  southwest  to  the  bluff 
above  Milford  and  Frenchtown  the  average  slope  is  100  feet  per 
mile,  but  from  Cherryville  southwest  12  miles,  toward  Tumble, 
it  is  but  13  feet  per  mile.  At  the  extreme  western  corner  of  the 
plateau  Gravel  hill  puts  off  from  the  face  of  Musconetcong  mountain 
toward  Milford,  with  an  elevation  of  865  feet.  In  this  vicinity  the 
plateau  is  cut  down  in  deep  ravines  by  the  streams  running  southwest 
to  the  Delaware,  but  the  southeastern  portion  is  more  level,  the 
streams  running  southwest  through  very  shallow  valleys.  About  10 
per  cent,  of  this  plateau  is  wooded.  It  is  famous  for  the  large  crops 
of  peaches  which  it  produces. 

SOURLAND  MOUNTAIN. 

This  is  another  of  the  trap  ridges  which  stud  the  red  sandstone 
plain.  It  rises  from  Raritan  valley  at  Neshanic,  attaining  its  maxi- 
mum elevation  of  563  feet  two  and  one-half  miles  beyond,  and  runs 
southwest  seventeen  miles  to  the  Delaware  just  below  Lambertville. 
Here  it  has,  in  Goat  hill,  overlooking  the  river,  an  elevation  of  457 
feet.  The  river  passes  through  it  in  a narrow  gap  at  an  elevation  of 
50  feet. 


168  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


The  trap  rock  is  confined  to  the  axis  of  this  ridge,  the  outcrop  not 
usually  exceeding  a mile  in  width,  and  this  portion  is  mostly  tim- 
bered ; but  on  the  southeast  sandstone  foot-hills,  usually  exceeding 
400  feet  in  elevation  and  mainly  cleared,  bring  the  width  of  the  ridge 
up  to  four  miles.  Southwest  for  six  miles,  near  the  Delaware,  these 
hills  are  faced  by  the  trap  outcrops  of  Mt.  Canoe,  480  feet,  and  Pen- 
nington mountain,  460  feet  above  tide,  making  the  total  width  of  the 
high  ground  here  over  five  miles. 

Southward,  from  Sourland  mountain  and  Rocky  Hill  to  Trenton, 
as  a portion  of  the  red  sandstone  plain,  about  nine  miles  square, 
which  lies  mainly  between  100  and  240  feet  in  elevation,  falling  off 
to  the  Delaware  on  the  southwest  and  to  the  low  country  along  the 
Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  southeast.  It  is  rolling  and  well  culti- 
vated, not  more  than  5 per  cent,  of  its  area  being  wooded.  The 
city  of  Trenton  is  at  its  southernmost  corner,  standing  mainly  on  a 
gravel  terrace  at  an  elevation  of  50  feet  above  tide.  Pennington  vil- 
lage is  a little  northwest  of  its  center,  at  an  elevation  of  213  feet. 
Princeton  is  at  its  eastern  corner,  beautifully  situated  on  a ridge  220 
feet  above  tide  and  overlooking  all  of  the  low  country  east  and  south. 

The  Delaware  river  flows  across  the  red  sandstone  plain  from 
northwest  to  southeast.  It  receives  but  little  of  the  drainage  of  the 
plain  and  has  no  true  valley,  but  cuts  across  the  ridges  in  a shallow 
canon,  with  sides  steep  and  in  places  vertical.  It  comes  in  with  an 
elevation  of  120  feet  at  Holland,  and  reaches  tide  at  Trenton,  38  miles 
below,  the  average  fall  being  three  feet  two  inches  per  mile.  Above 
Milford  bluffs  rise  on  both  banks  of  the  river,  the  highest  vertical 
face  being  near  Narrowsville,  Pennsylvania.  The  clove  here  is  about 
300  feet  deep,  with  a bottom  width  of  less  than  half  a mile.  The 
bottom  is  gravelly  and  flat,  the  terraces  rising  20  feet  or  more  above 
the  river  bed.  From  Milford  to  Frenchtown,  the  bluffs  lower  some- 
what and  are  not  so  steep.  At  Frenchtown  the  river  is  101  feet 
above  tide.  From  here  to  Bull's  Island,  nine  miles  below,  it  runs 
south  through  a narrow  gorge  increasing  in  depth  from  200  feet  at 
Frenchtown  to  470  feet  at  Tumble. 

At  Bull's  Island  there  is  a dam  in  the  Delaware,  above  which  its 
elevation  is  69  feet.  Water  passes  from  here  down  the  Delaware  and 
Raritan  canal  feeder  to  Trenton,  thence  by  the  canal  across  the  State 
to  Raritan  bay,  the  river  here  being  higher  than  any  land  met  with 
on  this  route.  From  Bull's  Island  to  Lambertville  the  banks  are 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


169 


lower  and  not  so  steep.  Lambertville  lies  along  the  Delaware  below 
the  bluff  at  an  elevation  of  80  feet,  on  a gravel  terrace,  the  elevation 
of  the  river  being  50  feet.  For  five  miles  below  the  river  passes 
through  Sourland  mountain  by  a clove  400  feet  deep,  coming  out  to 
the  plain  at  Titusville.  Thence  to  Trenton,  it  flows  through  a more 
open  valley. 

Beyond  the  State  limits  this  red  sandstone  plain  ends  at  Tompkins’ 
cove,  New  York,  in  a point;  being  confined  between  the  Hudson  east 
and  the  Highlands  northwest.  In  Pennsylvania  it  extends  south- 
west in  a narrowing  belt,  being  reduced  to  a width  of  but  10  miles  at 
the  point  where  Reading  stands  at  its  northwest  border.  From  here 
it  runs  nearly  west  to  the  Susquehanna,  below  Harrisburg,  thence  it 
turns  southwest  and  leaves  the  State.  Gettysburg  is  at  about  the 
middle  of  the  belt.  The  Highlands,  falling  off  at  Reading,  leave 
Kittatinny  valley  and  this  plain  unseparated  for  60  miles.  South 
mountain,  rising  10  miles  beyond  the  Susquehanna,  again  shuts  in 
the  Great  valley. 

THE  CRETACEOUS  AND  TERTIARY  PLAIN. 

Although  the  aspect  of  the  Cretaceous  country  differs  materially  from 
that  of  the  Tertiary,  because  of  its  more  fertile  soil,  there  is  no  topo- 
graphical distinction  except  in  some  minor  details,  and  the  two  can 
be  best  treated  as  one.  Of  the  4,400  square  miles  of  New  Jersey 
south  of  the  red  sandstone  plain,  not  more  than  1,200  square  miles 
rise  above  100  feet  elevation,  and  the  portion  above  200  feet  does  not 
exceed  15  square  miles  in  extent.  The  highest  point  of  the  whole 
area  is  just  northeast  of  Crawford’s  Corner,  on  the  road  from  Keyport 
to  Holmdel,  in  Monmouth  county.  Its  elevation  is  391  feet  above 
sea  level.  One-third  of  the  surface  is  less  than  50  feet  above  sea 
level. 

The  plain  is  25  miles  wide  at  the  north  end,  57  miles  at  the  south, 
and  102  miles  in  length.  Its  periphery  measures  310  miles  follow- 
ing the  general  direction  of  the  shore  lines,  and  not  their  intricate 
windings.  Of  this  distance  all  but  the  28  miles  from  Trenton  to  the 
Raritan  is  on  tidal  waters.  The  highest  part  of  this  28  miles  is,  as 
already  noted  in  bounding  the  red  sandstone  plain,  about  80  feet,  at 
Monmouth  Junction. 

Beginning  with  the  Highlands  of  Navesink,  which  rise  to  269  feet, 
a line  of  gravelly  hills  runs  westward  to  Beacon  Tim  , near  Morgan- 


170  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


ville,  ranging  in  elevation  from  200  to  391  feet.  From  here  the 
water-shed  line  is  a broad,  flat  ridge  running  south,  with  a general 
elevation  of  200  feet  on  the  crest-line,  to  Freehold.  This  village  is 
at  an  elevation  of  from  170  to  190  feet.  The  ridge  now  runs  south- 
west to  Clarksville.  In  this  vicinity  is  another  group  of  gravel  hills 
rising  above  300  feet,  the  highest  being  Pine  hill,  southwest  of  Manal- 
apan,  372  feet  above  tide.  The  dividing  ridge  now  runs  due  south 
to  Whitings  and  Woodmansie,  generally  above  150  feet,  but  very 
rarely  rising  to  200  feet.  The  elevation  of  150  feet  is  carried  within 
three  miles  of  Barnegat  village.  Southwest  of  here  it  extends  to 
within  three  miles  of  Harrisville,  with  elevations  exceeding  100  feet. 
The  water-shed  line  between  the  drainage  east  and  west,  however, 
runs  southwest  from  Woodmansie  toward  Tabernacle.  Here  for  six- 
teen miles  the  divide  between  the  Rancocas  and  Mullica  water-sheds 
is  much  of  it  depressed  below  100  feet,  reaching  a minimum  of  85 
feet.  Between  a line  drawn  from  Bordentown  on  the  Delaware  to 
Tuckerton  on  the  seashore,  and  one  drawn  from  Camden  to  Atlantic 
City,  is  a belt  more  generally  depressed  than  any  other  crossing 
Southern  New  Jersey.  It  includes  the  Assiscunk,  Rancocas  and 
Pensauken  water-sheds  northwest,  and  the  water-shed  of  Mullica 
river  southeast.  Most  of  it  is  below  50  feet,  and  only  a part  of  the 
water-shed  line  reaches  100  feet. 

Near  the  line  of  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  railroad  the  ground 
again  rises  across  the  whole  breadth  of  the  State.  Two  miles  north 
of  Berlin,  on  the  line  between  Camden  and  Burlington  counties,  it 
reaches  214  feet.  Four  miles  southwest,  Pine  hill,  near  Clementon, 
reaches  202  feet.  It  may  be  here  noted  that  these  hills,  with  Apple- 
pie  hill,  three  miles  southwest  of  Shamong  station,  which  rises  from 
the  plain  at  a general  elevation  of  100  feet  to  a height  of  208  feet, 
and  a point  on  the  ridge  extending  southward  from  Whitings  and 
Woodmansie  four  miles  northwest  of  Cedar  Bridge,  on  the  line  be- 
tween Ocean  and  Burlington  counties,  are  the  last  points  going  south 
which  rise  above  200  feet.  These  hills  are  all  on  about  the  same 
parallel  of  latitude. 

From  the  high  ground  at  Berlin  the  water-shed  line  runs  south- 
west to  Glassboro,  ranging  from  140  to  170  feet  in  elevation,  thence 
to  Pittsgrove.  About  here  there  is  quite  an  extent  of  country  above 
100  feet  in  elevation.  A spur  extends  down  along  the  line  of  the 
Camden  and  Atlantic  and  Philadelphia  and  Atlantic  City  railroads 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


171 


to  Elwood,  and  carries  an  elevation  of  80  feet  to  Pomona.  Another 
spur  extends  northwest  nearly  to  Haddonfield.  Between  the  Great 
Egg  Harbor  and  Maurice  river  water-sheds,  the  ground  is  above  100 
feet  to  beyond  Vineland  and  Landisville ; between  the  Maurice  river 
and  Cohansey  water-sheds  it  extends  to  the  New  Jersey  Southern 
railroad,  and  between  the  Cohansey  and  Stow  creek  to  within  four 
miles  of  Delaware  bay.  Westward,  spurs  extend  out  to  Swedesboro 
and  Woodstown.  Westward,  this  high  ground  falls  off  suddenly  to 
a level  plain.  Through  Salem  county  there  is  a belt  along  the  Dela- 
ware from  five  to  nine  miles  in  width,  which  is  all  below  50  feet,  and 
mostly  below  30  feet.  Upper  Penns  Neck  precinct  has  less  than  a 
square  mile  of  its  surface  above  30  feet ; Lower  Penns  Neck  is  all 
below  20  feet ; the  highest  point  in  Salem  and  Elsinborough  is  1 7 
feet,  and  not  more  than  four  square  miles  of  Lower  Alloways  Creek 
precinct  is  above  30  feet.  This  area  below  50  feet  extends  northeast 
to  Camden  in  a belt  about  five  miles  wide,  most  of  which  is  below  30 
feet.  From  Bridgeton  northward  to  Camden  the  ground  between  50 
and  100  feet  is  limited  in  extent  as  the  slope  is  quite  steep.  The 
drainage  of  this  slope  of  the  plain  is  generally  northwest,  and  the 
streams  issue  from  the  high  ground  through  deep,  broad  U-shaped 
ravines,  sometimes  200  or  300  yards  in  breadth  and  100  feet  deep. 
Their  bottoms  are  usually  marshy,  and  through  them  the  streams  flow 
in  a sinuous  course.  Across  the  lower  plain  the  streams  pursue 
a winding  course  through  belts  of  tide-marsh,  the  tide  usually  flow- 
ing up  to  the  line  of  the  slope  of  the  higher  ground. 

The  drainage  of  all  of  Southern  New  Jersey  is  extremely  simple, 
the  streams  everywhere  flowing  straight  away  from  the  water-shed 
line  down  the  slope  southeast  to  the  ocean,  or  northwest  to  the  Dela- 
ware and  other  streams.  The  peculiar  U-shaped  ravines  noted 
above,  however,  prevail  everywhere  on  the  streams  of  the  northwest 
slope,  while  on  the  southeast  slope  most  of  the  streams  flow  through 
very  broad,  flat  valleys,  the  surface  rising  from  either  bank  in  gentle 
slopes.  This  causes  a marked  difference  in  the  topography  of  the 
two  slopes.  Its  reason  lies  in  the  fact  that  all  of  the  State  south  of 
the  red  sandstone  plain  is  made  up  of  alternating  beds  of  sand, 
gravel  and  clay,  or  marl.  These  beds  dip  southeast  at  a slope 
of  about  25  feet  per  mile.  On  the  northwest  slope,  the  outcropping 
edges  of  these  beds  are  all  exposed,  and  streams  running  northwest 
are  compelled  to  cut  across  all  of  them.  Some  of  the  beds  resist 


172  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


erosion,  and  these  protect  the  softer  strata  and  prevent  the  stream 
from  broadening  its  valley  and  working  down  the  slopes.  Erosion 
proceeds  downward  alone,  and  the  steep-banked  ravine  is  the  result. 

From  Camden  to  Bordentown,  and  extending  back  from  the  Dela- 
ware 16  miles,  beyond  Mt.  Holly,  Pemberton  and  Medford,  is  a large 
area  half  of  which  is  below  50  feet  elevation.  Detached  parts  rise  to 
80  or  90  feet,  but  hardly  any  of  it  reaches  100  feet,  and  it  is  as  high 
within  two  miles  of  the  river  as  it  is  further  inland.  Arney’s  Mount, 
230  feet  above  the  sea;  Mt.  Holly,  183  feet,  and  Mt.  Laurel,  173  feet, 
are  small,  round  hills  rising  from  its  surface.  This  is  a portion  of  the 
depressed  belt  extending  across  the  State  to  Atlantic  City  and  Tuck- 
erton,  which  has  been  previously  referred  to.  It  is  a very  fertile  sec- 
tion. The  surface  is  well  drained  although  so  flat,  there  being  very 
little  swampy  land. 

THE  CLAY  AND  MARL  REGION. 

Most  of  this  northwest  slope  of  Southern  New  Jersey  is  included 
in  the  clay  and  marl  region.  Taken  as  a whole,  this  is  the  most  fer- 
tile and  productive  part  of  the  State.  It  extends  southeast  from  the 
red  sandstone  country  to  a line  drawn  from  Long  Branch  south  of 
Freehold  to  New  Egypt,  thence  on  southwest,  passing  two  miles 
southeast  of  Pemberton  and  Medford,  to  Clementon,  Mullica  Hill 
and  Salem.  It  is  20  miles  wide  at  the  northeast  end,  diminishing  to 
10  miles  at  the  southwest,  and  is  100  miles  in  length.  Of  the  por- 
tion already  described,  lying  in  Salem,  Gloucester,  Camden  and  Bur- 
lington counties,  the  percentage  of  forest  in  the  different  townships 
varies  from  1 to  18  per  cent.,  averaging  for  the  whole  section  about  8 
per  cent.  The  rest  of  the  area  is  also  under  a high  state  of  cultiva- 
tion. In  Mercer  the  wooded  area  ranges  from  7 to  18  per  cent., 
averaging  about  12  per  cent.  Upper  Freehold  township,  Monmouth 
county,  has  but  4 per  cent.;  the  rest  of  Monmouth  averages  about  18 
per  cent.,  ranging  from  11  to  24  in  the  different  townships.  In  Mid- 
dlesex county,  on  the  clay,  South  Brunswick  and  East  Brunswick 
townships  have  over  40  per  cent,  of  their  area  in  timber.  Madison 
has  57  and  Sayreville  59  per  cent.  There  is  much  gravel  deposited 
over  this  area,  which  accounts  for  the  inferiority  of  the  soil  to  that 
of  the  clay  in  Mercer  county  and  the  consequently  larger  unimproved 
area. 

From  Bordentown  to  Jamesburg  the  slope  is  quite  uniform  from 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


173 


the  water-shed  line  northwest  to  the  line  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
canal.  The  upper  half  of  the  slope  is  sand  and  marl,  and  is  gener- 
ally above  100  feet,  while  the  lower  half  is  on  the  clay,  and  mostly 
below  100  and  above  50  feet  elevation.  The  drainage  is  west-north- 
west to  the  Assanpink  and  Millstone.  The  streams  here  are  often 
fringed  with  marsh,  especially  on  the  clay.  Bear  swamp,  northeast 
of  Trenton,  and  Devil’s  Brook  swamp,  south  of  Monmouth  Junction, 
are  of  considerable  area.  Northeast  of  Jamesburg  the  slope  is  cut 
into  two  by  the  broad,  flat  valley  of  South  river,  running  northeast 
from  that  village,  and  mostly  below  50  feet.  Lawrence’s  brook  runs 
northeast  from  Monmouth  Junction,  and  is  also  mostly  below  50  feet. 
Both  streams  receive  nearly  all  of  their  drainage  from  the  southeast. 
The  drift-strewn  and  therefore  uncultivated  character  of  this  region 
has  already  been  noted.  The  Lawrence’s  brook  and  Devil’s  brook 
water-sheds  are  covered  by  an  intricate  maze  of  swamps,  interspersed 
with  low  gravel  hills. 

On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  plain,  but  still  in  the  clay  and  marl 
region,  we  have  the  valley  of  the  Shrewsbury  and  Navesink  rivers, 
lying  between  Navesink  Highlands  on  the  north,  and  the  spur  of 
gravel  hills  running  off  from  the  ridge  at  Freehold  to  near  Asbury 
Park,  which  has  an  elevation  of  180  feet  within  three  miles  of  the 
coast.  This  valley  is  some  10  miles  broad  by  13  in  length,  and  is 
mostly  below  50  feet  elevation,  the  broad  tidal  portions  of  the  two 
rivers  themselves  occupying  a considerable  portion  of  the  valley.  In 
fact,  although  called  rivers,  these  are  little  more  than  estuaries.  All 
about  their  banks  are  clustered  pleasant  resorts  for  pleasure-seekers. 
Red  Bank  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tide  on  the  Navesink,  six  miles 
from  the  sea.  Three  miles  south  of  it  is  Eatontown.  Along  the 
ocean  front  are  Long  Branch  and  the  almost  continuous  line  of  sea- 
side resorts  which  have  sprung  up  in  recent  years.  The  surrounding 
hills  rise  just  high  enough  to  distinguish  this  portion  of  the  coast 
from  that  south.  Aside  from  these  attractions  the  valley  is  fertile  and 
highly  cultivated. 


THE  PINE  PLAINS. 

Occupying  the  higher  parts  of  the  western  and  all  of  the  eastern 
slope  south  from  Long  Branch  is  the  extensive  region  known  as  the 
Pines,  the  wildest  and  most  undeveloped  portion  of  the  State.  In 
shape  it  is  triangular,  beginning  in  a point  at  Long  Branch  and 


174  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


widening  to  50  miles  at  Delaware  bay,  with  a length  of  96  miles. 
The  general  aspect  of  this  region  is  well  known  to  all  who  have 
traveled  between  Philadelphia  and  the  seaside  resorts.  The  New 
Jersey  Southern  railroad  also  traverses  it  for  100  miles,  from  Eaton- 
town  to  Bay  Side. 

From  Long  Branch  southward  16  miles,  to  Bay  Head,  the  fast 
land  comes  out  to  the  ocean  front,  and  rises  at  the  north  in  a bluff, 
30  to  40  feet  high ; southerly,  it  is  a low  coast,  fringed  with 
sand  dunes.  There  is  a continuous  line  of  places  of  summer  resort 
along  this  distance,  and  their  popularity  and  prosperity  are  on  the 
increase.  The  shore  is  broken  by  Shark  River  bay,  some  three  miles 
long,  which  has  a contracted  inlet  which  occasionally  closes,  cutting 
off*  the  tides,  and  by  Manasquan  river  a tidal  estuary  five  miles  long 
with  a width  of  from  one-quarter  to  one-half  a mile,  and  bold, 
picturesque  banks  from  70  to  100  feet  high  in  places.  Deal  lake  and 
Wreck  pond  are  smaller  estuaries.  A line  of  fresh-water  ponds,  just 
back  from  the  coast-line,  have  been  utilized  to  add  to  the  attractive- 
ness of  the  several  seaside  settlements. 

The  ridge  running  off*  from  Freehold  east  to  Asbury  Park,  and 
forming  the  divide  between  the  Navesink  and  the  Manasquan  and 
Shark  river  water-sheds,  has  been  already  noticed.  It  is  an  irregular 
line  of  gravel-capped  hills.  The  highest  of  these,  known  as  the 
Hominy  hills,  two  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Colts  Neck,  is  308  feet 
above  tide.  A spur  of  this  irregular,  gravelly  ridge  runs  off*  south- 
east between  Shark  and  Manasquan  rivers  to  Manasquan  village, 
carrying  an  elevation  of  100  feet  within  two  miles  of  the  ocean. 

Of  the  area  of  the  Tertiary  pine  plain  lying  in  Monmouth  county, 
50  per  cent,  is  cleared  and  cultivated.  The  wooded  portions  are 
usually  the  higher  parts — the  gravel  hills.  It  is  a fact  noticeable 
throughout  the  pine  region  that  the  character  of  the  soil  generally 
varies  with  the  elevation,  the  higher  parts  being  gravelly,  the  inter- 
mediate sandy,  and  the  low  parts  a sandy  loam.  This  last  lies  entirely 
below  50  feet,  and  usually  below  35  feet.  It  is  the  most  fertile  soil 
of  the  region,  being  alluvial  in  origin. 

Southward  from  Bay  Head  the  piney  region  is  fringed  along  the 
ocean  front  by  a strip  of  tide-marsh,  bays  and  creeks  from  three  to 
six  miles  in  width.  At  the  inner  edge  of  this  tidal  plain  the  upland 
generally  rises  promptly  to  a height  of  from  30  to  40  feet,  presenting 
a continuous  front  the  general  line  of  which  is  very  straight  for  the 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


175 


65  miles  from  Manahawken  to  Cape  May,  being  only  broken  by  the 
basin  of  Mullica  river  where  the  tide  flows  in  15  miles  back  from  this 
line,  and  by  the  Great  Egg  Harbor  river  which  sends  its  tides  12 
miles  back,  both  streams  being  fringed  by  tidal  plains. 

The  drainage  of  the  eastern  slope  of  Southern  New  Jersey  is  south- 
east along  lines  running  quite  direct  from  the  water-shed  line  to  the 
ocean.  The  streams  are  almost  invariably  bordered  by  strips  of  cedar 
swamp,  and  near  the  headwaters  of  Toms  river,  Mullica  river  with 
Wading  river,  its  tributary,  and  Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  on  the  east- 
ern slope,  and  Cross  wicks  creek  and  the  Rancocas,  on  the  western, 
there  are  extensive  areas  of  these  swamps.  These  are  valuable  for 
the  timber  which  they  produce,  and  portions  of  them  have  been  made 
very  productive  by  clearing  and  transforming  them  into  cranberry 
bogs. 

As  we  proceed  southwest  the  slope  becomes  more  gentle.  It  rises 
from  10  to  20  feet  per  mile,  or  in  places  steeper,  north  of  Tuckerton, 
but  southward  from  there  the  rise  from  the  brow  of  the  first  slope  up 
from  the  marsh  back  to  100  feet  elevation  averages  only  three  feet  per 
mile.  In  this  portion  the  area  above  100  feet  elevation  within  twenty- 
five  miles  of  the  sea  is  very  trifling.  The  highest  point  of  Cape  May 
county  is  but  50  feet  above  mean  sea  level,  and  more  than  half  of 
Atlantic  county  is  below  50  feet,  as  is  nearly  half  of  Cumberland. 
The  fall  of  the  streams  of  this  slope  is  quite  uniform.  Above  the 
head  of  tide  the  average  fall  of  the  Manasquan  is  5J  feet  per  mile. 
The  Metedeconk  falls  6§  feet,  and  Toms  river  6J  feet,  the  distances 
used  in  each  of  these  three  cases  being  12  miles.  Cedar  creek  falls  7 
feet  per  mile  for  7 miles,  Mullica  river  5 feet  for  16  miles,  and  Great 
Egg  Harbor  river  5 feet  for  25  miles.  Maurice  river  averages  5 J feet 
for  20  miles.  The  head  of  tide,  however,  while  it  is  but  3 to  5 miles 
back  from  the  edge  of  the  fast  land  on  the  first  three  streams,  is  17 
miles  back  on  the  Mullica  and  12  miles  on  the  Great  Egg  Harbor 
rivers.  These  figures  are  sufficient  to  show  that  it  is  not  a lack  of  fall 
along  the  stream  lines  which  causes  the  swampy  borders,  but  a lack  of 
lateral  fall  at  right  angles  to  these  lines. 

Ridges  and  valleys  and  slopes  have  been  spoken  of  in  a way  which 
may  distract  the  reader’s  attention  from  the  extremely  level  character 
of  this  whole  pine  country,  but  to  guard  against  this  he  must  keep  in 
mind  the  figures  which  have  been  given.  Casting  the  eye  over  this 
plain  from  any  point  of  vantage,  such  as  one  of  the  small  round  hills 


176  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


which  rise  from  its  surface  here  and  there  at  wide  intervals,  we  see 
an  unbroken  extent  of  dark-green  pine  forest,  as  far  as  the  limit  of 
vision,  stretching  away  in  long,  gentle  swells,  level  as  the  ocean  itself. 
So  level  is  it  in  places  that  the  greater  height  of  the  timber  in  the 
swamps  gives  the  appearance  of  a ridge  on  what  is  really  the  lowest 
ground  of  the  plain,  and  the  uninitiated  may  be  easily  deceived 
thereby.  It  is  often  impossible  for  even  a practiced  eye  to  judge 
which  way  the  ground  descends,  and  in  passing  along  the  long,  straight 
roads  cut  through  the  timber,  it  frequently  seems  that  one  is  always 
at  the  bottom  of  a hollow,  the  ground  appearing  to  rise  in  both  direc- 
tions, whereas  it  is  either  level  or  sloping  all  one  way. 

Only  13  per  cent,  of  the  upland  area  of  Ocean  county  is  cleared,* 
and  nearly  all  of  this  is  in  the  township  of  Plumstead,  near  New 
Egypt,  just  north  of  Toms  River,  and  in  a narrow  strip  on  the  allu- 
vial land  at  the  edge  of  the  upland  next  to  the  tide  marshes.  This 
strip  is  well  populated  all  along  the  seashore  and  the  shore  of  Dela- 
ware bay.  The  u shore  road  ” is  lined  throughout  with  the  residences 
of  retired  and  active  sailors,  oystermen,  fishermen  or  bay  men,  as  one 
class  is  called,  who  have  their  small  farms  along  the  ocean  front  to- 
occupy  their  attention  when  their  more  congenial  occupations  do  not 
demand  it.  Here  and  there  they  have  clustered  together  in  neat  and 
pleasant  villages. 

With  these  exceptions,  Ocean  county  is  an  almost  unbroken  wilder- 
ness. Frequent  fires  have  left  much  of  the  timber  scarred  and 
stunted,  especially  near  the  railroad  lines,  but  farther  back  there  is 
often  taller  woods.  The  absorbent  character  of  the  pine  woods  and 
the  sandy  soil,  which  leaves  the  air  dry  and  wholesome  and  laden 
with  the  fragrance  of  the  pines,  has  attracted  attention  to  this  region’s* 
desirableness  as  a winter  resort,  and  Lakewood,  at  the  extreme  north- 
ern end  of  the  county,  on  the  Metedeconk  river,  9J  miles  from  the 
ocean  and  from  60  to  90  feet  above  it,  is  now  a well-known  retreat. 

Burlington  county  southeast  of  Pemberton  and  Medford  is  in  the 
pine  belt,  and  includes  some  of  the  most  desolate  and  barren  parts  of 
it.  The  various  townships  have  from  1 to  1 7 per  cent,  of  their  areas 
cleared,  the  average  for  the  piney  portion  of  the  county  being  10  per 
cent.  Southeast  of  the  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad  and  along  the 
line  of  Ocean  county,  including  much  of  the  water-shed  of  Wading 
river,  is  an  area  of  several  thousand  acres  known  as  “ the  plains,”" 
where  the  only  growth  is  short  brush  two  or  three  feet  high.  About 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


177 


Tabernacle  and  Indian  Mills,  in  Shamong  township,  there  are  clear- 
ings of  some  7,000  acres  in  extent,  and  the  land  seems  good.  It  is 
probable  that  several  thousand  acres  along  the  border  of  the  marl 
region  could  be  profitably  cleared  and  worked,  but  in  general  but 
little  has  yet  been  done  to  develop  the  pine  plains  north  of  Mullica 
river. 

From  Manchester  southward  to  the  Mullica  river  is  one  of  the 
wildest,  most  desolate  portions  of  the  State.  If  we  except  the 
clearings  on  the  shore  road  and  along  the  marl  border,  not  more  than 
2 per  cent,  of  this  area  is  under  cultivation.  Here  and  there  narrow 
roads,  barely  wide  enough  for  a single  vehicle  to  pass  clear  of  the 
trees,  thread  their  lonely  way  from  clearing  to  clearing.  Some 
of  these  are  merely  kept  as  traditions.  They  are  relics  of  a time 
when  the  manufacture  of  iron  from  bog  ore  found  in  the  swamps  was 
an  important  industry  of  the  region.  These  roads  were  then  import- 
ant highways.  Now  they  scarcely  retain  a reason  for  existence. 
Here  and  there  one  comes  upon  abandoned  forge  sites,  or  still  more 
suggestive  abandoned  villages,  the  relics  of  unsuccessful  ventures  in 
glass  manufacture  in  the  heart  of  the  wilderness.  An  indescribable 
speaking  silence  prevails.  The  soughing  of  the  wind  through  the 
pines  saddens  and  oppresses,  and  the  crowing  of  a cock  or  barking  of 
a dog,  which  indicate  that  we  approach  a clearing  and  human  habi- 
tation, come  to  be  most  welcome  sounds.  This  stillness  may  have  a 
charm  for  reasoning  man,  but  the  poor  domesticated  brute,  accustomed 
to  the  sounds  of  human  life,  quails  and  trembles  at  it.  Still  deeper 
is  the  gloom  of  the  dark-green  cedar  swamps,  often  growing  so  close 
that  the  very  trunks  of  the  tall,  straight  trees  limit  vision  to  a few 
yards.  The  light  of  the  sun  scarce  penetrates  to  the  earth  at  all.  The 
swamp  is  usually  very  wet,  and  if  the  timber  be  old,  or  if  it  has  been 
recently  burned  over,  fallen  logs  impede  our  progress.  Trailing  moss 
hangs  in  graceful  festoons  from  the  branches.  The  streams,  in  many 
cases,  are  not  confined  strictly  to  their  channels,  but  flow  through  a 
broad  belt  of  swamp  hither  and  thither  in  countless  little  streamlets, 
for  the  peaty  earth  is  porous,  and  indeed  the  swamp  bottom  for 
many  feet  in  depth  is  only  a mass  of  logs  fallen  in  bewildering  con- 
fusion with  the  interstices  filled  with  more  or  less  decayed  vegetable 
matter — leaves,  twigs  and  moss — the  whole  the  product  of  thousands 
of  years  of  growth,  of  scores  of  successive  generations  of  trees. 
Percolating  through  this  accumulation  and  taking  on  a clear,  rich 


M 


178  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


coffee  color  and  slightly  pungent  cedar  taste,  while  it  is  shaded  from 
the  sun’s  heat  by  the  dense  growth  overhead,  the  stream  issues  cool 
and  palatable ; “ cedar  swamp  water  ” being  most  agreeable  to  many, 
and  apparently  most  wholesome  to  all. 

Not  less  dense  are  the  swamps  growing  oak,  beech,  gum  and  pop- 
lar, although  the  lighter  green  of  the  foliage  makes  them  look  less 
dark  and  forbidding.  The  growth  of  timber  and  brush  in  these,  is 
most  luxuriant,  and  trees  100  feet  in  height  are  not  uncommon. 

Southward  from  Mullica  river,  the  same  general  wildness  prevails 
throughout  Atlantic  county,  eastern  Cumberland  and  northern  Cape 
May.  Atlantic  county  has  but  11  per  cent,  of  its  upland  area  under 
cultivation.  Hammonton,  Egg  Harbor,  the  vicinity  of  Vineland  and 
the  “ shore  road  ” contain  most  of  the  cleared  areas.  The  center  of 
the  county  is  a wilderness  Hamilton  township  having  but  2 per  cent, 
of  its  area  cleared. 

The  remainder  of  the  region  is  being  rapidly  improved  and  brought 
under  profitable  cultivation.  Twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  pine 
region  is  cleared  in  Camden  county,  30  per  cent,  in  Gloucester  and  63 
per  cent,  in  Salem.  Perhaps  the  most  advancing  portion  of  the 
region  is  Cumberland  county,  36  per  cent,  of  which  is  now  cleared. 
It  is  true  that  a good  part  of  this  is  the  older-settled  country  west  of 
the  Cohansey,  but  large  inroads  have  been  made  in  the  eastern  portion 
within  25  years,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Vineland.  All  along 
the  Delaware  bay  shore  there  is  a belt  of  fertile  alluvium,  stretching 
down  into  the  marsh  in  long  necks  most  of  which  is  below  20  feet 
elevation. 

THE  TIDAL  PLAIN. 

The  tide-marshes  which  lie  in  the  valley  of  the  Hackensack,  as 
well  as  those  which  fringe  the  sea  and  Delaware  bay  shores,  have  been 
already  noticed.  The  area  of  marsh,  including  creeks  less  than  100 
yards  in  width,  is,  for  the  whole  State,  296,500  acres.  The  included 
bays  and  creeks  more  than  100  yards  wide  have  an  area  of  125,570 
acres,  making  about  660  square  miles  for  the  area  of  the  tidal  plain 
within  the  coast  lines. 

The  marshes  are  formed  by  the  growth  of  grass-roots  and  turf  and 
the  deposit  of  sediment.  Masses  of  muscles  are  also  seen  in  places 
and  may  aid  considerably  in  the  formation.  The  usual  process  of 
growth  is,  however,  first  the  shoaling  of  the  water  by  the  building  up 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


179 


of  mud  flats,  then  comes  the  scattering  growth  of  sedge,  which  collects 
and  holds  sediment,  and  hastens  the  accretion.  The  thickening  of  the 
grass  and  formation  of  turf,  and  the  addition  of  sediment  continue 
until  the  marsh  has  been  built  up  to  the  level  of  the  highest  tides, 
when  growth  ceases.  This  process  is  constantly  going  on  and  lessening 
the  area  of  water  surface.  There  has  been  a noticeable  growing  up  of 
bays,  creeks  and  channels  since  the  first  accurate  surveys  of  the  coast, 
about  1840. 

The  strip  of  tidal  plain  along  the  seashore  is  everywhere  fringed  by 
narrow  sand-beaches.  The  waves  cast  up  the  sand  and  it  is  caught 
up  by  the  wind  and  piled  in  dunes  which  rise  usually  from  15  to  25 
feet,  but  on  Seven  Mile  beach  a height  of  43  feet  is  reached.  Many 
of  these  beaches  rest  on  the  tide-marsh,  and  a very  heavy  storm  will 
sometimes  cut  aw£y  the  sand  and  expose  the  marsh  on  the  ocean  front. 
This  is  evidence  that  the  beach  has  traveled  back  inland  its  whole 
width  since  the  marsh  was  formed.  In  fact  the  shape  and  position 
of  these  beaches  are  constantly  changing.  At  New  inlet,  Long  beach 
extended  three  miles  farther  southward  in  1885  than  it  did  in  1841, 
while  Island  beach,  south  of  Little  Egg  Harbor  inlet,  had  grown  one 
mile  northward  in  the  same  time.  Five  Mile  beach  had  its  south  end 
three-quarters  of  a mile  further  south  and  half  a mile  more  to  sea- 
ward than  its  position  in  1772.  These  beaches  vary  in  width  from  a 
few  rods  to  half  a mile.  Some  of  them  have  a scrubby  growth  of 
cedar  on  the  inner  slope.  All  of  the  seaside  resorts  from  Bay  Head 
to  Cape  May  are  situated  on  these  beaches,  as  are  those  northward 
from  Monmouth  Beach  to  Sandy  Hook.  The  latter  is  a broad  sand 
beach,  from  half  a mile  to  a mile  in  width,  and  four  miles  long.  The 
inner  part  is  old  beach,  composed  of  high  sand  hills,  covered  with 
cedars,  and  was  in  existence  in  1685.  The  sea  front,  from  a quarter 
to  half  a mile  in  width,  and  a mile  of  the  north  end  are  new  beach 
which  has  formed  since  that  time.  It  is  joined  to  the  mainland  by  a 
long  strip  of  new  beach  running  south  five  miles,  and  only  from  100 
to  200  yards  in  width,  back  of  which  the  waters  of  Navesink  and 
Shrewsbury  rivers  find  their  way  to  Sandy  Hook  bay,  through  a nar- 
row channel.  Before  1848  this  beach  was  cut  through  by  Shrewsbury 
inlet,  opposite  the  Navesink  river,  and  another  inlet  farther  north, 
leaving  Sandy  Hook  an  island,  although  in  1685  it  was  undoubtedly 
connected  directly  with  the  Highlands  of  Navesink,*  and  probably  as 


*See  map  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1885. 


180  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


late  as  1777  also.  From  Bay  Head  to  Cape  May  the  beaches  are  cut 
through  by  ten  inlets  through  which  the  tide  ebbs  and  flows  to  the 
bays  inside.  The  interval  between  these  inlets  is  over  20  miles  at  the 
north,  but  decreases  to  2 miles  near  Cape  May.  There  has  been  a 
tendency  to  decrease  in  the  number  of  inlets  and  at  least  six  have 
been  permanently  closed  during  this  century.  Corson’s  inlet,  in  Cape 
May  county,  has  recently  shown  a tendency  to  closure. 

The  wear  and  rapid  change  in  the  neighborhood  of  these  inlets 
will  be  better  understood  when  we  note  the  enormous  volume  of 
water  which  passes  through  them.  It  is  within  the  truth  to  estimate 
the  average  rise  and  fall  of  the  surface  of  Barnegat  bay  at  each  tide 
at  one  foot.  This,  on  an  area  of  72 J square  miles,  means  a volume 
of  2,016  million  cubic  feet  of  water  to  be  passed  through  Barnegat 
inlet  at  each  tide,  or  four  times  daily.  In  other  %ords,  the  amount 
of  water  which  passes  through  Barnegat  inlet  in  one  year  is  more 
than  three  times  the  amount  which  flows  from  the  water-shed  of  the 
Hudson  river  in  the  same  time.  To  the  scouring  effect  of  this  cur- 
rent must  be  added  the  effect  of  wave-action,  which  is  nowhere  more 
important  than  at  the  inlets. 

Inside  of  this  line  of  beaches  is  a series  of  bays  and  sounds  con- 
nected by  a network  of  narrow,  crooked  channels,  called  thorough- 
fares, in  such  a way  that  boats  of  light  draft  can  pass  from  the  head 
of  Barnegat  bay  over  90  miles  down  to  Cape  May,  keeping  entirely 
inside  of  the  beaches.  Barnegat  bay  is  the  largest  of  these,  being 
nearly  30  miles  long,  with  an  area  of  72  square  miles.  Its  depth 
northward  from  the  inlet  scarcely  exceeds  10  feet  anywhere,  a con- 
siderable area  next  to  the  beach  being  less  than  5.  Southward  it 
reaches  20  feet  near  Lovelady  island.  It  varies  from  two  to  four 
miles  in  width,  leaving  the  beaches  well  cut  off  from  the  mainland. 

Northward  from  Barnegat  village  the  marsh  nowhere  exceeds  a 
mile  in  width  and  is  usually  much  less.  Southward  it  widens,  en- 
croaching more  on  the  bay,  but  there  is  still  most  of  the  way  down 
back  of  Long  beach  a width  of  from  two  to  four  miles  of  water.  The 
tides  from  Barnegat  and  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  inlets  meet  at  the 
Cedar  Bonnets,  about  where  the  Long  Beach  railroad  now  crosses, 
which  is  the  most  contracted  part  of  the  water  area.  Between  Tuck- 
erton  and  Beach  Haven  Little  Egg  Harbor  bay  is  four  miles  wide. 
It  has  a depth  of  from  five  to  ten  feet  at  mean  tide,  but  there  is  a 
channel  running  down  from  the  Cedar  Bonnets  to  the  inlet  in  which 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


181 


the  minimum  depth  is  ten  feet  and  the  maximum  thirty-two  feet. 
Through  this  bay  are  scattered  many  islands  of  marsh,  and  at  its  foot 
a long  tongue  of  marsh  puts  out  from  the  mainland  toward  the  south 
end  of  Long  beach,  four  and  one-half  miles.  It  is  from  one  to  two 
miles  wide  and  is  cut  up  into  numerous  islands  by  thoroughfares.  It 
separates  Little  Egg  Harbor  bay  from  Great  bay  at  the  mouth  of 
Mulliea  river.  This  bay  is  six  miles  long  and  four  miles  wide,  with 
a depth  of  from  two  to  ten  feet,  nearly  all  of  it  being  less  than  ten. 
Above,  in  Mulliea  river,  the  depth  ranges  from  twenty  to  over  forty  feet. 
Little  Egg  Harbor  inlet,  called  New  inlet  formerly,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  old  inlet  which  was  just  south  of  Bond’s  boarding-house, 
opens  directly  into  this  bay.  In  1871  it  was  over  two  miles  wide, 
but  now,  in  1888,  it  is  less  than  one  mile,  and  there  is  dry  beach  where 
there  was  then  sifcty  feet  of  water.  Observations  on  tidal  bench- 
marks, set  in  1872,  seem  to  show  that  this  contraction  of  the  inlet 
has  reduced  the  height  of  high  water  in  Great  bay  at  least  six  inches. 
It  has  taken  place  in  the  face  of  the  scour  produced  by  the  passage  of 
3,000  million  cubic  feet  of  water  twice  at  each  tide.  It  will  be  noted 
that  this  volume  is  greater  than  that  passing  Barnegat  inlet.  The 
area  tributary  to  this  inlet  is  but  50  square  miles  against  72  at 
Barnegat,  but  the  range  of  tide  in  the  bays  is  about  double.  The 
areas  of  the  various  tidal  waters  of  the  State  will  be  found  in  the 
chapter  on  areas.  L\ttle  Egg  Harbor  bay  measures  31.4  square  miles 
and  Great  bay  17.7  square  miles.  Southward  the  bays  are  much 
smaller. 

Going  from  Great  bay  southward  to  Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  the 
tidal  plain  diminishes  in  width  from  six  and  one-half  miles  to  less 
than  three.  It  is  fronted  by  Island,  Brigantine  and  Absecou  beaches, 
back  of  which  the  marsh  is  cut  up  by  a series  of  small  bays  and  broad 
channels  into  countless  islands,  the  areas  of  marsh  and  of  water  being 
nearly  equal.  The  water  in  these  bays  rarely  reaches  ten  feet  in  depth. 
Atlantic  City,  the  famous  seaside  resort,  is  on  the  north  end  of  Absecon 
beach  and  has  five  miles  of  water  and  marsh  between  it  and  the  main- 
land. This  isolation  and  the  opportunities  for  sailing  and  fishing 
afforded  by  the  inside  waters  form  prominent  attractions  for  all  seaside 
resorts  south  of  Bay  Head,  as  the  connection  with  the  mainland  and 
consequent  facilities  for  driving  and  nearness  to  the  great  cities  attract 
patrons  to  the  more  northern  resorts,  while  the  leading  allurements  of 
sea  air  and  surf-bathing  are  common  to  all. 


182  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Southward,  in  Cape  May  county,  the  plain  varies  from  two  to  four 
miles  in  width,  and  is  of  the  same  character  as  that  already  described. 

On  Delaware  bay  the  marsh  is  partially  faced  by  a very  narrow 
strip  of  sandy  beach,  but  in  most  places  is  entirely  unprotected. 
Coming  out  to  the  bay  and  exposed  to  the  action  of  its  waves,  it  is 
being  rapidly  cut  away.  At  Egg  Island  point  the  shore  line  has 
retreated  fully  a quarter  of  a mile  since  1842.  The  wear  at  the  mouth 
of  Dennis  creek  has  also  been  large.  The  width  of  these  marshes  is 
variable,  the  edge  of  the  upland  being  very  irregular.  South  of  Salem 
it  runs  from  one  to  five  miles.  There  are  uo  large  bays  included,  but 
north  of  Egg  Island  point  there  are  large  numbers  of  small  ponds, 
and  a most  intricate  network  of  small  creeks  make  it  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  cross  the  marsh.  This  marsh  is  largely  soft  and  rotten,  unlike 
the  smooth,  hard  turf  which  prevails  on  the  seashqjre.  Indeed,  it  is  a 
rule  throughout  the  State  that  the  salter  the  water  the  solider  the 
marsh.  The  fresher  portions  are  soft,  spongy  and  reedy,  and,  in 
general,  disagreeable.  Many  of  the  marshes  on  the  seashore  are,  in 
the  spring  and  early  summer,  as  smooth,  hard  and  clean  as  a well- 
kept  lawn. 

As  has  been  already  remarked,  the  marsh  corresponds  in  elevation, 
generally,  to  the  level  of  the  highest  tide,  since  when  it  ceases  to  be  over- 
flowed it  ceases  to  receive  sediment  and  increase  in  elevation.  This  level 
does  not  necessarily  correspond  with  high-water  level  in  the  ocean, 
however,  for  high  water  in  the  bays  is  usually  much  lower.  The 
inlets  are  too  contracted  to  allow  the  bays  to  fill  up  to  the  level  of 
high  water  outside,  so  high  water  inside  of  the  beaches  ranges  from 
one  to  nearly  two  feet  lower.  It  is  not  unusual,  therefore,  to  find  the 
marsh  more  than  a foot  lower  than  mean  high  water  in  the  ocean 
outside.  For  the  same  reason  the  marsh  is  found  to  be  low  near  the 
upland  at  the  head  of  the  long  tidal  creeks  on  Delaware  bay  shore. 

Where  the  marshes  have  been  embanked  and  improved  they  have 
shrunk  considerably.  Instances  have  been  noted  where  this  shrink- 
age or  settlement  amounts  to  three  feet. 

In  this  connection,  the  following  list  of  observed  elevations  of  tide- 
marsh  and  of  high,  mean  and  low  tides  in  the  bays  and  creeks,  will 
prove  of  interest.  At  Sandy  Hook,  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  has  taken  a series  of  observations,  with  a self-regis- 
tering tide-gauge,  extending  continuously  from  October  21st,  1875, 
to  October  31st,  1881.  The  mean  of  all  the  readings  of  this  series 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


183 


is  taken  as  mean  sea  level  at  this  place  and  is  the  datum-plane  (the 
zero)  for  all  elevations.  This  series  of  observations  makes  the  mean 
rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  at  Sandy  Hook  4.7  feet.  The  gauge  was 
placed  at  the  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad  wharf  on  the  inner  side 
of  the  Hook. 

The  observations  were  made  during  the  progress  of  the  leveling 
operations  of  the  Topographic  Survey.  Those  marked  U.  S.  C.  S. 
are  based  on  tidal  observations  made  by  the  United  States  Coast  Sur- 
vey and  connected  by  these  levels.  They  are  most  reliable.  The 
others,  on  high  water,  are  as  accurate  as  they  could  be  made  without 
a series  of  observations  to  determine  the  mean  high-water  mark.  It 
should  be  remarked  that  as  the  inlets  are  constantly  changing  their 
cross-sections,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  mean  high  water  in  the  sev- 
eral bays  rises  to  the  same  height  two  years  in  succession. 


ELEVATIONS  OF  TIDE-MARSH,  HIGH,  MEAN  AND  LOW  WATER 
REFERRED  TO  MEAN  TIDE  AT  SANDY  HOOK. 


ELEVATION  IN  FEET. 

LOCALITY. 

TIDE- 

MARSH. 

HIGH 

WATER. 

MEAN 

TIDE. 

LOW 

WATER. 

Sandy  Hook,  U.  S.  C.  S 

On  Overpeck  creek,  NordhofF  station 

2.46 

2.35 

0.00 

-2.35 

11  “ “ Leonia  station 

2.77 

% 

“ u “ opposite  Palisades  Park 

2.29 

u 11  <l  north  of  Ridgefield 

2.58 

Hackensack  river,  at  Hackensack 

3.22 

Little  Ferry .. . 

2.60 

2.60 

One  mile  south  of  Little  Ferry 

2.30 

Bellman’s  creek,  at  N.  Y.  S.  & W.  railroad 

2.70 

New  Durham 

1.96 

Erie  railroad,  west  of  tunnel,  Jersey  City 

2.73 

East  of  Harrison,  near  turnpike  (embanked) 

-0.90 

Waverly,  half  mile  north  of  station 

2.06 

Elizabeth  river,  at  Pennsylvania  railroad 

2.48 

184  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


LOCALITY. 

ELEVATION  IN  FEET. 

TIDE- 

MARSH. 

HIGH 

WATER. 

MEAN 

TIDE. 

LOW 

WATER. 

2.56 

Woodhridge,  at  railroad,  south  of  village  

3.28 

3.02 

3.08 

2.45 

Wood  bridge  ereek,  Woodbridge  and  Sewaren  road 

Month  of  Cove’s  Mill  ereek,  north  bank  of  Baritan 

Cheeseqnakes  ereek,  at  railroad  bridge 

2.40 

2.84 

3.14 

Plat  ereek*  road  from  Kevport  to  TCeanshurg  

2.76 
1.62 

1.76 

Bed  Bank  Navesink  river,  1884 

Clav-pit  creek,  Navesink  river,  1884 

Parker’s  ereek  1 mile  north  of  Ocean  port,  1884 

1.91 

2.05 

1.40 

0.98 

Ma^asqnan  river  north  side  

Mantolokino-  on  Barnegat  ha.y  

Bav  Head  Barnegat  bay  

0.67 

0.85 

Metedeconk  river,  1 mile  east  of  Cedar  bridge,  range 
of  tide  about  0.70  ft 

Kettle  creek  TJ.  S.  C S.,  gives  range  of  tide,  0.47 

Toms  river,  U.  S.  C.  S.,  observations  of  1876,  west  of 
Island  Heights 

0.89 

0.80 

0.52 

✓ 

0.16 

Toms  river,  1885,  at  village  bridge 

Seadde  Park  U S C S 1876  range  of  tide,  0.88  .... 

Cedar  creek  1885,  at  shore  road  

2.76 

Cedar  creek,  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations,  1874,  range  of 

tides  0 75  

Whreinwn  (Parnegat  bay)  

1.31 

Bflrne<yqt  Pnd  of  Pay  avenue  

1.40 

Barnegat  Landing,  on  Double  creek,  range  of  tides,  U. 
S C S observations  1874  0 75  

Barnegat  inlet,  range  of  tides  in  the  bay,  2.04,  from  U. 
n S observation55  1800  

Inside  of  Long  Beach,  1 mile  south  of  Barnegat  inlet.. 

1.26 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


185 


ELEVATION  IN  FEET. 

LOCALITY. 

TIDE- 

HIGH 

MEAN 

LOW 

MARSH. 

WATER. 

TIDE. 

WATER. 

Near  Harvey  Cedars 

1.65 

Near  railroad  at  Cedar  Bonnets 

1.89 

Long  Bearh  railroad  draw-bridge,  Manahawken  bay... 

0.94 

Near  Long  Beach  railroad,  west  side  of  Manahawken  bay. 

Dinner  Point,  U.  S.  C.  S.,  1873,  gives  range  of  tide, 
2.21  feet 

1.94 

Osborne’s  island,  north  side  of  Great  bay 

1.59 

Great  bav,  mouth  of  Mullica  river 

1.94 

Willett’s  house,  north  shore  of  Great  bay,  1 mile  back 
from  New  inlet 

2.21 

Willett’s  house,  from  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations  of  tides  in 
Great  bay,  1872.  (Compare  above  for  1885).... 

2.70 

1.001 

-0.70 

[For  reason  for  this  change  of  about  -0.70  in  height 
of  high  water,  see  maps  showing  changes  at  New 
inlet,  in  report  for  1885.] 

Wharf  at  Bond’s  Long  Beach  house,  range  of  tide  2.35 
feet,  from  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations,  1873 

Oswego  river,  at  Bridgeport,  1884 

1.42 

Mullica  river,  at  Lower  Bank  bridge,  1884  

1.45 

Mullica  river,  at  Gloucester  landing,  1884..  

1.26 

Port  Bepublic,  Nacote  creek,  1884  

1.80 

Absecon  creek,  shore  road,  1883  

1.75 

Absecon  bay,  west  side,  1883 

2.17 

Absecon  inlet,  range  of  tide  inside  of  beach,  3.95,  from 
U.  S.  C.  S.  observations,  1872  

Atlantic  City,  draw-bridges  

2.08 

Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  Somers  Point,  April,  1883 

2.01 

Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  Somers  Point,  September  8th, 
1885  

2.05 

Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  mouth  of  Tuckahoe  river.  

2.36 

Tuckahoe  bridge,  1884  

2.37 

End  of  shore  road,  Beesley’s  point,  1884 

2.46 

Great  Egg  Harbor  bay,  mouth  of  Great  Egg  Harbor 
river  

2.06 

186  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


LOCALITY. 

ELEVATION  IN  FEET. 

TIDE- 

MARSH. 

HIGH 

WATER. 

MEAN 

TIDE. 

LOW 

WATER. 

Lake’s  creek,  English  creek  road 

2.52 

2.84 

2.79 

2.40 

2.50 

1.01 

2.20 

2.00 

English  creek,  at  English  Creek  village.. 

Gibson’s  creek,  Gibson’s  Landing 

3.37 

Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  mouth  of  Miry  run 

Steelman’s  Landing,  Estellville  creek 

South  river,  Mays  Landing  and  Estellville  road 



Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  High  Bank  Landing 

Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  Mays  Landing 

Embanked  meadow,  Mays  Landing 

(1.51) 

2.67 

2.56 

1.74 

2.40 

Corson’s  inlet 

Sea  Isle  City 

Ocean  View,  at  Van  Gilder’s  mill-pond,  1884 

Jenkins’  sound,  Shell-bed  landing,  1884 

Cape  May  Landing,  1884,  from  a short  series  by  the 
U.  S.  C.  and  G.  S 

2.05 

-0.15 

-2.35 

Fishing  creek,  Delaware  bay  shore,  1884 

2.59 

2.60 
(1.37) 

Dyer’s  creek,  bay  shore  road,  1884  

Dennis  creek  landing,  embanked  meadow,  1884 

Mauricetown,  Maurice  river,  1884  

2.32 

3.25 

3.10 

1.96 

Manantico  creek,  Millville  and  Port  Elizabeth  road.... 

Maurice  river,  Millville 

Dividing  creek,  Port  Norris  road 

1.16 

0.77 

Oranoken  creek  Beaver  Dams  (very  low  meadow) . 

Cedar  creek  Ceda.ryille 

2.77 

Nantuxent  Neck  near  edge  of  upland 

2.70 

2.37 

Eortesrpm  road  near  edge,  of  upland 

Fortesque  Beach,  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations,  1880,  give 
as  range  of  tides  6.00  ft 

Sea  Breeze,  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations,  1880,  give  as  range 

of  tides  6.18  ft, 

Sea  Breeze  road,  near  edge  of  upland 

2.75 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


187 


LOCALITY. 

ELEVATION  IN  FEET. 

TIDE- 

MARSH. 

HIGH 

WATER. 

MEAN 

TIDE. 

LOW 

WATER. 

3.40 

(-0.46) 

(0.39) 

(-0.12) 

3.40 

Pairton  (embanked  meadow  on  Mill  ereekl 

3.55 

Cohansey  creek,  1<]  miles  below  Bridgeton,  embanked., 
riobansey  ereek,  Bridgeton 

3.30 

2.76 

Bayside 

3.71 
2.91 
• 1.04 
2.69 
0.42 
2.84 
(2.11) 
1.58 

Strathem’s  Neck 

Strathem’s  Neck,  embanked  meadow 

Stow  creek,  1 mile  below  Canton 

2.61 

Canton,  embanked  meadow 

Stow  Neck 

Stow  Neck,  recentlv-embanked  meadow 

Alloway’s  Creek  Neck,  3 miles  below  Hancock’s  bridge, 
Alloway’s  creek,  Hancock’s  bridge 

1.92 

2.49 

Alloway’s  creek,  Quinton  

One  and  a half  miles  west  of  Hancock’s  bridge,  em- 
banked   

-0.83 

-1.57 

-1.99 

One  and  a half  miles  northeast  of  Elsinborough  Point, 
embanked 

Half  mile  west  of  Salem,  embanked 

Salem  creek,  at  Salem 

3.30 

2.30 
3.06 
3.35 

2.67 

3.33 

3.80 

3.70 

Salem  creek,  2 miles  below  Sharpstown 

Raccoon  creek,  at  Swedesboro 

Timber  creek,  Westville. 

Philadelphia,  Old  Navy  Yard,  U.  S.  C.  S.  observations 
of  1878,  compared  by  bench-mark  at  Swanson  and 
Reed  streets 

-0.34 

-3.34 

Rancocas  creek,  Mount  Holly 

Delaware  river,  Burlington 

Delaware  river,  Borden  town 

Note. — When  no  other  date  is  given,  observations  were  made  in  1885,  1886  and 
1887. 


188  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


DRAINAGE  SYSTEMS  AND  PUBLIC  WATER-SUPPLY. 

New  Jersey  is  well  watered  throughout.  The  drainage  leaves  the 
State  as  follows : 252  square  miles  of  area  is  drained  by  the  Hudson 
river,  including  the  Wallkill  and  other  smaller  tributaries  which  flow 
across  the  northern  boundary  into  New  York  ; 982  square  miles 
drains  through  Kill  van  Kull,  into  New  York  bay,  being  mainly  the 
Hackensack  and  Passaic  water-sheds ; Arthur  Kill  drains  100  square 
miles  into  Raritan  bay,  the  drainage  being  supposed  to  flow  each  way 
out  of  Arthur  Kill,  from  the  meeting  of  the  tides;  Raritan  river 
drains  1,105  square  miles  into  Raritan  bay;  239  square  miles  along 
the  south  shore  of  Raritan  bay,  drains  directly  into  the  bay ; 2,141 
square  miles  drains  directly  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  the  various 
streams  of  the  eastern  slope  of  Southern  New  Jersey;  1,060  square 
miles  drains  directly  into  Delaware  bay,  and  2,345  square  miles  of 
area  is  drained  by  the  Delaware  river.  In  each  case  the  areas  of 
water  of  the  bays  lying  within  the  State,  are  included  in  the  above 
figures.  Excepting  the  small  area  on  Wawayanda  creek,  the  water 
of  which  flows  into  New  Jersey  only  to  flow  out  again  immediately 
by  the  Pochuck,  the  only  areas  which  discharge  their  drainage  into 
New  Jersey  from  neighboring  States,  are  148.6  square  miles  on  the 
water-shed  of  the  Passaic,  in  Orange  and  Rockland  counties,  and  64.1 
square  miles  on  the  Hackensack  water-shed  in  Rockland  county,  New 
York. 

The  following  table  shows  the  area  of  each  water-shed,  the  per- 
centage of  this  area  which  remains  in  forest,  and  the  population  per 
square  mile.  Other  things  being  equal,  the  higher  the  percentage  of 
forest,  the  more  equable  will  be  the  flow,  and  the  clearer  and  purer 
the  quality  of  the  water.  It  is,  however,  also  necessary  to  take  into 
account  the  soil,  in  judging  as  to  the  amount  of  solids  carried  by  the 
streams.  Reference  to  the  geological  maps  of  the  State  will  suffice 
for  this.  The  streams  of  the  Archaean  Highlands  are  perhaps  the 
purest  of  the  State;  even  after  heavy  rains  they  are  but  little  roiled, 
and  during  the  dry  seasons  their  waters  are  clear,  cool  and  sparkling. 
They  are  flashy  because  of  the  steep  and  rocky  character  of  the  sur- 
face, although  they  maintain  a fair  flow  through  the  driest  months. 
The  streams  of  the  Kittatinny  valley  carry  much  solid  matter,  particu- 
larly from  the  limestone  but  also  from  the  slate  soils,  when  swollen 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


189 


by  rains.  The  streams  of  the  red  sandstone  country  become  very  red 
and  muddy  in  wet  weather,  and  are  rarely  entirely  clear,  excepting 
where  the  harder  sandstones  prevail,  in  limited  areas.  In  the  clay 
and  marl  region  also,  the  soluble  character  of  the  soil  renders  the 
streams  undesirable  for  domestic  consumption  much  of  the  time. 
Next  to  the  streams  of  the  Highlands  come  the  streams  of  the  pine 
plains  of  Southern  New  Jersey  for  purity.  It  is  true  that  those  flow- 
ing through  cedar  swamps  are  colored  a dark  brown  by  the  organic 
matter  which  they  hold  in  solution,  but  this  is  not  deleterious,  and 
the  water  is  very  pleasant.  The  other  streams  known  as  white-water 
are  wonderfully  clear  and  pure.  These  southern  streams  are  also 
noted  for  their  equable  flow.  They  are  fed  by  the  great  swamps 
which  act  as  storage  reservoirs,  as  does  the  loose,  sandy  soil  itself,  tak- 
ing up  the  water  as  it  falls  on  the  surface  to  deliver  it  gradually  into 
the  streams  lower  down,  instead  of  shedding  a large  portion  of  it  im- 
mediately from  its  surface  into  the  drainage  channels,  as  is  done  on 
the  more  compact  soils  and  steeper  slopes  farther  north. 

In  the  following  table  the  main  streams  are  given  first  in  large 
type  and  the  subdivisions  follow  in  smaller  type.  Where  names  are  in 
the  same  style  of  type  and  begin  at  the  same  distance  from  the  mar- 
gin the  water-sheds  are  independent.  Where  a name  is  in  smaller 
type  and  begun  farther  from  the  margin  its  water-shed  is  included  in 
one  already  given  just  above. 


190  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Areas  of  Water-Sheds. 


j Square  miles. 

| Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

HUDSON  RIVER  TO  CONSTABLE  HOOK 

251.9 

32 

f73 

W ALLKILL,  TO  STATE  LlNE 

210.1 

20 

41 

POCHUCK  CREEK,  TO  STATE  LINE 

53.7 

55 

25 

Wawayanda  lake 

6.5 

64 

35 

PAPAKATING  CREEK 

62.2 

14 

58 

W ALLKILL  TO  FRANKLIN  FURNACE 

31.3 

51 

26 

1.5 

66 

KILL  VAN  KULL  (total  area  1194.4),  area  in  New  Jersey... 

981.7 

41 

410 

Hackensack  River,  total  Water-shed 

201.6 

*36 

j-216 

HACKENSACK  ABOVE  NEW  MILFORD 

114.8 

*60 

125 

Hackensack  in  New  York 

64.1 

152 

Passaic  River,  total  Water-shed 

949.1 

*44 

338 

PASSATC  RTVER  ABOVE  FALLS  AT  PATERSON 

796.9 

85 

PASSATC  RTVER  TN  NEW  VORK 

148.6 

42 

SECOND  RIVER.. 

17.2 

10 

1,400 

THIRD  RIVER 

14.4 

23 

276 

SADDLE  RIVER,  TOTAL  WATER-SHED 

60.7 

*28 

122 

Saddle  river  in  New  York.... 

8.0 

84 

Hohokus  creek  above  HohokuS 

15.7 

34 

59 

POMPTON  RIVER,  TOTAL  WATER-SHED 

379.9 

*69 

48 

Ramapo  river,  total  water-shed 

160.7 

*72 

58 

Rama  on  tw  N tpiv  V at?  it 

112.4 

52 

Wanaque  river,  total  water-shed 

109.6 

*83 

30 

Wanaque  in  New  York 

28.2 

22 

Greenwood  Lake,  total  Water-shed 

28.0 

*81 

26 

Greenwood  lake  in  New  York 

10.2 

22 

* Percentage  of  portion  lying  within  New  Jersey,  f Exclusive  of  Jersey  City  and 
Hoboken. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


191 


Areas  of  Water-Sheds.— Continued. 


Square  miles. 

Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

Pequannock  river 

84.8 

78 

42 

Macopin  lake 

2.5 

50 

30 

1.7 

100 

m ( 

100 

1.0 

100 

1.2 

100 

Dunker  pond J 

2.7 

70 

15 

ROCKAWAY  RIVER,  TOTAL  WATER-SHED 

157.2 

80 

110 

Rockaway  above  Boonton 

148.9 

82 

113 

Shongum  pond 

2.9 

65 

138 

Splitrock  pond 

5.3 

98 

5 

Green  Pond  brook  

16.4 

87 

51 

GrfiRn  prmrl  outlet" 

1.7 

82 

Rockaway  above  Port  Oram 

29.9 

90 

42 

WHIPPANY  RIVER 

71.1 

36 

124 

Trov  brook 

15.2 

34 

87 

Whippany  above  Morristown 

25.4 

55 

107 

PASSAIC  ABOVE  CHATHAM  

99.8 

23 

121 

Passaic  above  Millington 

53.6 

26 

140 

Elizabeth  River  to  Lake  Ursino 

17.4 

13 

228 

ARTHUR  KILL,  VIA  PERTH  AMBOY 

100.5 

25 

337 

Rahway  River 

83.3 

24 

338 

robinson’s  branch 

22.8 

22 

183 

RAHWAY  RIVER  ABOVE  RAHWAY  CITY 

41.0 

30 

350 

West  branch  of  Rahway  above  Orange  reservoir.. 

5.2 

44 

70 

RARITAN  RIVER 

1,105.3 

16 

105 

South  River 

132.8 

25 

83 

MANALAPAN  BROOK  TO  JUNC.  WITH  MATCHAPONIX... 

42.2 

19 

84 

MATCHAPONIX  BROOK 

45.2 

14 

86 

192  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Areas  of  Water- Sheds. — Continued. 


Square  miles. 

Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

Lawrence’s  Brook  above  Weston’s  Mills 

45.0 

17 

| 59 

Raritan  above.  New  Brunswick 

895.2 

13 

93 

BOUND  BROOK,  INCLUDING  GREEN  BROOK 

51.5 

22 

o 

CO 

CO 

MIDDLE  BROOK  ABOVE  CHIMNEY  ROCK 

16.7 

24 

43 

MILLSTONE  RIVER 

285.7 

9 

78 

Beden’s  brook 

49.9 

11 

59 

Stony  brook 

64.8 

8 

79 

Millstone  above  forks  of  Stony  brook 

98.8 

12 

75 

North  branch  of  Raritan...  

191.6 

; is 

72 

Lamington  or  Black  river 

91.8 

14 

80 

Rockaway  creek 

39.4 

12 

66 

North  branch,  above  forks  of  Lamington 

63.6 

16 

79 

South  branch  of  Raritan 

276.5 

13 

79 

Neshanic  river • 

56.3 

6 

81 

Spruce  run,  including  Mulhockaway  creek  •• 

41.2 

15 

83 

Budd’s  lake 

4.5 

24 

62 

RARITAN  BAY  SHORE 

238.8 

14 

127 

Swimming  River  above  Red  Bank 

65.4 

11 

58 

HOCKHOCKSON  BROOK  ABOVE  TINTON  FALLS  

11.7 

52 

51 

SEASHORE  FROM  SANDY  HOOK  TO  CAPE  MAY 

2,141.3 

68 

37 

Whale  Pond  Brook 

5.1 

35 

151 

Shark  River,  to  Bridge  at  Head  of  Bay 

16.9 

59 

162 

Wreck  Pond 

12.8 

29 

118 

Manasquan  above  Upper  Squan  Bridge 

64.7 

32 

82 

Metedeconk  above  Burrs ville 

73.9 

68 

25 

SOUTH  BRANCH  OF  METEDECONK  ABOVE  LAKEWOOD.. 

24.5 

75 

18 

Toms  River  above  Village  Bridge 

163.8 

94 

17 

Cedar  Creek  above  Village — 

55.8 

99 

7 

Forked  River  above  Village 

14.7 

98 

7 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


193 


Areas  of  Water-Sheds.— Continued. 


Vj 

o> 

SB 

m 

Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

Mill  Creek  above  Manahawken 

19.7 

97 

6 

Westecunk  Creek  above  West  Creek  Bridge 

21.0 

96 

5 

Tuckerton  Creek  above  Tuckerton 

11.9 

93 

25 

Mullica  River 

569.6 

90 

22 

BASS  RIVER  ABOVE  NEW  GRETNA  ROAD 

16.8 

95 

11 

WADING  RIVER 

188.9 

97 

7 

East  branch  of  Wading  river  

65.5 

98 

6 

West  branch  of  Wading  river 

92.1 

99 

7 

MULLICA  RIVER  ABOVE  FORKS  OF  AND  INCLUDING  \ 

221.6 

88 

19 

BATSTO  RIVER J 

Absecon  Creek  above  Absecon 

18.3 

97 

8 

Patcong  Creek  above  Steelmansville 

22.1 

81 

53 

Great  Egg  Harbor  River 

337.7 

88 

21 

GREAT  EGG  HARBOR  RIVER  ABOVE  MAYS  LANDING... 

215.8 

88 

26 

BABCOCK’S  CREEK,  MAYS  LANDING | 

21.2 

98 

12 

Tuckahoe  River i 

99.8 

81 

15 

TUCKAHOE  RIVER  ABOVE  TUCKAHOE 

60.2 

95 

9 

DELAWARE  BAY  SHORE 

1,060.1 

51 

48 

Maurice  River 

386.4 

70 

72 

MANUMUSKIN  CREEK 

38.7 

94 

17 

MANANTICO  CREEK 

38.7 

79 

38 

MAURICE  RIVER  ABOVE  MILLVILLE 

218.4 

67 

63 

Maurice  river  above  Landis  avenue 

114.1 

66 

55 

Cojiansey  Creek 

105.4 

20 

140 

COHANSEY  ABOVE  BRIDGETON 

45.8 

13 

54 

DELAWARE  RIVER 

2,344.8 

30 

129 

Alloways  Creek  above  Hancock’s  Bridge 

61.6 

27 

58 

Salem  Creek 

113.6' 

10 

123 

SALEM  CREEK  ABOVE  SHARPTOWN 

22.6 

■ 81 

112 

N 


194  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Areas  of  Water- Sheds.— Continued. 


Square  miles. 

Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

Oldman’s  Creek 

44.4 

14 

52 

oldman’s  creek  above  auburn 

26.3 

18 

46 

Raccoon  Creek  

44.4 

12 

91 

RACCOON  CREEK  ABOVE  SWEDESBORO 

32.2 

12 

68 

Mantua  Creek 

51.2 

16 

106 

MANTUA  CREEK  ABOVE  BERKELEY  

46.7 

17 

83 

Big  Timber  Creek 

59.3 

25 

83 

NORTH  BRANCH  OF  BIG  TIMBER  CREEK.  

19.8 

27 

68 

SOUTH  BRANCH  OF  BIG  TIMBER  CREEK 

25.5 

27 

62 

Cooper’s  Creek 

40.5 

16 

208 

COOPER’S  CREEK,  SOUTH  BRANCH 

18.1 

21 

62 

COOPER’S  CREEK,  NORTH  BRANCH 

11.7 

16 

65 

Pensauken  Creek 

35.4 

10 

109 

SOUTH  BRANCH  OF  PENSAUKEN 

14.9 

12 

118 

NORTH  BRANCH  OF  PENSAUKEN 

17.1 

7 

71 

Rancocas  Creek 

341.4 

61 

58 

SOUTH  BRANCH  OF  RANCOCAS 

167.1 

57 

40 

NORTH  BRANCH  OF  RANCOCAS 

143.7 

75 

62 

Assiscunk  Creek 

45.3 

4 

58 

Crosswicks  Creek 

139.2 

20 

52 

Assanpink  Creek 

89.6 

9 

253 

Jacob’s  Creek 

13.3 

9 

72 

Alexsocken  Creek  

14.9 

18 

60 

'W ICKEOHEOKE  CREEK 

26.9 

13 

67 

Logkatong  Creek 

23.8 

15 

45 

Nichisakawick  Creek 

10.5 

13 

45 

Harihokake  Creek 

10.1 

13 

46 

Hakihokake  Creek 

17.4 

16 

48 

;Musconetcong  River 

157.6 

39 

71 

PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


195 


Areas  of  Water-Sheds.— Continued. 


Square  miles. 

Percentage  of 
forest. 

Population  per 
square  mile. 

lubber’s  run 

24.1 

87 

15 

LAKE  HOPATCONG 

25.4 

94 

30 

Pohatcong  Creek 

56.2 

19 

129 

Pequest  River 

158.2 

18 

58 

BEAVER  BROOK 

37.1 

18 

47 

Paulins  Kill 

177.4 

27 

54 

SWARTSWOOD  LAKE 

16.3 

22 

33 

culver’s  POND 

6.3 

83 

3a 

Long  pond 

2.5 

80 

30 

Flat  Brook 

65.7 

54 

21 

The  population  per  square  mile  given  above  is  a measure  of  the 
danger  of  contamination  from  the  deadliest  of  all  sources,  animal  and 
chemical  waste.  The  question  of  river  pollution  is  growing  in  im- 
portance rapidly  in  this  State.  When  it  becomes  necessary  much  can 
be  done  by  legislation  to  prevent  such  pollution,  but  the  fact  should 
not  be  lost  sight  of  that  streams,  especially  the  larger  ones,  are  the 
natural  and  legitimate  sewers  of  the  country,  and  may  be  as  valuable 
and  indispensable  for  this  purpose  as  for  any  other. 

WATER-POWER. 

The  census  of  1880  gives  as  the  total  water-power  used  in  manu- 
factures in  New  Jersey,  27,066  horse-power,  while  the  steam-power 
in  use  amounts  to  72,792  horse-power.  The  water-power  is  therefore 
about  27  per  cent,  of  the  total  power  used.  In  1870  it  was  44.4  per 
cent.,  which  shows  a rapid  gain  of  steam  over  water-power.  This 
gain  must  continue,  because  the  use  of  water-power  restricts  the  loca- 
tion of  establishments,  and  advantages  lost  in  this  way  very  often 
overbalance  the  saving  effected  by  the  use  of  this  power,  rather  than 


196  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


steam.  Nevertheless  it  would  seem  that  the  water-power  of  the  State 
must  be  more  fully  utilized  than  it  is  at  present,  for  much  of  it  can 
be  made  available  at  very  convenient  points  near  the  centers  of  pop- 
ulation. Massachusetts  has  utilized  17.21  horse-power  per  square 
mile  against  3.63  per  square  mile  in  New  Jersey.  New  Jersey  ranks 
eleventh  among  the  States  in  total  power  used ; fifteenth  in  water- 
power and  eighth  in  steam-power.  In  water-power,  per  square  mile, 
she  is  ninth.  Of  the  27,066  horse-power  of  water-power  used  in  the 
State,  12,183  is  used  in  flouring  and  grist  mills,  3,903  in  saw  mills 
and  2,321  in  paper  mills.  These  three  industries,  therefore,  consume 
68  per  cent,  of  the  water-power  of  the  State.  The  flouring  and 
lumber  mills  are  well  distributed  over  the  State,  the  former  averaging 
a power  of  less  than  30  horses  each,  and  the  latter  rather  less  than  20 
horse-power.  Some  of  the  finest  water-powers  in  the  State  are  on  the 
Passaic  river  and  its  branches.  Between  Little  Falls  and  Dundee, 
this  stream  falls  152  feet  in  all.  Forty  feet  of  this  occurs  at  Little 
Falls,  within  a distance  of  a mile;  70  feet  in  a single  fall  at  Paterson, 
and  21  feet  at  Dundee  dam.  The  area  of  the  Passaic  water-shed 
above  Little  Falls,  is  774.2  square  miles,  and  above  Paterson,  796.9 
square  miles.  The  flow  of  the  stream  was  measured  at  Paterson,  at 
a time  of  exceptionally  dry  weather,  October  11th,  1878,  when  it  was 
supposed  that  the  discharge  was  as  small  as  it  had  been  for  30  years. 
The  quantity  of  water  which  flowed  in  the  stream  for  48  hours,  was 
33,689,000  cubic  feet.*  This  is  at  the  rate  of  a yearly  flow  of  3.32 
inches  of  water  from  the  water-shed.  It  is  safe  to  estimate  that  12 
inches  of  the  rainfall  on  the  Passaic  water-shed  could  be  utilized  by 
a system  of  storage  reservoirs  for  which  the  water-shed  offers  many 
favorable  sites.  It  is  interesting  to  compute  the  value  of  this  amount 
of  water  utilized  for  power  on  the  152  feet  of  fall  above  noted,  on 
the  basis  of  the  prices  obtained  by  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement 
of  Useful  Manufactures,  at  Paterson.  They  now  lease  and  sell  300 
cubic  feet  per  second  for  12  hours  per  day,  at  the  rate  of  about  $270 
per  cubic  foot  per  second  yearly,  for  the  total  fall  of  70  feet.f  Three 
hundred  cubic  feet  per  second  is  equal  to  a yearly  flow  of  5.14  inches 
from  the  water-shed,  which  is  1.82  inches  more  than  the  above  mini- 
mum flow,  but  this  is  provided  for  by  the  long  storage-ponds  in  the 

* Newark  Aqueduct  Board.  Report  on  Additional  Water-Supply,  by  J.  J.  R.  Croes 
and  Geo.  W.  Howell,  p.  35. 

fid,  p.  47. 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


197 


stream  channel,  as  the  flow  has  to  be  kept  up  but  12  hours  per  day. 
One  foot  on  the  water-shed  would  give  a 12  hours7  flow  of  1,409  cubic 
feet  per  second,  and  supposing  we  could  utilize  140  of  the  152  feet  of 
fall,  this  would  be  worth  a yearly  rental  of  $760,860,  or  5 per  cent, 
interest  on  $15,000,000.  Estimating  that  5 inches  of  flow  from  the 
water-shed  is  available  without  storage  works,  other  than  the  channel 
ponds  now  existing,  the  total  power  of  the  Passaic,  between  Little 
Falls  and  Dundee,  may  be  placed  at  4,773  horse-power,  and  an  effi- 
ciency of  75  per  cent,  would  give  an  actual  power  of  3,580  horse- 
power. The  amount  of  power  which  would  be  developed  here  by  a 
flow  of  12  inches  yearly  from  the  water-shed,  would  be  224,159 
horse-power  for  12  hours  per  day.*  Several  other  fine  water-powers 
are  to  be  found  on  the  Passaic  water- shed,  at  locations  where  there 
are  excellent  facilities  for  transportation,  and  all  within  40  miles  of 
New  York.  Among  these  may  be  noted  that  on  the  Rockaway,  at 
Boonton,  where  the  stream  has  a drainage  area  of  148.9  square  miles 
and  falls  280  feet  in  2 miles.  A flow  for  12  hours  daily  at  the  rate 
of  5 inches  on  the  water-shed,  would  give  here  1,754  horse-power, 
and  12  inches  would  produce  8,379  horse-power.  The  Pequannock 
falls  500  feet  in  the  9 miles  between  Charlottesburgh  and  Pompton. 
Taking  the  water-shed  at  70  square  miles,  1,472  horse-power  are  de- 
veloped here  with  a five-inch  flow,  and  7,038  horse-power  from  a 
twelve-inch  flow. 

Taking  the  area  of  the  Highland  region  at  700  square  miles,  and 
the  average  fall  of  the  streams  issuing  from  it,  at  200  feet,  a five-inch 
flow  would  give  for  the  borders  of  the  whole  region  a total  of  5,890 
horse-power,  and  a twelve-inch  flow  29,152  horse-power. 

The  Highland  region  is  remarkable  for  the  massing  of  power  at 
certain  points,  usually  near  its  borders,  and  those  powers  on  the  east- 
ern border  particularly  are  favorably  situated.  There  is  no  lack  of 
water-power  through  the  Kittatinny  valley,  but  it  is  distant  from  the 

*In  these  estimates  it  is  deemed  safe  to  use  a flow  for  12  hours  at  the  rate  of  5 
inches  on  the  water-shed,  annually,  as  the  present  power  of  the  stream  without  ex- 
tensive storage  works ; for  a dry-month  flow  of  0.21  inch  with  pondage  to  store  a 12 
hours’  flow  of  the  stream  at  this  rate,  will  secure  this  amount  of  power  at  all  times. 
This  requires,  usually,  only  the  small  channel  pond  at  the  millseat.  The  12  inches’ 
flow  given  as  the  maximum  is  supposed  to  be  secured  by  storage  works  so  controlled 
that  the  whole  flow  shall  be  confined  in  dry  seasons  to  12  hours  per  day,  and  the  actual 
flow  for  that  period,  therefore,  would  be  at  the  rate  of  24  inches  annually  from  the 
water-shed. 


198  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


cities,  and  not  likely  to  be  utilized.  The  water-powers  of  the  red 
sandstone  region  are  more  favorably  situated ; that  at  Paterson  has 
been  already  noted ; it  is  the  only  really  large  power  utilized,  although 
but  a small  part  of  the  total  power  developed  between  Little  Falls 
and  Dundee  is  yet  in  use.  Most  of  the  water-power  of  the  district 
exists  in  the  form  of  comparatively  small  powers,  well  distributed 
over  the  area.  At  Raritan,  the  Water  Power  Company  has  a dam 
and  raceway,  giving  a fall  of  about  12  feet,  with  a water-shed  of 
468  square  miles.  There  is  little  or  no  storage,  and  the  power 
must  fall  to  160  horse-powers  or  less  in  dry  weather.  There  is  oppor- 
tunity to  increase  the  fall  here  to  30  feet,  and  then,  with  storage,  to 
maintain  a flow  at  the  rate  of  12  inches  on  the  water-shed  annually, 
the  power  could  be  raised  to  2,824  horse-powers  for  12  hours  daily* 
and  the  location  is  good.  This  is  more  power  than  is  now  leased  at 
Paterson. 

A large  amount  of  power  is  developed  by  the  Delaware  river  be- 
tween Port  Jervis  and  Trenton,  and  portions  of  it  are  utilized  at 
various  points.  The  Trenton  Water  Power  Company  is  the  chief 
user  of  it. 

As  already  remarked,  the  streams  of  Southern  New  Jersey  are  dis- 
tinguished by  a very  even  flow,  and  therefore,  while  the  fall  is 
usually  rather  small,  many  fine  water-powers  are  found  on  them. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Batsto  and  Pleasant  Mills,  Atsion 
and  Harrisville,  on  the  Mullica  water-shed  ; Mays  Landing  and  Wey- 
mouth, on  the  Great  Egg  Harbor  water-shed ; Willow  Grove  and 
Millville,  on  Maurice  river ; Smithville,  on  the  Rancocas,  and  many 
smaller  powers.  The  pond  at  Millville  is  the  largest  entirely  artifi- 
cial body  of  water  in  the  State.  It  covers  926  acres.  A dam  2,200 
feet  long  raises  the  water  of  Maurice  river  24  feet.  The  water-shed 
is  218  square  miles  in  area.  Supposing  that  12  inches  of  the  annual 
rainfall  on  the  water-shed  is  utilized  here  during  24  hours  per  day, 
the  power  should  be  438  horse-power.  The  average  fall  of  Southern 
New  Jersey  streams  above  the  head  of  tide  is  five  feet  per  mile,  and 
much  water-power  here  remains  undeveloped. 

WATER-SUPPLY. 

The  importance  of  the  subject  of  water-supply  for  domestic  con- 
sumption may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  while  the  population  of 


PHYSICAL  DESCRIPTION. 


199 


the  State,  as  given  by  the  census  of  1885,  was  1,278,133,  the  portion 
of  that  population  supplied  by  public  water  works  is  760,796,  or  about 
60  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  More  than  half  of  this  large  population  are 
supplied  with  water  which  is  unsatisfactory  in  character,  while  65,593, 
living  in  towns  of  1,500  population  and  upward,  are  still  unsupplied. 
It  may  be  estimated  that  half  a million  of  our  people  are  in  need  of 
a supply  of  pure  water  at  once.  There  is  no  lack  of  water.  The 
Passaic  river  delivers  at  Little  Falls,  at  an  elevation  of  158  feet 
above  tide,  enough  water  of  excellent  quality  to  supply  5,000,000  or 
6,000,000  of  people.  The  streams  of  the  Archaean  Highlands  are 
unsurpassed  for  purity,  and  are  destined  to  remain  unpolluted,  for  the 
population  scarcely  increases  at  all  in  that  region,  the  surface  is  gen- 
erally wooded  and  there  is  little  manufacturing.  At  present,  the 
danger  of  private  corporations  securing  control  of  the  supply  is  being 
seen.  It  had  been  pointed  oat  some  years  since,  but  no  steps  were 
taken  to  prevent  it.  It  is  safe  to  say,  however,  that  when  this  evil 
comes  to  be  seriously  felt,  means  will  be  found  to  eradicate  it,  although 
it  must  be  at  increased  expenditure. 


/ 


200  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


POPULATION. 


While  it  is  possible  that  New  Jersey  was  settled  temporarily  at  an 
earlier  date,  there  is  little  doubt  that  effectual  settlement  was  begun  at 
Bergen,  in  1618,  by  the  Dutch.  It  has  been  estimated  that  the  ab- 
original population,  fifty  years  later,  did  not  exceed  2,000.  It  may 
have  been  somewhat  greater  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  at  Bergen, 
but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  area  which  now  teems  with  a million  and  a 
quarter  of  souls,  then  embraced  an  Indian  population  exceeding  3,000. 
The  Dutch  spread  over  Bergen,  Passaic  and  Hudson  counties,  and 
their  descendants  still  constitute  a large  portion  of  the  population  of 
these  counties,  which  are  all  formed  from  the  soil  of  the  original 
Bergen  county.  From  here  and  elsewhere  about  New  Amsterdam, 
they  soon  found  their  way  into  the  beautiful  and  fertile  Raritan  valley, 
populating  Somerset  county ; and  as  the  advantages  of  this  new  country 
became  known,  New  Brunswick  became  settled  by  immigrants  from 
the  distant  Dutch  colony  at  Albany.  Monmouth  county,  too,  received 
a scattering  Dutch  population  soon  after.  Away  back  in  the  Minisink 
valley  the  nucleus  of  another  Dutch  settlement  was  formed,  at  about 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  by  immigrants  from  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson,  at  Esopus,  now  Kingston.  These  were  the 
principal  centers  of  Dutch  settlement  in  East  Jersey,  and  they  have 
remained  nuclei  about  which  the  Holland  blood  still  lingers,  as  is  very 
evident  in  the  family  names  of  the  present  residents.  At  Elizabeth- 
town, the  English  made  their  first  settlement  in  New  Jersey,  in  1664, 
after  the  English  conquest  of  New  Amsterdam.  These  settlers  came 
from  New  England.  Newark  was  settled  in  the  same  way,  in  1666. 
Thence  the  English  spread  to  the  limits  of,  and  soon  began  to  blend 
with,  the  Dutch  settlements  at  Bergen  and  on  the  Raritan.  They  popu- 
lated the  old  county  of  Essex,  which  included  what  is  now  Union, 
and  Middlesex  north  of  the  Raritan.  Monmouth  also  received  early 
an  influx  of  English  settlers,  and  as  the  Province  remained  under 
English  rule,  and  was  the  property  of  English  proprietors,  the  Eng- 
lish filled  up  the  greater  part  of  East  Jersey,  which  the  Dutch  had 
not  already  occupied  in  1664.  The  fusion  of  these  two  peoples  began 
almost  immediately,  and  had  proceeded  far  enough  to  bring  them  into 


POPULATION. 


201 


complete  accord  when  the  pressure  of  the  English  yoke  began  to  be 
seriously  felt  a century  later. 

There  were  Danes  and  Norwegians  among  the  settlers  at  Bergen, 
and  Scotch  and  Irish  among  the  English  settlers,  but  the  English  and 
Dutch  far  outnumbered  all  other  nationalities. 

In  West  Jersey,  the  Dutch  were  the  first  to  attempt  settlement, 
but  their  settlements  at  Fort  Nassau,  in  1623  and  again  in  1630,  met 
with  disaster  and  so  disheartened  them  that  they  abandoned  the 
country. 

In  1637,  the  Swedes  settled  at  Tinicum,  and  soon  after  the  Dutch 
again  occupied  Fort  Nassau.  The  English  came  from  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  and  settled  on  the  Delaware  in  1640;  and  although 
resisted  by  both  Swedes  and  Dutch  they  eventually  occupied  all  of 
West  Jersey,  leaving  only  a trace  of  the  Swedish  and  Dutch  blood 
along  the  Delaware,  about  Salem.  Fairfield,  Cumberland  county, 
was  named  after  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  from  which  place  the  settlers 
came.  Greenwich,  Cumberland  county,  was  settled  from  New  Eng- 
land also,  with  some  Irish  settlers  added  to  the  English.  English 
whalers  from  Long  Island  settled  Cape  May,  probably  as  early  as  1640. 

In  1677,  230  English  Quakers  settled  in  West  Jersey.  They  found 
some  scattering  Swedish  habitations  about  Raccoon  creek.  Yorkshire 
Quakers  chose  the  land  below  Trenton,  about  Burlington,  and  those 
from  London  the  country  about  Gloucester.  They  all  settled  at  the 
town  of  Burlington,  however.  They  were  soon  followed  by  others 
who  settled  at  Salem.  We  are  told  that  about  1680  West  Jersey 
became  quite  populous  by  the  accession  of  many  settlers.  They  were 
mostly  Friends,  and  in  West  Jersey,  from  this  time,  English  blood 
preponderated  largely. 

It  is  estimated  that  in  1682  the  population  of  the  State  was  6,000, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  it  was  20,000,  of 
which  12,000  belonged  to  East  Jersey  and  8,000  to  West  Jersey. 
The  militia  amounted  to  1,400  men.  In  1737,  the  population 
amounted  to  47,369,  of  which  26,469  belonged  to  East  Jersey  and 
20,900  to  West  Jersey.  This  proportion  seems  to  verify  the  above 
estimate.  Holmes’  Annals  gives  an  estimate  of  15,000  for  the  year 
1701. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  population  by  counties 
at  various  periods  during  the  last  one  hundred  and  fifty  years.  The 
counties  are  grouped,  so  that  those  which  have  been  formed  last  may 
be  near  those  from  which  they  were  taken  off : 


Population  of  New  Jersey  at  Different  Periods. 


202  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


1885. 

39,880 

83,374 

240,342 

213,764 

61,839 

50,675 

22,401 

37,737 

37,420 

66,785 

27,425 

56,180 

62,324 

15,586 

57,558 

76,685 

27,603 

22,356 

25,373 

41,982 

10,744 

1,278,033 

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POPULATION. 


203 


ELEMENTS  OF.  THE  POPULATION. 

This  table  shows  an  increase  from  1785  to  1790  of  43,704,  which 
seems  very  large.  If  correct,  this  must  be  accounted  for  by  immi- 
gration following  the  peace  with  Great  Britain.  It  appears  that  the 
whole  immigration  to  the  United  States  from  1790  to  1800  did  not 
exceed  5,000  annually.  New  Jersey’s  share  of  this  could  not  have 
been  large.  There  was  a steady  increase  in  immigration  up  to  1850, 
when  it  reached  310,004  for  the  United  States.  We  may  estimate 
that  New  Jersey  at  that  time  was  receiving  from  this  source  8,000 
people  yearly.  The  proportion  of  foreign-born  residents  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  living  in  New  Jersey  in  1850  was  2.64  per  cent.  In  1870 
it  was  3.39  per  cent.,  and  in  1880  3.65  per  cent.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  State  has  continued  to  receive  her  full  share  of  the  immigration, 
for  her  total  population  is  but  2.25  per  cent.,  and  her  area  only  one- 
quarter  of  one  per  cent,  of  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  natives  of  the  United 
States  and  of  foreign-born , residents  in  New  Jersey  at  each  census 
year  since  1850 : 


Foreign-born  to  each 

Year.  Native.  Foreign-born.  100  Inhabitants. 

1850 430,441  58,364  11.93 

1860 549,245  122,790  18.27 

1870 717,153  188,943  20.85 

1880 909,416  221,700  19.60 

1885 1,027,687  250,346  19.59 


It  will  be  seen  that  since  1860  the  increase  of  native-born  residents 
has  kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  foreign-born ; but  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  much  of  the  native  population  since  then  has  sprung  from  foreign 
parentage.  It  may  be  estimated  that  40  per  cent,  of  the  total  popu- 
lation have  both  parents  foreign-born.  The  table  below  gives  the 
distribution  of  natives  and  foreigners  by  counties.  More  than  one- 
quarter  of  the  population  of  Essex,  and  over  one-third  of  that  of 
Hudson,  is  foreign.  In  Passaic,  also,  it  is  nearly  one-third;  in  Union 
it  is  less  than  one-quarter,  and  in  Middlesex  less  than  one-fifth. 
These  five  counties  have  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  total  foreign- 
born  population  of  the  State. 


204  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Native  and  Foreign-Born  Population  by  Counties,  1880. 


COUNTIES. 

NATIVE. 

FOREIGN-BORN. 

i t 

Total. 

Born  in  the 
State. 

New  York. 

Pennsylvania,  j 

All  other 
States. 

j Total. 

England  and 
/Wales. 

Ireland. 

German 

Empire. 

All  other 
Countries. 

Atlantic 

16,629 

12,755 

532 

2,016 

1,326 

2,075 

287 

306 

1,160 

322 

Bergen 

29,028 

20,994 

6,520 

284 

1,230 

7,758 

850 

2,459 

2,643 

1,806 

Burlington 

51,401 

43,991 

639 

4,997 

1,774 

4,001 

520 

2,154 

938 

389 

Camden 

55,776 

36,916 

1,026 

12,140 

5,694 

7,166 

1,789 

2,761 

1,757 

859 

Cape  May 

9,542 

8,475 

126 

653 

288 

223 

28 

124 

37 

34 

Cumberland 

35,802 

30,418 

1,238 

1,996 

2,150 

1,885 

490 

402 

563 

430 

Essex 

137,336 

109,489 

16,977 

2,988 

7,882 

52,593 

6,405 

19,831 

20,167 

6,190 

Gloucester 

24,139 

21,022 

216 

2,028 

873 

1,747 

199 

635 

729 

184 

Hudson 

122,380 

77,269 

35,302 

2,810 

6,999 

65,564 

6,248 

29,845 

22,018 

7,453 

Hunterdon 

36,749 

33,800 

416 

2,117 

416 

1,821 

236 

1,179 

271 

135 

Mercer 

48,271 

40,784 

1,414 

4,238 

1,835 

9,790 

2,484 

4,207 

2,352 

747 

Middlesex 

42,161 

35,861 

3,786 

1,051 

1,463 

10,125 

1,019 

5,160 

2,246 

1,700 

Monmouth 

50,817 

44,570 

4,054 

857 

1,336 

4,721 

591 

3,010 

654 

466 

Morris 

41,882 

37,269 

2,742 

722 

1,149 

8,979 

2,972 

4,116 

829 

1,062 

Ocean 

13,963 

12,841 

459 

222 

441 

492 

96 

196 

119 

81 

Passaic 

46,205 

36,466 

6,944 

759 

2,036 

22,655 

5,414 

7,307 

2,961 

6,973 

Salem 

23,697 

21,913 

96 

845 

843 

882 

88 

427 

289 

78 

Somerset 

24,136 

21,252 

1,769 

438 

677 

3,026 

389 

1,388 

883 

366 

Sussex 

22,535 

20,738 

1,130 

489 

178 

1,004 

254 

504 

140 

106 

Union 

43,146 

29,922 

8,763 

1,229 

3,232 

12,425 

1,440 

6,095 

3,428 

1,462 

Warren 

33,821 

28,869 

543 

3,875 

534 

2,768 

349 

1,333 

751 

335 

The  State 

909,416 

725,614 

94,692 

46,754 

42,356 

221,700 

32,148 

93,079 

64,935 

31,538 

The  following  table  shows  the  growth  of  the  colored  population  of 
the  State  since  1790  : 


Percentage  of  Total 

Date.  Colored  Population.  Population. 

1790 2,762  7.7 

1800  4,402  7.9 

1820  12,460  7.2 

1850 23,810  4.9 

1870  30,658  3.4 

1885 41,841  3.3 


POPULATION. 


205 


PERCENTAGES  OF  VARIOUS  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  POPULATION. 


1850.  1870.  1885. 

Native  white 83.16  75.77  77.14 

Foreign-born 11.93  20.85  19.59 

Colored 4.91  3.38  3.27 


The  number  of  colored  residents  born  in  other  States  was,  in  1880, 
11,184,  and  at  that  time  the  living  immigrants  exceeded  the  living 
emigrants  by  6,649.  This  influx  comes  mainly  from  Delaware,  Mary- 
land and  Virginia.  The  increase  of  colored  population  has  not  kept 
pace  with  the  increase  of  the  native  whites.  Proximity  to  the  coast, 
and  a milder  climate,  have  given  this  State  a somewhat  larger  propor- 
tion of  colored  population  than  States  west,  on  the  same  parallel  of 
latitude. 


MOVEMENT  OF  POPULATION. 

There  is  a considerable  influx  of  people  from  other  Eastern  States, 
but  this  is  nearly  counterbalanced  by  the  movement  of  population 
westward.  New  Jersey  supplies  her  quota  of  native-born  to  people 
the  great  West.  The  following  table  shows  the  movement  from  each 
State  into  New  Jersey,  and  from  this  State  to  the  several  States.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the  first  column  shows  the  loss  by  emigration  to 
each  State,  and  the  second  shows  the  gain  by  immigration  from  the 
States  into  New  Jersey.  From  every  New  England  and  Middle  State 
the  gain  has  exceeded  the  loss,  as  it  has,  also,  from  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Louisiana.  To  the  other  South- 
ern and  the  Western  States,  more  has  been  contributed  than  has  been 
gained.  Illinois  has  drawn  most  largely ; next  comes  Ohio,  then 
Michigan,  Iowa,  Indiana,  Kansas,  California  and  Missouri.  This 
table  is  prepared  from  the  census  of  1880: 


206  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


STATES. 

| Residents  of  each  State 
born  in  New  Jersey. 

Natives  of  each  State  re- 
siding in  New  Jersey. 

Alabama 

227 

150 

Arkansas 

270 

26 

California 

3,760 

236 

Colorado 

1,479 

55 

Connecticut,... 

4,067 

6,071 

Delaware 

2,238 

4,113 

Florida 

369 

191 

Georgia 

469 

493 

Illinois 

14,636 

1,140 

Indiana  . 

5,448 

427 

Iowa 

6,357 

272 

Kansas 

4,631 

104 

Kentucky 

710 

483 

Louisiana 

249 

388 

Maine  

212 

1,961 

Maryland 

2,354 

4,556 

Massachusetts 

3,137 

6,583 

Michigan 

7,903 

627 

Minnesota 

1,862 

109 

Mississippi 

144 

146 

Missouri 

3,497 

442 

Nebraska 

2,318 

34 

Nevada 

344 

13 

New  Hampshire 

178 

1,121 

New  York 

47,266 

94,692 

1 

STATES. 

| Residents  of  each  State 
born  in  New  Jersey. 

Natives  of  each  State  re- 
siding in  New  Jersey. 

North  Carolina 

248 

650 

Ohio  

10,487 

2,409 

Oregon  

457 

12 

Pennsylvania 

44,843 

46,754 

Rhode  Island 

854 

1,075 

South  Carolina 

175 

660 

Tennessee 

377 

240 

Texas 

1,024 

118 

Vermont 

262 

1,337 

Virginia 

1,349 

4,789 

West  Virginia 

470 

107. 

Wisconsin 

TERRITORIES. 

2,907 

’ 426 

Arizona 

156 

3 

Dakota 

402 

11 

District  of  Columbia  . 

1,107 

691 

Idaho 

98 

2 

Montana 

234 

2 

New  Mexico 

81 

39 

Utah 

372 

14 

Washington 

229 

3 

Wyoming 

134 

3 

Indian  Territory 

10 

'll 

180,391 

183,788 

POPULATION. 


207 


ANALYSIS  OF  GROWTH  BY  COUNTIES. 

Increase  from 

County.  1860  to  1885.  Remarks. 

Atlantic 13,395 Atlantic  City,  Hammonton  and  Egg  Harbor  City 

have  increased  10,950.  It  may  be  estimated 
that  4,000  of  the  increase  of  population  is 
due  to  the  development  of  pine  lands,  and 
9,000  to  seaside  development. 

Bergen 25,155 Hackensack  and  Englewood,  5,906.  Increase  due 

to  growth  of  a large  number  of  suburban 
towns  and  villages  quite  uniformly  distribu- 
ted over  the  county. 


Burlington  14,355 Mt.  Holly,  Bordentown,  Burlington  and  Beverly, 

8,000 ; remainder  due  to  agricultural  devel- 
opment. 


■Camden 

53,377. 

(Exclusive  of  Washington  township,  1850). 

Camden,  Gloucester,  Haddonfield  and  Mer- 
chantville,  49,030  ; remainder  rural,  of  which 
over  1,000  is  due  to  development  of  pine 
lands. 

Cape  May 

4,311 

Seaside  development,  3,171. 

Cumberland ... 

24,793 

Bridgeton,  Millville  and  Vineland,  18,281 ; re- 

mainder  due  to  improvement  of  pine  lands. 

Essex 

161,799 

Newark,  Orange  and  East  Orange,  130,840 ; re- 

mainder  in  villages  and  country. 

■Gloucester  — 

10,834 

Mainly  rural. 

Hudson 

218,520 

All  urban. 

Hunterdon  ... 

8,430 

Lambertville,  2,650;  remainder  rural. 

Mercer 

38,793 

Trenton,  Chambersburg,  etc.,  37,925.  Growth 

of  county  entirely  urban. 

Middlesex 

New  Brunswick,  8,239 ; remainder  largely  due  to 

development  of  clay  districts. 

Monmouth  ... 

32,010 

Seashore  townships,  24,034 ; remainder  largely 

- due  to  agricultural  development. 

Morris 

20,617 

About  10,000  of  this  increase  may  be  attributed 

to  the  development  of  iron  mining  and  an 
equal  amount  to  the  growth  of  small  towns. 
There  has  been  no  growth  due  to  agricul- 
tural development. 

Ocean . .. 

5,554 

Most  of  this  is  due  to  seaside  development. 

Passaic 

60,805 

Paterson  and  Passaic  cities,  59,900. 

Salem 

5,906 

Mostlv  from  agricultural  development. 

Somerset 

7,733 

About  4,000  in  the  villages  of  Somerville,  Rari- 

tan  and  Bound  Brook ; mainly  due  to  agri- 
cultural development. 

Sussex 

588 

Decrease.  This  county  is  purely  agricultural. 

Union  

40,854 

Population  estimated  at  20,985  in  1850;  county 

not  then  formed.  Elizabeth,  Plainfield  and 
Rahway,  37,000.  The  remainder  in  small 
villages. 

Warren  

15,379  

Phillipsburg  and  smaller  towns,  12,000;  there- 

mainder  rural. 

208  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


CAUSES  OF  INCREASE. 

The  above  analysis  gives  an  insight  into  the  causes  which  have  led 
to  the  growth  of  New  Jersey.  A large  proportion  of  the  increase  has 
been  in  the  towns,  and  arises  from  the  promotion  of  manufactures  and 
from  an  influx  of  persons  from  the  neighboring  cities  seeking  sub- 
urban residences.  But  a small  part  of  the  increase  has  been  in  the 
agricultural  districts,  for  the  increase  in  the  number  of  farms  has 
been  offset  by  the  introduction  of  agricultural  machinery.  Accord- 
ing to  the  census  returns,  there  are  now  10,402  more  farms  than  there 
were  in  1850.  This  would  correspond  to  an  increase  of  some  60,000 
in  the  agricultural  population.  The  development  of  the  pine  lands 
has  brought  some  20,000  people  to  the  State  since  1860.  Seaside 
resorts  have  built  up  rapidly  since  1870,  and  have  brought  an  increase 
of  some  40,000.  The  development  of  the  clay  lands  in  Middlesex 
and  of  the  iron  mines  in  Northern  New  Jersey  has  also  added  some 
what  to  the  population. 


CITIES. 


By  far  the  larger  part  of  the  growth  of  the  State,  since  1850,  has 
been  in  the  cities,  as  the  following  table  shows : 


Population  ot 

Population  oi  Cities  and  Towns  Village  and 
Cities  over  8,000.  over  2,000.  Rural  Population. 


1850 81,119  142,232  347,323 

1870 355,862  461,269  444,827 

1885 672,537  813,039  464,994 


In  1885,  there  was  a population  of  50,000  in  villages  having  from 
1,000  to  2,000  inhabitants,  and  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that  practically 
all  of  the  increase  shown  above  in  the  village  and  rural  population, 
from  1870  to  1885,  was  in  the  villages  alone. 


POPULATION 


209 


Population  of  Towns  and  Cities  of  Over  2,000  Inhabitants. 


1885. 

1880. 

1870. 

1850. 

3,301 

2,260 

Atlantic  City 

7,942 

5,477 

1,043 

13,080 

9,372 

3,834 

Belleville  Township  

3,285 

3,004 

3,644 

1,800 

Bloomfield  Township 

6,502 

5,748 

4,580 

2,000 

Boonton 

2,390 

2,277 

2,000 

Bordentown 

4,683 

4,258 

4,000 

2,725 

Bridgeton 

10,065 

8,722 

6,830 

2,446 

Burlington 

6,653 

6,090 

5,817 

4,536 

Camden 

52,884 

41,659 

20,045 

9,479 

Chambersburg  Township, 

8,542 

5,437 

Dover 

3,170 

2,958 

1,900 

East  Orange  Township... 

10,328 

8,349 

4,315 

Elizabeth 

32,119 

28,229 

20,832 

4,000 

Englewood  Township 

4,429 

4,076 

Freehold  

2,124 

2,432 

Glassboro  Township 

2,377 

2,088 

Gloucester 

5,966 

5,347 

3,682 

2,188 

Hackensack 

4,983 

4,248 

4,929 

3,506 

Hackettstown 

2,645 

2,502 

2,202 

1,200 

Harrison 

6,806 

6,898 

4,129 

Hoboken 

37,721 

30,999 

20,297 

Hudson  County  

240,342 

187,944 

129,067 

21,822 

Jersey  City 

153,513 

120,722 

82,546 

6,856 

Keyport 

3,063 

2,753 

2,366 

Lambertville.  

4,067 

4,183 

3,842 

1,417 

Long  Branch 

5,140 

3,833 

Millham 

2,338 

1,585 

677 

Millville  

8,824 

7,660 

6,101 

2,332 

Montclair  Township 

6,327 

5,147 

2,853 

Morristown  

5,418 

5,000 

3,300 

Remarks. 


Including  Ocean  Grove. 


Now  a part  of  Trenton. 


{Includes  New  Barba- 
does  Twp.  In  1871 
part  to  Midland. 


f Practically  all  urban 
\ population. 


Now  a part  of  Trenton. 


O 


210  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Population  of  Towns  and  Cities  of  Over  2,000  Inhabitants— Con- 
tinued. 


1885. 

1880. 

1870. 

1850. 

Mount  Holly 

5,006 

4,630 

4,018 

2,000 

Newark 

152,988 

136,508 

105,059 

38,894 

New  Brunswick 

18,258 

17,166 

15,058 

10,019 

Orange 

15,231 

13,207 

9,348 

4,385 

Oxford 

2,656 

Passaic 

8,326 

6,532 

3,400 

Paterson 

63,273 

51,031 

33,579 

11,334 

Perth  Amboy  Township, 

6,311 

4,808 

2,861 

1,865 

Plainfield 

8,913 

8,125 

5,095 

2,447 

Phillipsburg 

8,058 

7,181 

5,932 

Princeton 

3,438 

3,209 

2,798 

Rahway 

6,861 

6,455 

6,258 

3,306 

Raritan 

2,244 

2,046 

1,009 

900 

Rod  Bank.., 

3,186 

2,684 

2,086 

Rutherford 

2,299 

Salem 

5,516 

5,056 

4,555 

3,052 

Somerville 

3,316 

3,105 

2,236 

1,300 

South  Amboy 

4,054 

3,648 

South  Orange. 

2,178 

• 

Trenton 

34,386 

29,910 

22,874 

6,461 

Union 

8,398 

5,849 

4,640 

V an  V orst 

4,617 

Vineland 

3,170 

2,519 

2,000 

Washington 

2,597 

2,142 

1,880 

West  Hoboken 

7,162 

5,441 



Woodbury  City 

3,278 

2,298 

1,965 

1,000 

Remarks. 


f Includes  Northampton 
{ Township. 


f 1870.  Includes  Union 
\ Township. 

Now  apart  of  Jersey  City. 


POPULATION. 


211 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  POPULATION. 

In  New  Jersey,  within  18  miles  of  New  York  city  hall,  there  is  a 
population  of  607,000.  If  we  add  to  this  the  population  of  Plain- 
field  and  Summit,  which  is  essentially  suburban  to  New  York  also, 
we  have  617,000,  or  nearly  half  of  the  population  of  the  State  in- 
oluded  in  the  great  center  of  population  of  which  New  York  is  the 
nucleus.  If  we  complete  our  circle,  we  include*  a population  of  two 
and  one-half  millions  in  all  in  the  metropolitan  district.  Long 
Island  and  New  Jersey  contain  one-quarter  of  this,  each,  and  the 
other  half  is  in  New  York  city  itself. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  just  how  much  of  this  617,000  in  New 
Jersey  should  be  considered  suburban  to  New  York.  Newark  and 
Paterson  both  lie  within  this  area,  and  are  each  important  manufac- 
turing centers.  Their  prosperity  is  in  a large  degree  independent  of 
their  proximity  to  New  York.  Jersey  City  is  more  distinctly  sub- 
urban, and  many  of  the  smaller  towns  and  villages  are  very  largely 
made  up  of  the  suburban  residences  of  business  and  professional  men 
of  New  York.  The  growth  of  that  portion  of  the  metropolitan  dis- 
trict above  described,  which  lies  in  New  Jersey,  has  been  more  rapid 
than  that  of  the  remainder.  From  1860  to  1880,  Hudson  county  in- 
creased 200  per  cent,  and  Essex  93  per  cent.  In  New  York  city  the 
increase  was  45  per  cent.,  in  Kings  county  110  per  cent.,  and  the 
average  for  the  whole  district  was  75  per  cent.  If  the  facilities  of 
communication  with  the  New  Jersey  portion  are  improved  as  rapidly 
as  they  are  for  other  portions  of  the  district,  it  must  continue  to  grow 
very  rapidly. 

Philadelphia  also  lies  on  the  borders  of  the  State,  but  does  not 
exert  so  wide  an  influence  as  New  York.  A radius  of  12  miles  will 
include  about  all  of  the  suburban  population.  The  population  within 
this  circle,  in  New  Jersey,  is  89,000,  or  about  100,000  if  we  include 
Burlington  and  Mount  Holly.  Apart  from  the  cities  which  form  a 
part  of  the  great  centers  of  population,  and  which  have  national 
rather  than  local  causes  for  existence,  Trenton  has  the  largest  collec- 
tion of  people  in  the  State.  It  now  has  a population  exceeding 
45,000.  It  is  a manufacturing  center,  as  are  also  New  Brunswick, 
with  18,258;  Bridgeton,  with  10,065,  and  Millville,  with  8,824 
population  respectively. 


212  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Arranged  geologically  and  topographically,  we  have  the  following 
distribution  of  the  population  of  the  State  : 


In  Cities  of  Rural  Popu- 

over  2,000  Rural  lation  per 

District.  Total.  Population.  Population.  Square  Mile. 

Archaean  and  Paleozoic 113,324  27,063  86,261  60.7 

Triassic 789,824  642,710  147,114  95.5 

Cretaceous 223,225  102,824  120,401  80.8 

Tertiary 151,660  40,442  111,218  36.8 


The  State 1,278,033  813,039  464,994  61.9 


The  whole  population  of  the  State,  divided  by  the  number  of  square 
miles  of  land  surface,  gives  170.0  per  square  mile.  Rhode  Island, 
in  1880,  had  254.9,  and  Massachusetts,  221.8  per  square  mile.  New 
Jersey  comes  next  in  density  of  population. 

In  the  Archaean  and  Paleozoic  districts,  Sussex  county,  on  the 
glaciated  Paleozoic  mainly,  has  42  people  per  square  mile,  and  north- 
ern Passaic,  representing  the  glaciated  Archaean  region,  has  34  per 
square  mile  of  rural  population.  Warren  county  has  68,  and  the 
unglaciated  portions  of  the  Archaean  district  have  from  85  to  95 
inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

The  Triassic  or  red  sandstone  country  contains  nearly  two-thirds  of 
the  population  of  the  State,  although  it  comprises  but  one-fifth  of  the 
area.  This  population  is  largely  in  cities.  Exclusive  of  towns  of 
2,000  inhabitants  and  upward,  Bergen  county  has  115  per  square 
mile;  Essex,  130,  and  Union,  214.  In  the  exclusively  agricultural 
counties,  Somerset  has  72  and  Hunterdon  62  per  square  mile.  The 
rural  population  of  the  Cretaceous  district  is  almost  entirely  agricul- 
tural and  is  quite  uniformly  distributed.  In  the  various  agricultural 
townships,  the  range  is  from  60  to  90  per  square  mile.  In  Mon- 
mouth and  Burlington,  the  average  is  about  70  per  square  mile,  and 
in  Gloucester  and  Salem,  the  range  is  from  60  to  116,  and  the  average 
is  about  80. 

On  the  Tertiary  pine  plains,  if  we  exclude  the  area  of  the  tide- 
marsh  which  is  uninhabitable,  the  average  per  square  mile  is  42.4 ; 
but  this  population  is  not  uniformly  distributed.  Ocean  county  has 
24.6  per  square  mile.  Jackson  township  has  18,  and  Lacey  township 
but  7 per  square  mile.  Half  of  the  county  has  a population  of  only 
7 per  square  mile.  In  Burlington  county,  Woodland  township  has 
but  2.6  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  Randolph  has  6,  Washington  8, 


POPULATION. 


213 


Bass  River  11  and  Shamong  13.  The  rural  inhabitants  of  Atlantic 
county  average  20  to  the  square  mile.  Hamilton  township  has  13, 
Mullica  15,  and  Weymouth  but  8.  South  and  west  the  pine  lands 
are  being  developed,  and  the  portion  lying  in  Camden  county  has  37 
inhabitants  per  square  mile.  That  in  Cumberland  has  33,  and  in 
Salem  there  are  59  to  the  square  mile. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

The  table  below  gives  the  number  of  persons  employed  in  each 
special  occupation.  Under  each  class  the  total  number  of  persons 
occupied  is  given,  and  then  follow  those  occupations  of  that  class 
which  employ  1,000  or  more  persons.  About  one  out  of  every  three 
inhabitants  of  the  State  is  engaged  in  remunerative  employment.  As 
there  were  232,309  families  in  the  State  in  1880,  the  average  is  1.71 
to  each  family,  or  1.43  males  and  .28  females.  Agriculture  employs 
15  per  cent.,  professional  and  personal  services  28  per  cent.,  trade  and 
transportation  17  per  cent.,  and  manufacturing,  mechanical  and 
mining  industries  40  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  persons 
occupied.  Of  the  females,  40  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  employed 
are  domestic  servants,  and  43  per  cent,  are  engaged  in  manufacturing. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  they  are  represented  in  most  of  the  occupa- 
tions given. 


Number  of  Persons  Engaged  in  each  Special  Occupation.— 1880. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

| Total  number 
of  persons. 

to 

<X> 

73 

s 

CO 

o> 

13 

a 

r® 

All  Occupations 

396,879 

330,103 

66,776 

Agriculture  

59,214 

58,819 

395 

Agricultural  Laborers 

22,672 

22,254 

148 

Farmers  and  Planters 

33,578 

33,381 

197 

Gardeners,  etc 

2,113 

2,110 

3 

214  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Number  of  Persons  Engaged  in  each  Special  Occupation.— 1880 

—Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 


Professional  and  Personal  Services 

Barbers  and  Hairdressers 

Clergymen 

Clerks  and  Copyists  (not  otherwise  specified) 

Domestic  Servants 

Employes  of  Hotels  and  Restaurants 

Hotel-keepers 

Laborers... 

Launderers  and  Laundresses 

Lawyers 

Officials  of  Government 

Physicians  and  Surgeons 

Teachers  and  Scientific  Persons 


Trade  and  Transportation 

Boatmen  and  Watermen 

Book-keepers  and  Accountants  in  Stores 

Clerks  in  Stores 

Draymen,  Hackmen,  Teamsters,  etc 

Employes  of  R.  R.  Companies  (not  clerks)  ...... 

Hucksters  and  Peddlers 

Porters  and  Laborers  in  Stores  and  Warehouses 

Sailors... 

Salesmen  and  Saleswomen 

Saloon-keepers  and  Bartenders 

Traders  and  Dealers  (not  specified) 

Traders  and  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods,  etc 

Traders  and  Dealers  in  Groceries 

Traders  and  Dealers  in  Produce  and  Provisions. 


110,722 

75,763 

34,959 

1,457 

1,398 

59 

1,654 

1,649 

5 

1,378 

1,332 

46 

29,777 

2,919 

26,858 

1,797 

1,183 

614 

1,095 

1,046 

49 

52,707 

52,389 

318 

2,479 

327 

2,152 

1,557 

1,555 

2 

1,711 

1,683 

28 

1,595 

1,540 

55 

4,606 

1,318 

3,288 

66.382 

63,874 

2,508 

2,509 

2,509 

2,821 

2,765 

56 

11,545 

10,815 

730 

5,163 

5,163 

6,317 

6,299 

18 

2,034 

1,999 

35 

1,007 

853 

154 

2,609 

2,609 

1,709 

1,401 

308 

2,674 

2,515 

159 

3,133 

2,979 

154 

1,449 

1,153 

296 

3,902 

3,659 

243 

1,840 

1,827 

13 

POPULATION. 


215 


Number  of  Persons  Engaged  in  each  Special  Occupation. — 1880 

—Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 


Manufacturing,  Mechanical  and  Mining  Industries 

Apprentices  to  Trades 

Bakers 

Blacksmiths 

Boot  and  Shoe  Makers 

Brick  and  Tile  Makers 

Butchers... 

Button  Factory  Operatives 

Cabinetmakers 

Carpenters  and  Joiners 

Cigar  Makers 

Cotton  Mill  Operatives 

Employes  in  Manufacturing  Establishments  (not 
specified) ... 

V 

Engineers  and  Firemen 

Fishermen  and  Oystermen 

Glass  Works  Operatives  

Gold  and  Silver  Workers  and  Jewelers 

Harness  and  Saddle  Makers 

Hat  and  Cap  Makers 

Iron  and  Steel  Works  and  Shops  Operatives 

Leather  Curriers,  Dressers,  etc 

Machinists 

Manufacturers 

Masons  (brick  and  stone) 

Mill  and  Factory  Operatives  (not  specified) 

Millers 

Milliners,  Dressmakers  and  Seamstresses 


| Total  number 
j of  persons. 

S 

a 

o> 

Pq 

. 160,561 

131,647 

28,914 

1,889 

1,805 

84 

2,135 

2,097 

38 

4,928 

4,928 

6,832 

6,086 

746 

1,470 

1,470 

3,587 

3,587 

1,172 

659 

513 

1,048 

1,039 

9 

12,354 

12,354 

1,668 

1,613 

55 

3,539 

1,185 

2,354 

2,805 

2,288 

517 

3,702 

3,702 

2,529 

2,529 

2,751 

2,737 

14 

2,880 

2,710 

170 

1,715 

1,608 

107 

4,198 

3,525 

673 

4,842 

4,814 

28 

1,459 

1,420 

39 

5,397 

5,397 

2,220 

2,206 

14 

3,943 

3,943 

1,105 

699 

406 

1,076 

1,076 

9,087 

94 

8,993 

216  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Number  of  Persons  Engaged  in  each  Special  Occupation. — 1880 

—Continued. 


OCCUPATIONS. 

Total  number 
of  persons. 

GO 

© 

Females. 

Manufacturing , Mechanical  and  Mining  Industries — Con. 

Miners 

3,696 

3,696 

Painters  and  Varnishers. 

5,058 

5,054 

4 

Potters 

2,461 

2,066 

395 

Printers,  Lithographers  and  Stereotypers 

2,460 

2,372 

88 

Print  Work  Operatives 

1,272 

988 

284 

Rubber  Factory  Operatives 

1,219 

839 

380 

Shirt,  Collar  and  Cuff  Makers.. 

1,284 

465 

819 

Silk  Mill  Operatives 

10,324 

6,123 

4,201 

Tailors  and  Tailoresses 

5,756 

3,165 

2,591 

Thread  Makers 

1,011 

221 

790 

Tinners  and  Tinware  Makers 

1,748 

1,578 

170 

Wheelwrights 

1,237 

1,237 

Woolen  Mill  Operatives 

2,773 

1,830 

943 

CENSUS  OF  1885. 

The  following  census  shows  in  detail  the  distribution  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  State  in  its  several  political  divisions : 


Atlantic  County. 


Absecon 

Atlantic  City 

Buena  Yista  Township 

Egg  Harbor  City 

Egg  Harbor  Township  

Galloway  Township  (not  including) 1,056 

Brigantine  City 79 

Port  Republic 474 

German  Settlement 544 


567 

7,942 

1,016 

1,317 

3,919 


2,153 


POPULATION. 


217 


Atlantic  County— Continued. 

Hamilton  Township 1,484 

Hammonton  Township 2,525 

Mullica  Township  (not  including)  126 

Columbia  106 

Pleasant  Mills  106 

El  wood  403 

Weekstown  66 

807 

Weymouth  Township  (including) — 

Tuckahoe  . 442 

Estelville 184 

626 

Total  in  County 22,356 

Bergen  County. 

Englewood  Township 4,429 

Franklin  Township 2,194 

Harrington  Township 2,604 

Hohokus  Township 2,898 

Lodi  Township 4,347 

Midland  Township 1,617 

New  Barbadoes  Township,  co-extensive  with  Hackensack 4,983 

Palisades  Township 2,333 

Ridgefield  Township 4,487 

Ridgewood  Township 1,776 

Saddle  River  Township  (not  including)  1,175 

Garfield 409 

1,584 

Union  Township  (including) — 

Rutherford 2,579 

Borough  of  Rutherford  1,335 

3,914 

Washington  Township.. 2,714 


Total  in  County 39,880 

Burlington  County. 

Bass  River  Township 905 

Beverly  City 1,973 

Beverly  Township  (not  including) 974 

Delanco 409 

1,383 

Bordentown  Township  (not  including) 638 

City  of  Bordentown 4,683 

Borough  of  Fieldsborough 536 

5,857 

Burlington  Township  (not  including)  .... 1,037 

Burlington  City — 

First  Ward 3,587 

Second  Ward 3,066 


7,690 


218  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Burlington  County— Continued. 

Chester  Township 3,071 

Chesterfield  Township 1,453 

Cinnaminson  Township 2,640 

Delran  Township 1,932 

Easthampton  Township 655 

Evesham  Township  (not  including) 1,217 

Village  of  Marl  ton. 339 

1,556 

Florence  Township  (not  including)  571 

Town  of  Florence 1,011 

1,582 

Little  Egg  Harbor  Township  (Tuckerton) 1,885 

Lumberton  Township 1,735 

Mansfield  Township  (not  including) 681 

Columbus 1,034 

1,715 

Medford  Township  (not  including)  1,072 

Medford 992 

2,064 

Mount  Laurel  Township 1,781 

New  Hanover  Township 2,235 

Northampton  Township,  co-extensive  with  Mount  Holly 5,006 

Pemberton  Township  (not  including) 2,100 

Borough  of  Pemberton 844 

2,944 

Kandolph  Township 365 

Shamong  Township 933 

Southampton  Township  (not  including) 1,486 

Vincentown 777 

2,263 

Springfield  Township 1,884 

Washington  Township 333 

Westhampton  Township 688 

Willingboro  Township 725 

Woodland  Township 305 


Total  in  County 57,558 

Camden  County. 

Camden  City — 

First  Ward 7,031 

Second  Ward 8,007 

Third  Ward 4,800 

Fourth  Ward 9,464 

Fifth  Ward 6,866 

Sixth  Ward 4,198 

Seventh  Ward 5,805 

Eighth  Ward 6,713 


52,884  . 


POPULATION.  219 

Camden  County — Continued. 

Centre  Township 1,723 

Delaware  Township 1,572 

Gloucester  City — 

First  Ward 2,640 

Second  Ward 3,326 

5,966 

Gloucester  Township 2,542 

Haddon  Township  (not  including) 1,320 

Borough  of  Haddonfield 1,950 

3,270 

Merchantville,  Borough  of. 741 

Stockton  Township . 3,709 

Waterford  Township — 

Atco 303 

Atsion 115 

Berlin 676 

Gibbsboro 145 

Glendale 210 

Jackson 136 

Kirkwood 151 

Milford 159 

Waterford 203 

2,098 

Winslow  Township — 

Bates’  Mills 120 

Blue  Anchor 175 

Brooklyn 100 

Cedar  Brook 60 

Elm 221 

Sicklerville 229 

Waterford 101 

Wilton 480 

Winslow 624 

2,180 

Total  in  County 76,685 

Cape  May  County. 

Cape  May  City 1,610 

Cape  May  Point,  Borough  of 200 

Dennis  Township — 

East  Creek Ill 

North  Dennis 487 

Ocean  View 191 

South  Dennis. 308 

South  Seaville 498 

West  Creek 175 

1,770 

Holly  Beach,  Borough  of 210 


220  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Cape  May  County— Continued. 

Lower  Township 1,208 

Middle  Township 2,605 

Ocean  City,  Borough  of 465 

Sea  Isle  City,  Borough  of 558 

Upper  Township 1,500 

West  Cape  May,  Borough  of. 618 


Total  in  County 10,744 

Cumberland  County. 

Bridgeton  City — 

First  Ward 4,830 

Second  Ward 2,601 

Third  Ward 2,634 

10,065 

Commercial  Township  (including) — 

Mauricetown 554 

Buckshutem. 216 

Haley  ville 424 

North  Port  Norris 319 

Port  Norris 1,031 

2,544 

Deerfield  Township 1,632 

Downe  Township. 1,860 

Fairfield  Township 1,612 

Greenwich  Township  (not  including) 800 

Village  of  Greenwich...  467 

1,267 

Hopewell  Township 1,794 

Landis  Township  (not  including) 3,851 

Borough  of  Vineland 3,170 

7,021 

Lawrence  Township 1,728 

Maurice  River  Township  (including) — 

Ewing's  Neck 321 

Belleplain  164 

Heislerville 414 

Manumuskin...  200 

Port  Elizabeth  - 523 

Bricksboro 123 

Dorchester 305 

Leesburg 512 

2,562 

City  of  Millville — 

First  Ward 2,805 

Second  Ward 3,250 

Third  Ward 2,769 

8,824 

Stow  Creek  Township 1,073 


Total  in  County 41,982 


POPULATION 


221 


Essex  County. 

Belleville  Township  (including) — 

Town  of  Belleville 1,818 

Borough 1,467 

3,285 

Bloomfield  Township 6,502 

Caldwell  Township 3,336 

Clinton  Township  (not  including) 1,028 

Town  of  Irvington 1,802 


East  Orange  Township — 

First  District — Franklin 1,583 

Second  District — Ashland,  North 3,072 

Third  District — Ashland,  South 2,816 

Fourth  District — Eastern 2,857 

10,328 

Franklin  Township 1,602 

Livingston  Township  (including) — 

Northfield 226 

Washington  Place 120 

Squire  Town 228 

Livingston 350 

Roseland 351 

1,275 

Millburn  Township 2,023 

Montclair  Township 6,327 

Newark  City — 

First  Ward 7,850 

Second  Ward 7,113 

Third  Ward 6,479 

Fourth  Ward 6,199 

Fifth  Ward i 5,645 

Sixth  Ward 20,028 

Seventh  Ward 8,904 

Eighth  Ward 14,781 

Ninth  Ward  6,711 

Tenth  Ward 11,803 

Eleventh  Ward 8,010 

Twelfth  Ward 15,162 

Thirteenth  Ward 22,652 

Fourteenth  Ward 4,242 

Fifteenth  Ward 7,409 

152,988 

Orange  City — 

First  Ward.  3,956 

Second  Ward 4,149 

Third  Ward 7,126 


15,231 


222  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


Essex  County— Continued. 

South  Orange  Township  (not  including) 2,368 

South  Orange 1,857 

4,225 

West  Orange  Township 3,812 


Total  in  County ...  213,764 

Gloucester  County. 

Clayton  Township  (Clayton) 2,399 

Deptford  Township  (not  including) 1,220 

Town  of  Wenonah 287 

Westville 237 

1,744 

East  Greenwich  Township 1,233 

Franklin  Township 2,362 

Glassboro  Township  (Glassboro) 2,377 

Greenwich  Township 1,729 

Harrison  Township 1,637 

Logan  Township 1,653 

Mantua  Township  (Town  of  Mantua) 1,624 

Monroe  Township  (Williamstown) 1,950 

South  Harrison  Township 1,001 

Washington  Township 1,265 

West  Deptford  Township • 1,305 

Woolwich  Township  (Swedesboro) 2,046 

Woodbury  City — 

First  Ward 831 

Second  Ward - . 1,427 

Third  Ward 1,020 

3,278 

Total  in  County 27,603 

Hudson  County. 

Bayonne  City — 

First  Ward 2,040 

Second  Ward 3,660 

Third  Ward 1,740 

Fourth  Ward 2,820 

Fifth  Ward 2,820 

13,080 

Guttenberg,  Town  of '. 1,615 

Harrison,  Town  of — 

First  Ward 2,020 

Second  Ward 1,045 

Third  Ward 1,438 

Fourth  Ward 2,303 


6,806 


POPULATION. 


223 


Hudson  County— Continued. 

Hoboken  City — 

First  Ward.. 8,070 

Second  Ward 4,816 

Third  Ward 13,257 

Fourth  Ward 11,578 

37,721 

Jersey  City — 

First  District 25,590 

Second  District 31,258 

Third  District 24,010 

Fourth  District 30,352 

Fifth  District 17,575 

Sixth  District 24,728 

153,513 

Kearney  Township 3,338 

North  Bergen  Township 5,459 

Town  of  Union 8,398 

Union  Township 1,781 

Weehawken  Township 1,469 

West  Hoboken  Township 7,162 


Total  in  County 240,342 

Hunterdon  County. 

Alexandria  Township 1,235 

Bethlehem  Township  (including) *. 2,780 

Glen  Gardner 71 

Junction 483 

West  End  and  Valley  Station 313 

Bloomsbury 572 

•Clinton  Township 2,004 

Delaware  Township 3,092 

East  Amwell  Township 1,549 

Franklin  Township 1,387 

Frenchtown,  Borough  of 1,066 

High  Bridge  Township 2,024 

Holland  Township  (not  including) 1,200 

Milford 667 

1,867 

Kingwood  Township.. 1,482 

Lambertville  City — 

First  Ward 1,242 

Second  Ward 1,195 

Third  Ward  1,630 

4,067 

Lebanon  Township 2,816 

Raritan  Township  (not  including) 2,070 

Flemington  1,909 


3,979 


224  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Hunterdon  County— Continued. 

Readington  Township 2,940 

Tewksbury  Township 2,081 

Town  of  Clinton 896 

Union  Township 1,195 

West  Amwell  Township 960 


Total  in  County 37,420 

Mercer  County. 

Cliambersburg  Borough 8,542 

East  Windsor  Township  (not  including) 960 

Borough  of  Hightstown 1,608 

2,568 

Ewing  Township.. 2,489 

Hamilton  Township 3,420 

Hopewell  Township 4,367 

Lawrence  Township 1,589 

Millham  Township 2,338 

Princeton  Township 4,577 

Trenton — 

First  Ward 4,738 

Second  Ward 2,661 

Third  Ward 7,185 

Fourth  Ward 4,630 

Fifth  Ward t 6,122 

Sixth  Ward 2,019 

Seventh  Ward 7,031 

34,386 

Washington  Township 1,196 

West  Windsor  Township 1,313 


Total  in  County 66,785 

Middlesex  County. 

Cranbury  Township 1,569 

East  Brunswick  Township  (not  including) 2,390 

Town  of  Washington 1,307 

3,697 

Madison  Township 1,519 

Monroe  Township  (not  including) 1,770 

Jamesburg 1,429 

3,199 

New  Brunswick  City — 

First  Ward 2,773 

Second  Ward 3,254 

Third  Ward 1,981 

Fourth  Ward 980 

Fifth  Ward 4,517 

Sixth  Ward 4,753 

18,258 


POPULATION. 


225 


Middlesex  County— Continued. 

North  Brunswick  Township 1,272 

Perth  Amboy  City — 

First  Ward 1,963 

Second  Ward 2,333 

Third  Ward 2,015 

6,311 

Piscataway  Township 3,155 

Baritan  Township 3,656 

Sayreville  Township 2,549 

South  Amboy  Township.  4,054 

South  Brunswick  Township. 2,714 

Woodbridge  Township 4,227 


Total  in  County 56,180 

Monmouth  County. 

Atlantic  Township 1,656 

Eatontown  Township 2,812 

Freehold  Township  (not  including) 2,370 

Town  of  Freehold 2,124 

4,494 

Holmdel  Township 1,640 

Howell  Township  3,308 

Manalapan  Township 2,143 

Matawan  Township  (not  including) 1,301 

Matawan 1,455 

2,756 

Marlboro  Township 2,089 

Middletown  Township 5,802 

Millstone  Township.  1,917 

Neptune  Township  (not  including) •. 3,120 

Asbury  Park : 2,124 

Ocean  Grove 1,177 

6,421 

Ocean  Township  (not  including) 1,740 

Long  Branch 5,140 

Sea  Bright 660 

7,540 

Raritan  Township  (not  including) 1,175 

Key  port 3,063 

4,238 

Shrewsbury  Township  (not  including) 4,372 

Red  Bank  3,186 

7,558 

Upper  Freehold  Township 3,130 

Wall  (including) 4,820 

Borough  of  North  Brighton 169 

Borough  of  Ocean  Beach 359 


Total  in  County 62,324 

P 


226  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Morris  County. 

Boonton  Township  (not  including) 342 

Town  of  Boonton 2,390 

2,732 

Chatham  Township 4,291 

Chester  Township 2,510 

Hanover  Township  4,459 

Jefferson  Township 1,559 

Mendham  Township  ; 1,431 

Montville  Township 1,225 

Morris  Township  8,760 

Mount  Olive  Township 2,005 

Passaic  Township 1,716 

Pequannock  Township 2,625 

Randolph  Township  (not  including) 3,875 

Dover 3,170 

7,045 

Rockaway  Township. 5,573 

Roxbury  Township 2,184 

Washington  Township 2,560 


Total  in  County 50,675 

Ocean  County. 

Berkeley  Township 714 

Brick  Township 3,794 

Dover  Township 2,594 

Eagleswood  Township 681 

Jackson  Township  (not  including) 96 

Bennett’s  Mills 228 

Cassville..  405 

Collier’s  Mills 227 

Jackson’s  Mills 251 

. Vanhiseville 316 

Wliitesville  240 

1,763 

Lacey  Township 746 

Manchester  Township  (Town  of  Manchester) 1,098 

Ocean  Township 541 

Plumstead  Township 1,546 

Stafford  Township 1,026 

Union  Township 1,083 


Total  in  County  15,586 

Passaic  County. 

Acquackanonck  Township 2,038 

Little  Falls  Township 1,701 

Manchester  Township 1,639 


POPULATION.  227 

Passaic  County— Continued. 

Passaic  City — 

First  Ward 5,134 

Second  Ward 2,099 

Third  Ward 1,093 

8,326 

Paterson  City — 

First  Ward 6,690  ' 

Second  Ward 7,878 

Third  Ward 9,750 

Fourth  Ward 6,391 

Fifth  Ward 9,576 

Sixth  Ward 4,063 

Seventh  Ward  7,445 

Eighth  Ward 11,480 

63,273 

Pompton  Township 2,109 

Wayne  Township 1 ,866 

West  Milford  Township 2,422 

Total  in  County 83,374 

Salem  County. 

Elsinboro  Township 571 

Lower  Alloways  Creek  Township 1,365 

Lower  Penns  Neck  Township 1,408 

Mannington  Township 2,161 

Oldman’s  Township  (not  including) 888 

Pedricktown 390 

Auburn  185 

i,463 

Pilesgrove  Township  (not  including) 1,564 

Borough  of  Woodstown 1,410 

Sharpstown  243 

Yorktown 180 

3,397 

Pittsgrove  Township 2,135 

Quinton  Township 1,460 

Salem  City — 

East  Ward 2,765 

West  Ward 2,751 

5,516 

Upper  Alloways  Creek  Township 1,749 

Upper  Penns  Neck  Township 2,216 

Upper  Pittsgrove  Township 1,932 


Total  in  County 25,373 

Somerset  County. 

Bedminster  Township 1,769 

Bernards  Township 2,504 


228  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Somerset  County— Continued. 

Branchburg  Township 1,177 

Bridgewater  Township  (not  including) 1,883 

Bound  Brook 1,011 

Raritan 2,244 

Somerville 3,316 

— 8,454 

Franklin  Township  (not  including) 2,589 

Bloomington 660 

East  Millstone 471 

3,720 

Hillsborough  Township 3,151 

Montgomery  Township 1,800 

North  Plainfield  Township 3,728 

Warren  Township 1,122 


Total  in  County 27,425 

Sussex  County. 

Andover  Township .. 1,014 

Byram  Township 1,242 

Frankford  Township 1,495 

Green  Township 704 

Hampton  Township 938 

Hardiston  Township 2,500 

Lafayette  Township 816 

Montague  Township 900 

Newton  Township,  co-extensive  with  Town  of  Newton 2,648 

Sandy ston  Township 1,092 

Sparta  Township 1,901 

Stillwater  Township 1,366 

Vernon  Township  1,855 

Wallpack  Township 553 

Wantage  Township  (not  including) 2,556 

Deckertown 821 

3,377 

Total  in  County 22,401 

Union  County. 

Clark  Township 363 

Cranford  Township 1,251 

Elizabeth  City — 

First  Ward 6,180 

Second  Ward 6,296 

Third  Ward 4,983 

Fourth  Ward 2,198 

Fifth  Ward 5,744 

Sixth  Ward 2,243 

Seventh  Ward 1,780 

Eighth  Ward 2,695 

32,119 


POPULATION.  229 

Union  County— Continued. 

Fanwood  Township 1,210 

Linden  Township 1,971 

New  Providence  Twp.,  co-extensive  with  Town  of  New  Providence. 824 

Plainfield  City — 

First  Ward 2,018 

Second  Ward 2,238 

Third  Ward  1,825 

Fourth  Ward 2,832 

8,913 

Rahway  City — 

First  Ward 1,380 

Second  Ward 1,596 

Third  Ward  2,535 

Fourth  Ward 1,350 

6,861 

Springfield  Township 847 

Summit  Township 2,539 

Union  Township 2,589 

Westfield  Township 2,352 


Total  in  County 61,839 

Warren  County. 

Allamuchy  Township 787 

Belvidere,  Town  of. 1,814 

Blairstown  Township 1,590 

Franklin  Township 1,382 

Frelinghuysen  Township 964 

Greenwich  Township 920 

Hackettstown,  Borough  of. 2,645 

Plardwick  Township 520 

Harmony  Township  1,256 

Hope  Township  (not  including) 1,278 

Village  of  Hope 270 

1,548 

Independence  Township 1,134 

Knowlton  Township 1,456 

Lopatcong  Township  (not  including) 770 

Delaware  Park 132 

Firthtown 376 

Pursel  Hill 160 

Shimers 183 

Uniontown 104 

1,725 

Mansfield  Township 1,600 

Oxford  Township , r 4,382 

Pahaquarry  Township 351 


230  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Warren  County— Continued. 

Phillipsburg  City — 

First  Ward 1,895 

Second  Ward 2,107 

Third  Ward 2,510 

Fourth  Ward 1,546 

8,058 

Pohatcong  Township 1,567 

Washington  Township 1,441 

Washington,  Borough  of. ' 2,597 


Total  in  County 37,737 


BENCH-MARKS. 


231 


BENCH-MARKS. 


DESCRIPTIONS  AND  ELEVATIONS  OF  BENCH-MARKS. 

In  the  following  list  all  elevations  are  in  feet  and  refer  to  mean  sea 
level  at  Sandy  Hook,  as  determined  by  a series  of  observations  by  the 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  extending  from  October 
21st,  1875,  to  October  31st,  1881,  in  a continuous  series.  Bench- 
marks marked  U.  S.  C.  S.,  are  from  the  line  of  geodetic  levels  from 
Sandy  Hook,  through  Phillipsburg,  run  in  1881,  by  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  All  others  were  determined  by  the  State 
Survey.  Those  described  as  “ monuments/ ” and  numbered  in  the 
descriptions,  are  masses  of  masonry  imbedded  in  the  ground,  with  a 
rounded  granite  post,  the  summit  of  which  is  the  bench-mark,  pro- 
jecting from  the  top,  and  usually  raised  about  six  inches  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  A detailed  description  of  these  monuments, 
and  the  manner  of  setting  them,  was  given  on  pages  14  and  15  of  the 
annual  report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1885. 

The  objects  of  the  primary  lines  of  levels,  run  in  connection  with 
the  Topographic  Survey  of  the  State,  may  be  stated  as  follows : (1) 

To  insure  accuracy  in  the  determination  of  elevations  for  topography; 
(2)  To  ascertain  the  exact  elevation  of  a series  of  permanent  bench- 
marks, above  mean  sea  level,  by  which  means  any  future  elevation  or 
depression  of  the  earth’s  crust  may  be  detected  and  measured ; (3)  To 
furnish  a series  of  reliable  bench-marks  throughout  the  State  for  the 
use  of  city  and  railroad  surveys  and  for  all  engineering  purposes,  in 
order  that  such  surveys  may  constantly  add  to  the  general  fund  of 
information  as  to  the  surface  of  the  State,  and  that  the  value  of  the 
Topographic  Survey  as  an  aid  to  such  surveys  may  be  increased  by 
having  all  referred  to  the  same  datum  plane. 

In  order  that  the  full  benefit  of  this  work  may  be  felt,  it  is  desira- 
ble that  all  railroad  and  city  engineers  shall  co-operate  and  refer  their 
levels  to  the  common  datum. 


232  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


LIST  OF  BENCH-MARKS. 

ATLANTIC  COUNTY. 

Absecon Eleva.,  24.232  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  19.561  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  10)  is  located  in  the  small  triangular  grass 
plat  where  the  main  road  from  Philadelphia  and  Egg  Harbor  City 
enters  the  main  shore  road  from  Absecon  to  Leeds’  Point.  It  is  set 
in  the  center  line  of  the  Philadelphia  road  and  12.75  feet  west  of  the 
center  line  of  the  shore  road  (the  road  beiqg  49.5  feet  wide).  It  is 
also  64  feet  from  the  corner  of  old  house  standing  in  yard  at  the  west 
street  corner;  62.6  feet  from  corner  of  house  on  the  south  street 
corner,  and  about  in  range  with  its  northeast  end,  and  131.9  feet  from 
corner  of  new  house  on  the  east  street  corner. 

The  top  is  level  with  the  surface  of  ground. 

Absecon Eleva.,  30.66  ft. 

On  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
about  220  yards  west  of  the  above  primary  monument. 

Atlantic  City Eleva.,  8.954  ft. 

On  an  old  United  States  Coast  Survey  tidal  bench-mark  cut  on 
northwest  side  of  base  of  Absecon  light-house.  It  is  under  the  south 
end  of  a window-sill,  and  is  a small  shelf  cut  in  the  convex  water- 
table,  with  the  letters  “U.  S.  C.  S.”  cut  above  it. 

Atlantic  City Eleva.,  10.184  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  north  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  Atlantic  City 
National  Bank,  at  northerly  corner  of  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina 
avenues,  the  door  being  on  Atlantic  avenue. 

Da  Costa Eleva.,  80.14  ft. 

A cross  cut  0.40  feet  from  each  edge  of  stone  at  southeast  corner  of 
coping  of  southeasterly  culvert  wall  on  Camden  and  Atlantic  railroad, 
one  mile  west  of  Da  Costa  station. 

Doughty’s Eleva.,  25.75  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  coping  stone  at  east  end  of  south  wall  of  culvert  on 


BENCH-MARKS. 


233 


Camden  and  Atlantic  railroad,  60  yards  east  of  11-49  mile-post,  just 
west  of  Doughty’s  station.  The  cross  is  0.75  feet  from  the  corner. 

Egg  Harbor  City Eleva.,  56.573  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  52.511  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  17)  is  located  on  southwest  side  of  Agassiz 
street  and  the  southeast  side  of  Buffalo  avenue,  5 feet  from  the  street 
and  avenue  lines,  and  3 feet  inside  of  center  of  hedge,  which  stands 
2 feet  from  the  street  and  runs  around  the  School  Park.  There  are 
three  parks  on  the  southwest  side  of  Agassiz  street,  the  School  Park 
being  in  the  middle.  Excursion  Park  lies  northwest  of  Buffalo 
avenue ; School  Park  lies  southeast  of  it  and  runs  to  Agricultural 
Fair  Grounds,  and  these  Fair  Grounds  extend  from  School  Park  to 
St.  Louis  avenue. 

The  monument  is  251.8  feet  to  the  northwest  of  the  north  corner 
of  the  school-house,  26.5  feet  from  center  of  a large  maple  tree  on 
Buffalo  avenue,  12.45  feet  from  center  of  another  tree  standing  to 
northeast  of  former,  and  44.93  feet  from  center  of  large  maple  tree 
standing  on  southwest  side  of  Agassiz  street. 

Egg  Harbor  City Eleva.,  60.27  ft, 

A cross  cut  on  south  corner  of  upper  outside  flagstone  step  in  front 
of  side  door  of  brick  store  on  the  north  corner  of  Philadelphia  avenue 
and  Agassiz  street. 

Hammonton Eleva.,  102.82  ft, 

A cross  cut  on  the  water-table  on  south  side  of  front  door,  and  3.1 
feet  from  corner  of  three-story  concrete  store  standing  on  east  side  of 
Bellevue  street,  and  on  north  side  of  Camden  and  Atlantic  railroad. 

Leeds’  Point Eleva.,  52.691  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  48.648  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  9)  is  located  just  west  of  the  hotel  at  forks  of 
roads  to  Port  Republic  and  to  Absecon.  It  is  at  the  intersection  of 
the  center  line  of  Absecon  road  with  the  south  line  of  Port  Republic 
road.  The  following  measurements  were  taken’:  To  northeast  corner 
of  store  at  southwest  corner  of  roads,  52.5  feet ; to  center  of  small 
cedar  north  of  and  opposite  the  store,  69.2  feet;  to  center  of  wild 
cherry  tree  at  southeast  road  corner,  22.5  feet,  and  to  center  of  maple 


234  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


tree  standing  on  the  south  side  of  Point  road,  east  of  forks  of  roads, 
75.9  feet. 

The  top  of  this  monument  is  just  below  the  surface  of  the  road. 

Mays  Landing Eleva.,  19.89  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  west  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
front  door  of  Atlantic  county  court-house. 

Mays  Landing Eleva.,  20.66  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  arrow-head  engraved  on  the  brass  top  of 
the  south  “ true  meridian  ” post  standing  in  the  court-yard. 

Mays  Landing Eleva.,  18.82  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  front 
or  north  door  of  the  American  Hotel,  just  southeast  of  court-house. 

Mount  Pleasant Eleva.,  13.96  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  bluestone  door-sill  of  northerly  door  at  east  side  of 
Atlantic  City  water- works  pumping  station,  just  north  of  Mount 
Pleasant. 

Somers’  Point Eleva.,  26.160  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  21.535  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  11)  is  placed  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  in  front 
of  the  old  Somers  homestead,  a brick  building  on  the  shore  road  just 
south  of  the  railroad  crossing,  at  Somers’  Point.  It  is  set  in  the  center 
line  of  the  road  which  runs  to  the  west  and  is  in  the  produced  line 
of  the  curb  along  the  northerly  side  of  the  street  running  down  to 
the  railroad  depot,  and  29  feet  from  the  corner  of  the  curb  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  streets,  said  corner  bearing  south  37°  east 
from  the  monument.  The  southeast  corner  of  the  Somers  homestead 
bears  north  5°  west,  75  feet  distant,  and  a large  cedar  tree  near  the 
southwest  street  corner  bears  south  60°  west,  53.5  feet  distant.  The 
center  of  the  railroad  track,  where  it  crosses  the  shore  road,  is  about 
160.5  feet  from  the  monument. 

(Note. — On  account  of  a change  of  the  grade  of  the  streets,  No. 
11  was  reset  May  31st,  1887,  and  the  above  description  and  eleva- 
tions apply  to  its  new  position.) 


BENCH-MARKS. 


235 


BERGEN  COUNTY. 

Allendale. Eleva.,  270.39  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  second  step  from  the  top  of 
the  east  end  of  the  retaining  wall  of  the  north  abutment  of  the  New 
York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  railroad  bridge  over  a brook,  about 
300  yards  south  of  the  station. 

Blauveltville,  N.  Y Eleva.,  182.80  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  west  end  of  the  south 
abutment  of  the  road  bridge  over  the  Piermont  branch  of  the  New 
York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  railroad. 

Closter Eleva.,  40.48  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  east  end  of  the  sill  of  the  most  easterly 
of  two  doors  in  the  south  side  of  the  brick  building  opposite  the 
Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  station. 

Closter Eleva.,  40.00  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  M. 
Kohler’s  feed  store. 

Demarest Eleva.,  38.87  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  station. 

Dundee  Lake Eleva.,  41.14  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  West- 
ern railroad  bridge  crossing  the  lake.  The  point  is  a cross  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  iron  bed-plate  on  which  rests  the  most  east- 
erly truss  on  the  north  side  of  the  track. 

Englewood Eleva.,  24.05  ft. 

A cross  on  the  north  end  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the  ladies’ 
waiting-room  of  the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  station. 

Englewood Eleva.,  44.84  ft. 

A cross  on  the  southwest  end  of  the  sill  of  the  door  of  the  post- 

office,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Palisade  avenue  and  Engle  street. 


236  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Hackensack. Eleva.,  12.50  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  sill  of  the  main  front  door  of 
the  First  Reformed  Church,  on  Court  street. 

Hackensack. Eleva.,  14.22  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  sandstone  sill  of  the  main  front 
door  of  the  Bergen  county  court-house. 

Highwood Eleva.,  48.95  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  coping  of  the  retaining  wall 
at  the  east  end  of  the  south  abutment  of  the  Northern  Railroad  of 
New  Jersey  bridge  over  a brook,  about  500  yards  south  of  the  station. 

Hohokus Eleva.,  194.69  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  coping  of  the  west  para- 
pet of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  railroad  culvert  over 
Hohokus  creek. 

Monsey,  N.  Y Eleva.,  527.29  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  the  large  guard-stone  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  freight  station. 

Nanuet,  N.  Y Eleva.,  297.98  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  front  door 
of  William  Hutton,  Jr.’s,  brick  store,  near  the  railroad  station. 

Nordhoff . Eleva.,  9.87  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  north  end  of  the  sill  of  the  most 
northerly  window  in  the  front  of  the  lodge  at  the  entrance  of  Hon. 
W.  W.  Phelps’  Teaneck  estate. 

Orangetown,  N.  Y Eleva.,  113.82  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  the  coping  on  top  of  and  at  the 

extreme  south  end  of  the  long  abutment  of  the  bridge  carrying  the 
Piermont  branch  of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  railroad 
over  the  West  Shore  railroad. 

Palisades  Monument Eleva.,  460.21  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  the  State  line  monument,  on 
top  of  the  Palisades. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


237 


Palisades  Monument Eleva.,  453.08  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  a rounded  knob  of  the  bed-rock 
7.8  feet  southwest  of  the  monument. 

Passaic  Junction Eleva.,  53.20  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  lowest  step  at  the  east 
end  of  the  north  abutment  of  the  bridge  carrying  the  Bergen  County 
railroad  (Erie)  over  the  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  rail- 
road. 

Ramsey’s Eleva.,  344.25  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  sill  of  the  most  easterly  window 
in  the  north  end  of  John  Y.  Dater’s  brick  dwelling,  near  the  station. 

Ridgefield. Eleva.,  14.35  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
ladies’  waiting-room  of  the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  station. 

Ridgefield  Park. Eleva.,  6.77  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  west  end  of  the 
culvert  under  the  West  Shore  railroad,  one- third  mile  north  of  the 
village. 

Ridgewood. Eleva.,  140.33  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  Abraham  J.  Za- 
briskie’s  brick  building  (now  used  as  a feed  store),  near  the  station. 

Spring  Valley,  N.  Y Eleva.,  448.94  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  front  door-sill  of  the  Reformed 
Church. 

Suffern,  N.  Y Eleva.,  283.50  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  top  of  the  State  line  monument,  between 
the  two  tracks  of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  railroad, 
about  three-quarters  mile  south  of  Suffern. 

Suffern,  N.  Y Eleva.,  287.45  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  top  of  the  new  fifteenth  mile-stone  of  the 
State  line. 


238  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Tallmans,  N.  Y. Eleva.,  482.58  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  top  of  a large  boulder  in  the  railroad  cut  on  the 
north  side  of  the  track,  25  yards  west  of  a bridge  and  100  yards  east 
of  the  station. 

Tenafly Eleva.,  48.06  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  north  front  door  of 
the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  station. 


BURLINGTON  COUNTY. 

Birmingham. Eleva.,  31.29  ft. 

On  the  most  southerly  of  two  bolts  on  the  top  of  northwest  wing- 
wall  of  bridge  over  race,  100  yards  north  of  Birmingham  railroad 
station. 

Bordentown. Eleva.,  15.53  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  the  west  end  of  stone  door-sill  at  the  south 
entrance  to  fire-room  of  Bordentown  Reservoir  and  Water  Co.’s 
pump-house,  near  the  outlet  lock  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal. 

Bordentown. Eleva.,  24.17  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  coping-stone  at  the  east  end  of  the  south  abut- 
ment of  railroad  bridge  over  roadway,  just  north  of  lower  Borden- 
town railroad  station. 

Burlington. Eleva.,  12.53  ft. 

Cross  cut  on  dressed  stone  at  west  end  of  door-sill  of  main  entrance 

to  Baptist  Church  at  northwest  corner  of  Broad  and  Stacy  streets. 

Burlington. - Eleva.,  11.30  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  northwest  corner  of  projecting  ledge  of  iron  post  at 
northwest  corner  of  iron  bridge  over  Assiscunk  creek,  on  Main  street. 

Deacon’s Eleva.,  80.56  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  water-table  at  southwest  corner  of  brick  school- 

house,  on  east  side  of  turnpike,  three-eighths  mile  southeast  of  Dea- 
con’s station. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


239 


Mount  Holly Eleva.,  185.47  ft. 

On  the  northwest  corner  of  granite  monument,  located  on  the  sum- 
mit of  Mount  Holly,  and  which  marks  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  triangulation  point,  Mount  Holly. 

Mount  Holly Eleva.,  16.88  ft. 

On  northwest  corner  of  door-sill  of  National  Bank,  on  northeast 
corner  of  Main  and  Mill  streets. 

Mount  Holly Eleva.,  42.97  ft. 

On  the  northwest  corner  of  marble  door-sill  of  main  entrance  to 
Burlington  county  court-house. 

Pemberton Eleva.,  39.23  ft. 

On  the  southwest  corner  of  granite  block,  upon  which  rests  the  south 
end  of  west  iron  arch  of  bridge  over  mill-pond,  South  Pemberton. 

Tuckerton.  . ' Eleva.,  22.632  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  17.972  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  8)  is  set  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church-yard,  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Cedar  streets,  3.2  feet 
back  from  the  front  fence,  being  in  line  with  the  south  fence  line  of 
Main  street,  west  of  Cedar  street,  and  3 feet  east  of  the  east  line  of 
Cedar  street.  It  is  32.9  feet  from  the  northwest  corner  of  the  church. 

White  Hill Eleva.,  14.24  ft. 

On  a protuberance  indicated  by  an  arrow  and  the  letters  B.  M.,  on 
the  southeast  corner  of  the  flagstone  coping  of  the  no.r£hwest  wall  of 
bridge  over  ice-pond,  on  the  road  to  Burlington,  one  mile  west  of 
White  Hill. 


CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Camden Eleva.,  30.64  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  southeast  end  of  highest  step  of  main  entrance  to 
new  Camden  county  court-house,  on  Federal  street. 

Camden Eleva.,  21.23  ft, 

A cross  cut  on  north  end  of  north  door-sill  on  east  side  of  station 


240  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


at  junction  of  Camden  and  Atlantic  and  Pennsylvania  railroads,  at 
corner  of  Tenth  and  Market  streets. 

Camden Eleva.,  34.53  ft. 

On  easterly  corner  of  pedestal,  over  the  builders’  names  (Krips  & 

Shearman),  of  the  soldiers’  monument,  on  Haddon  avenue,  just  north 
of  city  hall. 

Gloucester  Ferry Eleva.,  5.91  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  southeast  corner  of  slate  slab  on  top  of  rubble  wall, 
southeast  of  Gloucester  ferry  pier,  and  56  yards  in  a southerly  direc- 
tion from  Buena  Vista  Hotel. 

Kirkwood.  Eleva.,  60.04  ft. 

On  cross  on  southeast  corner  of  slate  slab  on  south  side  of  outlet 
of  pond,  on  dam  opposite  railroad  station. 

Merchantville. Eleva.,  80.11  ft. 

On  the  west  end  of  marble  door-sill  (close  by  corner  of  brick  work), 
of  the  east  front  door  of  new  railroad  station. 

Winslow Eleva.,  112.019  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  107.779  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  18)  is  located  in  the  grass  plat,  22.5  feet 
west  of  flag-pole.  It  is  in  the  center  line  of  road  running  south  of 
New  Jersey  Southern  railroad  station,  and  is  about  in  center  line  of 
roads  running  to  Hammonton  and  Waterford.  The  following  meas- 
urements were  taken  from  the  monument:  North  46°  30'  east,  57 

feet  to  large  oak ; north  6°  30'  west,  41  feet  to  another  large  oak ; 
123.25  feet  to  southeast  corner  of  Hay  & Co.’s  store;  50  feet  to  cor- 
ner of  glass  works  fence ; 55  feet  perpendicularly  to  south  line  of 
road  to  New  Germany  ; 58  feet  to  southwest  street  corner,  and  73  feet 
to  northeast  corner  of  house  on  this  southwest  corner. 

Winslow Eleva.,  112.76  ft. 

A cavity  cut  in  foundation  at  south  corner  of  brick  chimney,  at 
south  corner  of  Hay  & Co.’s  steam  flour  mill,  at  Winslow.  An 
arrow-head  points  to  it,  and  it  is  1 .8  feet  above  surface  of  ground. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


241 


CAPE  MAY  COUNTY. 

Cape  May  Court  House.  . . . Eleva.,  19.498  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  14.961  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  14)  is  set  in  the  east  corner  of  Cape  May 
county  court-yard,  4 feet  from  the  front  or  street  fence,  and  5 feet 
from  the  line  fence  between  the  court-yard  and  the  M.  E.  church- 
yard. It  is  also  81.7  feet  from  the  center  of  the  south  “ true 
meridian  ” post,  62  feet  from  the  north  one,  54  feet  from  east  corner 
of  court-house  and  42  feet  from  south  corner  of  M.  E.  Church. 

Cape  May  City Eleva.,  10.876  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  stone,  under  east  corner  of  West 
Jersey  railroad  station. 

Cape  May Eleva.,  6.409  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  1.829  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  15)  is  located  on  the  Cape  May  light-house 
lot,  just  southeast  of  Cape  May  Point  and  about  two  miles  west  of 
Cape  May  City. 

The  Cape  May  and  Sewell’s  Point  railroad  divides  the  light-house 
property  into  two  parts. 

The  monument  is  set  in  the  east  corner  of  the  south  part,  2 feet 
from  the  line  fence  of  the  railroad  and  2 feet  from  the  southeast  line 
of  the  lot.  The  United  States  Life  Saving  Station  stands  on  the 
south  and  the  light-house  on  the  north  part  of  the  lot.  The  corners 
of  the  lot  are  marked  by  square  granite  posts. 

Beginning  at  the  southwest  corner  of  lot,  the  line  runs  south  62° 
40'  east,  206.8  feet  to  south  corner;  thence  north  28°  30'  east,  214.25 
feet  to  a point  2 feet  southeast  of  the  monument,  the  whole  distance 
to  the  next  corner  being  424.6  feet.  From  the  first-mentioned  corner 
the  magnetic  bearing  is  north  1°  40'  east,  from  the  second  north  10° 
west,  and  from  the  third  north  28°  west,  to  the  center  of  the  light- 
house. 

Cape  May Eleva.,  8.244  ft. 

On  northwest  corner  of  square  stone  monument  in  southeast  corner 
of  light-house  lot. 

Q 


242  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

f 

Cape  May Eleva.,  13.187  ft. 

On  United  States  Coast  Survey  tidal  bench-mark  of  1867,  cut  on 
east  side  of  projecting  water-table  at  base  of  Cape  May  light-house. 

Cold  Spring Eleva.,  20.70  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  north  end  of  northerly  stone  door-sill  of  Cold 
Spring  Presbyterian  Church  (brick). 

Ocean  City Eleva.,  10.298  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  5.320  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  12)  is  set  about  3 feet  south  of  the  north  cor- 
ner of  the  new  life-saving  station  lot,  which  runs  from  the  corner  of 
Atlantic  avenue  and  Fourth  street,  northeasterly  100  feet  along  said 
avenue,  and  southeasterly  130  feet  along  said  street.  It  is  set  about 
2.1  feet  southwest  of  the  northeast  line  of  the  lot.  It  is  about  400 
feet  from  high-water  line  at  this  time. 

Sea  Isle  City Eleva.,  5.193  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  1.130  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  13)  is  set  just  south  of  the  north  corner  of  the 
new  United  States  light-house  lot,  which  is  located  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Sea  Isle  and  Ocean  City  railroad,  in  the  south  corner  of  block 
62,  and  is  bounded  on  the  southeast  by  the  beach,  and  on  the  south- 
west by  Whelen  street. 

The  monument  is  set  2 feet  from  the  northwest  line  of  the  lot  and 
2 feet  from  the  northeast  line,  which  makes  it  2.8  feet  from  the  north 
corner  of  the  lot. 

Sea  Isle  Junction Eleva.  15.86  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  frog  (1  foot  from  its  point)  of  the  switch 
just  north  of  the  station. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

Bay  Side Eleva.,  7.51  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  root  of  oak  tree  in  edge  of  grove  near  turn- 
table of  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


243 


Bridgeton Eleva.,  29.61  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  north  end  of  store  door-sill  of 
east  door  of  Bridgeton  water  works,  on  east  side  of  East  Lake. 

Bridgeton Eleva.,  22.41  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  door-sill  of  main 

front  entrance  of  First  Baptist  Church,  on  Commerce  street. 

Bridgeton Eleva.,  54.25  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  west  end  of  large  upper  stone 
step  of  front  entrance  of  stone  Presbyterian  Church,  on  Commerce 
street,  in  West  Bridgeton. 

Near  Bridgeton. Eleva.,  91.00  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  east  rail  of  West  Jersey  railroad,  and 
the  south  rail  of  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad,  at  their  crossing  about 
two  miles  north  of  Bridgeton. 

Millville Eleva.,  33.45  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  the  water-table  on  southwest 
corner  of  Millville  National  Bank,  on  northeast  corner  Main  and 
Second  streets. 

Millville Eleva.,  28.79  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
main  entrance  to  Workingmen’s  Institute. 

Vineland. Eleva.,  108.10  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  on  north  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  north 
door  on  west  side  of  Vineland  station  of  West  Jersey  railroad. 

Vineland.  Eleva.,  118.05  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  front  or  north  door- 
sill  of  First  Baptist  Church,  on  south  side  of  Landis  avenue,  just 
west  of  Ninth  street. 

Vineland. Eleva.,  115.76  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 

First  M.  E.  Church,  on  northeast  corner  of  Landis  avenue  and  Seventh 
street. 


244  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


ESSEX  COUNTY. 

Belleville. Eleva.,  32.85  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  top  of  the  west  wall  of  the  bridge  over  Second 
river  at  Belleville  avenue. 

Bloomfield Eleva.,  130.33  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  highest  of  a series  of  steps,  at  the  northeast  end 
of  the  east  abutment  of  the  New  York  and  Greenwood  Lake  railroad 
bridge  over  the  canal.  The  point  is  under  the  truss  and  4 feet  below 
the  track. 

Bloomfield Eleva.,  141.21  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  sill  of  the  main  front  door  of  the  old 
Presbyterian  church. 

Bloomfield Eleva.,  181.06  ft. 

A cross  cut  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  east  end  of  the  north 
abutment  of  the  first  road  bridge  above  Morris  canal  plane  No.  11. 

Bloomfield Eleva.,  178.17  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  west  abutment  of  the  bridge  over  the 
Morris  canal,  on  the  road  from  Watchung  to  Avondale,  about  2 miles 
north  of  Bloomfield.  The  point  is  marked  by  a cross  cut  on  the 
lowest  step  at^the  south  end  of  the  abutment. 

Brookdale. Eleva.,  177.52  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  west  abutment  of  the  bridge  over  the 
Morris  canal,  on  the  road  from  Watchung  to  Peru,  3 miles  north 
of  Bloomfield.  The  point  is  a cross  cut  in  the  lowest  step  of  the 
retaining  wall  at  the  north  end  of  the  abutment. 

Newark Eleva.,  24.62  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
German  Methodist  Church,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Mulberry  streets. 

Newark Eleva.,  42.12  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  sill  of  the  window  at  the  south 
end  of  the  custom-house.  The  point  is  4.5  feet  above  the  pavement. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


245 


Newark Eleva.,  109.92  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  stone  at  the  south  end  of  a bridge  over  the 
Morris  canal  on  Summit  street,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  inclined  plane. 

Newark Eleva.,  54.99  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  base  of  the  most  north- 
erly of  two  large  columns  at  the  main  entrance  in  the  east  front  of 
the  Essex  county  court-house,  on  Market  street. 

Newark Eleva.,  119.10  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  east  abutment  of  the  bridge  carrying 
Sussex  avenue  over  the  Morris  canal.  The  point  is  a cross  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  stone  on  which  the  east  end  of  the  north  truss 
rests. 

GLOUCESTER  COUNTY. 

Swedesboro. Eleva.,  40.43  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  north  end  of  marble  door-sill  of 
front  door  of  brick  M.  E.  church,  on  northwest  corner  of  Main 
street  and  Railroad  avenue. 

Swedesboro Eleva.,  44.822  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  north  end  of  door-sill  of 
National  Bank. 

Woodbury Eleva.,  58.11  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
front  door  of  brick  Presbyterian  church,  on  Main  street. 

Woodbury Eleva.,  62.32  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  southeast  corner  of  the  lowest 
of  three  marble  bases  of  soldiers’  monument  in  front  of  court-house. 

Woodbury Eleva.,  37.28  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
front  entrance  of  G.  G.  Green’s  brick  laboratory,  which  faces  the  rail- 
road just  south  of  West  Jersey  railroad  depot. 


246  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


HUDSON  COUNTY. 

Belmont Eleva.,  11.63  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  lowest  sandstone  step  at  the  north  end  of  the 
masonry  of  the  west  pier  of  the  bridge  carrying  the  West  Shore 
railroad  over  the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey. 

East  Newark Eleva.,  26.03  ft. 

A cross  on  the  west  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
small  brick  office  building,  at  Peter  Hauk  & Co.’s  brewery,  on  Har- 
rison avenue,  opposite  Washington  street. 

Jersey  City Eleva.,  100.63  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  sandstone  water-table  of  the  Hudson  county 
court-house.  The  point  is  on  the  Newark  avenue  face  of  the  build- 
ing, 5.1  feet  from  the  south  corner,  and  0.8  foot  above  the  stone 
flooring  of  the  portico. 

Jersey  City Eleva.,  99.65  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  sandstone  sill  of  the  most  westerly 
of  two  doors  in  the  Newark  avenue  front  of  the  Hudson  county  jail, 
opposite  Oakland  avenue. 

Jersey  City.  . . . . . Eleva.,  104.39  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  north  end  and  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  sill 
of  the  main  front  door  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  on  Summit 
avenue. 

Jersey  City.  f Eleva.,  94.93  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  corner  of  upper  large  square  stone  step 
at  the  main  entrance  (on  Summit  avenue)  of  the  Westminster  Pres- 
byterian Church,  at  the  east  corner  of  Summit  and  Magnolia  avenues. 

Jersey  City. Eleva.,  21.75  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
post-office,  Washington  street. 

Jersey  City. Eleva.,  6.99  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  of  the  top  of  the  south  wall  (at  the  west 


BENCH-MARKS. 


247 


corner  of  the  lock  wall)  of  the  Morris  canal  lock  No.  22.  This  lock 
is  at  Washington  street,  and  the  bench-mark  is  also  one  of  the  canal 
levels. 

New  Durham Eleva.,  7.91  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  lowest  of  a series  of  steps  at  the  west  end  of 
the  north  abutment  of  the  bridge  carrying  the  road  over  the  West 
Shore  railroad,  at  the  station. 

HUNTERDON  COUNTY. 

Annandale.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  355.049  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  about  1 mile  east  of  Annandale  station  (New 
Jersey  Central  railroad).  It  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity 
cut  on  a projecting  stone,  about  the  center  of  the  north  abutment 
of  overhead  road  bridge.  This  bench-mark  is  a little  below  the  level 
of  the  railroad  track.  The  stone  is  hard,  blue  limestone. 

Bloomsbury.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  326.180  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  of  a square  cavity  cut  on  top  stone 
of  northwest  corner  of  stone  bridge  (railroad)  over  wagon  road,  one- 
quarter  mile  west  of  Bloomsbury  station,  New  Jersey  Central  railroad. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

1881. 

Flemington Eleva.,  187.45  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  door-sill  of  front 
entrance  of  court-house. 

Flemington Eleva.,  186.29  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  top  of  brass  head  of  southern  “ true 
meridian  ” post  in  front  of  court-house. 

Flemington Eleva.,  171.26  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  west  end  of  door-sill  of  door  in 
southwest  corner  of  stone  Presbyterian  church,  at  forks  of  street. 

Lambertville Eleva.,  70.01  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  surrounded  by  a triangle  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  large  corner-stone  on  north  end  of  west  wall  of  lock 
on  canal  feeder. 


248  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Lambertville Eleva.,  72.87  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  door-sill  of  the 
center  or  ladies’  waiting-room  door,  on  east  side  of  railroad  station. 

Lambertville Eleva.,  81.38  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  under 
portico  of  Baptist  church,  on  Bridge  street. 

Mount  Airy  Station Eleva.,  137.35  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  fourth  stone  step  from  bottom  of 
south  abutment  of  bridge  over  highway,  on  west  side  of  railroad. 

Ringoes Eleva.,  240.85  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  second  stone  step  from  the 
bottom  of  north  abutment  on  west  side  of  railroad  track,  at  road 
crossing  just  north  of  depot. 

MERCER  COUNTY. 


Millstone  Aqueduct Eleva.,  58.940  ft. 

A triangle  cut  in  the  center  of  the  memorial  plate  on  top  of  the 
south  end  of  the  west  abutment  of  aqueduct  carrying  the  Delaware 
and  Raritan  canal  over  the  Millstone  river,  two  miles  south  of 
Kingston. 

Princeton. Eleva.,  208.510  ft. 

Center  of  triangle  cut  on  the  north  end  of  the  door-sill  at  west 
entrance  to  the  Hall  of  Science,  on  college  campus. 

Princeton Eleva.,  217.180  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  top  of  water-table  at  the  northeast  corner  of  East 
College,  on  college  campus. 

Titusville Eleva.,  63.23  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
front  door  of  brick  Presbyterian  church. 

Trenton Eleva.,  54.250  ft. 

On  broad  water-table,  3.2  feet  above  pavement,  in  re-entrant  angle 
of  stone  moulding.  The  point  is  indicated  by  an  arrow-head,  and  is 


BENCH-MARKS. 


249 


1.1  feet  south  from  produced  line  of  south  jamb  of  the  most  southerly- 
window  on  the  west  side  of  the  United  States  Government  building, 
at  the  northeast  corner  of  Montgomery  and  State  streets. 

Trenton.  .......  Eleva.,  56.36  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  the  coping  of  north  side  of  stone  pivot-pier  of 
railroad  bridge  over  canal  at  entrance  of  feeder,  one  block  north  of 
Perry  street. 

Trenton Eleva.,  52.610  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  most  northerly  coping 
stone  of  west  lock  wall  of  Prison  lock  of  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal. 

Washington’s  Crossing Eleva.,  57.01  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  southwest  corner  of  coping-stone 
on  west  end  of  wall  on  north  side  of  outlet  sluice  of  feeder,  at  south 
end  of  station  platform. 

MIDDLESEX  COUNTY. 

Jamesburg.  Eleva.,  51.41  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  stone  door-sill  of  the  First 
National  Bank. 

Jamesburg.  Eleva.,  48.62  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  bed-stone,  under 
the  east  end  of  the  south  truss  of  the  iron  wagon  bridge,  45  yards 
west  of  the  Lower  Jamesburg  railroad  station.  It  is  marked  by  a 
cross  inside  of  a triangle,  cut  in  the  stone. 

Jamesburg.  Eleva.,  72.51  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  square  marble  stone 
under  the  northeast  corner  post  of  the  Jamesburg  hotel. 

Kingston Eleva.,  57.71  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  the  east  edge  of  west  wall  of  Delaware  and  Rari- 
tan canal  lock. 

Metuchen.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  83.641  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a slight  circular  concavity,  bounded  by  a tri- 
angle, cut  on  the  west  end  of  the  south  wall  (near  base)  of  the  stone 


250  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


bridge  near  Metuchen  tank  station  of  Lehigh  Valley  railroad.  By 
means  of  this  bridge  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  crosses  over  the  Lehigh 
Valley  railroad. 

Monmouth  Junction.  ....  Eleva.,  87.39  ft. 

A cross  on  the  coping-stone  over  the  center  of  the  arch  of  stone 
culvert,  on  the  east  side  of  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad, 
170  yards  north  of  the  Mbnmouth  Junction  station. 

Monmouth  Junction.  ....  Eleva.,  87.48  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  head  of  the  copper  bolt  surrounded  by 
a square  nut,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  stone  culvert  on  the  west 
side  of  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  about  170  yards 
north  of  the  Monmouth  Junction  station. 

Morgan  Station.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  5.611  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  surface  of  stone  in  center  of  triangle,  cut 
on  top  of  the  southeast  pier  of  the  draw-bridge,  at  Morgan  station, 
of  New  York  and  Long  Branch  railroad.  The  bridge  crosses  Cheese- 
quake  creek. 

(This  bench-mark  has  apparently  settled.  C.  C.  V.) 

New  Brunswick.  . . . . • . Eleva.,  70.951  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  65.709  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  1)  is  on  Rutgers  College  campus,  at  a distance 
of  35  feet,  measured  on  a perpendicular  from  the  face  of  the  front 
wall  of  the  main  college  building,  the  perpendicular  being  erected 
from  the  middle  of  front  entrance  door,  which  door  is  in  the  middle 
of  south  side  of  the  building. 

New  Brunswick. Eleva.,  17.62  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a large  coping-stone  at  south  end  of  lock-chamber 
and  on  the  east  wall  of  the  second,  or  “deep”  lock  of  the  Delaware 
and  Raritan  canal. 

New  Market.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  49.179  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  of  a square  cavity,  cut  on  top  stone 
of  south  end  of  west  abutment  of  a small  railroad  bridge,  about  three- 


BENCH-MARKS. 


251 


quarters  mile  west  of  New  Market  station,  Lehigh  Valley  railroad, 
and  200  meters  (656  feet)  west  of  mile-post  (13  miles  to  Perth 
Amboy). 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  dH  M. 

XI. 

Perth  Amboy.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  7.782  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  between  Perth  and  South  Amboy,  on  one  of 
the  piers  of  the  long  bridge  across  Raritan  bay.  It  is  on  the  pier  on 
which  the  north  end  of  the  draw-bridge  rests  (east  side  of  track),  and 
is,  as  usual,  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity,  1 inch  square  and 
one-half  inch  deep. 

F. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  HH  M. 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S. 

1881. 

N.  B. — This  bench-mark  has  settled.  Its  elevation  in  1886,  is 
7.53  ft.  C.  C.  V. 

Perth  Amboy Eleva.,  60.600  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  55.855  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  2)  is  located  in  a triangular  grass  plat  in  the 
public  park  on  the  center  line  of  High  street,  97.75  feet  southwesterly 
from  its  intersection  with  the  center  line  of  Market  street.  The 
intersection  of  said  streets  is  marked  by  a sunken  monument  from 
which  the  city  surveys  start. 

Perth  Amboy Eleva.,  57.400  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  Market 
street  entrance  of  the  city  hall. 

Perth  Amboy Eleva.,  29.62  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a slight  shelf  on  the  sixth  stone  from  the  north  end 
of  the  second  tier,  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  of  the  eastern 
abutment  of  the  bridge  carrying  the  New  York  and  Long  Branch 
railroad  over  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  about  one  and  a half  miles 
north  of  Perth  Amboy. 

South  Plainfield.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . Eleva.,  63.860  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  (1  inch 


252  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


square  by  one-third  inch  deep),  cut  on  top  of  stone  abutment  at  north- 
west corner  of  a small  iron  railroad  bridge,  about  150  meters  (492  feet) 
east  of  South  Plainfield  station  of  Lehigh  Valley  railroad. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

Woodbridge.  * Eleva.,  22.85  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  water-table  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  Meth- 
odist church  ; over  the  corner-stone  bearing  the  date  “ 1870.” 

Woodbridge Eleva.,  17.06  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  north  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  south  door  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  station. 

MONMOUTH  COUNTY. 

Asbury  Park Eleva.,  22.184  ft. 

On  water-table  at  southwest  corner,  just  over  the  corner-stone,  of 
First  M.  E.  Church,  at  corner  of  Grand  and  First  avenues,  Asbury 
Park. 

Englishtown Eleva.,  70.96  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  flag  coping-stone  on  the 
east  wing  wall  of  the  south  abutment  of  the  iron  bridge  over  the 
Matchaponix  at  the  Englishtown  mill  (between  the  village  and  the 
railroad  station). 

Farmingdale Eleva.,  71.70  ft. 

On  the  most  easterly  intersection  of  rail  in  the  frog  at  crossing  of 
Freehold  and  Jamesburg  and  New  Jersey  Southern  railroads. 

Freehold. Eleva.,  186.63  ft. 

A cross  cut  2|  inches  south  of  the  intersection  of  the  three  joints 
formed  by  the  three  most  southerly  stones  in  the  south  corner  of  the 
large  triangular  base  of  the  Monmouth  Battle-Field  Monument.  The 
cross  is  2J  inches  south  of  the  north  apex  of  the  stone  which  abuts  on 
its  south  sides  against  the  octagonal  gun-pedestal,  which  is  built  at  the 
south  corner  of  the  triangular  base. 

Freehold. Eleva.,  178.15  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  the  sheriff’s  office, 


BENCH-MARKS. 


253 


being  the  most  easterly  of  two  doors  in  the  middle  of  the  front  of 
Monmouth  county  court-house. 

Highland  Station.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . Eleva.,  7.637  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a granite  post,  projecting  about  2 feet  above 
surface  of  the  ground;  it  is  on  west  side  of  track  of  Nejv  Jersey 
Southern  railroad,  about  three-quarters  mile  north  of  Highland  sta- 
tion. About  150  meters  (492  feet)  southwest  of  it  there  is  a small, 
deserted  shanty.  The  center  of  the  top  surface  of  the  stone  is  the 
bench-mark. 

Lake  Takanassee  Bridge.  . . . Eleva.,  16.715  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  north  end  of  west  wing  wall  of  the  northern  abut- 
ment at  the  foot  of  the  iron  post  at  end  of  railing  of  bridge  over 
Lake  Takanassee  (Green’s  Pond),  on  Ocean  avenue,  near  Life  Saving 
Station  No.  5,  West  End. 

Manasquan. Eleva.,  21.73  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  east  end  of  sandstone  door-sill  of  the  First  Natiohal 
Bank,  on  Main  street,  just  east  of  entrance  to  South  street. 

Mata  wan.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  55.083  ft. 

This  is  the  center  of  a triangle  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  a flag- 
stone in  front  of  Benjamin  Tuttle’s  front  gate,  Main  street,  Matawan. 
It  is  about  one-third  mile  from  the  station  of  the  New  Jersey  Central 
railroad. 

Matawan Eleva.,  35.66  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
Episcopal  church,  on  Main  street. 

Monmouth  Beach Eleva.,  10.252  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  east  end  of  lower  stone  step  of  southern  flight  at 
entrance,  40  feet  from  and  in  front  of  Episcopal  church,  near  Life 
Saving  Station  No.  4. 

Navesink  Light.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . Eleva.,  202.464  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a mark  on  top  surface  of  a heavy  granite  post 
near  Navesink  light-house.  The  post  is  deeply  imbedded  and  its  top 


254  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


projects  about  1J  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  It  is  13 
meters  (42.6  feet)  south  of  the  southernmost  tower  of  Navesink 
Highlands  light-house. 

Navesink  Light.  U.  S.  C.  S.  Primary  Mark  D.  Eleva.,  207.579  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  (about 
1 inch  square)  cut  on  a sloping  ledge  at  southeast  corner  of  base  of 
southernmost  light-house  tower  at  Navesink  Highlands  light. 

U.  S. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

1881. 

North  Long  Branch Eleva.,  7.26  ft. 

On  a marble  monument,  150  yards  north  of  Charles  Van  Note’s 
blacksmith  shop,  at  east  side  of  Ocean  avenue,  just  north  of  a low 
place  in  the  road. 

Ocean  Beach Eleva.,  20.151  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  south  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  front  entrance  of 
brick  school-house,  at  Ocean  Beach. 

Oceanport.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  3.499  ft. 

This  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  cut  on  the  south  pier 
of  the  draw-bridge  known  as  the  Oceanport  draw-bridge,  about  1J 
miles  north  of  the  Branchport  station,  New  Jersey  Central  railroad. 
It  is  marked  thus — B.  HU  M. 

It  is  on  west  side  of  railroad  and  some  distance  below  its  level. 

Red  Bank.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  38.499  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a cavity  cut  in  center  of 
top  of  a marble  post  set  in  the  ground  in  the  yard  of  the  house  of 
Rev.  B.  F.  Leipner,  at  Red  Bank,  N.  J.  The  marble  post  is  over  5 
feet  in  length,  and  buried  so  that  the  top  projects  about  5 inches  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  house  of  Mr.  Leipner  stands  at  south- 
west corner  of  Monmouth  and  Pearl  streets.  The  bench-mark  is 
close  to  southeast  corner  of  the  house.  The  top  of  stone  bears  the 
following  inscription : 


U.  S. 

B.  O M. 

1881. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


255 


Red  Bank.  ......  Eleva.,  43.13  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  northwest  corner  of  lower  stone 
step  of  west  or  Monmouth  street  entrance  of  M.  E.  church,  on  south- 
east corner  of  Broad  and  Monmouth  streets. 

Red  Bank.  * Eleva.,  45.77  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  front  door-sill  of 
First  National  Bank,  on  Broad  street. 

Sandy  Hook.  U.  S.  C.  S.  Mark  A.  . Eleva.,  11.432  ft. 

Mark  B.  . Eleva.,  9.419  ft. 

These  two  bench-marks  are  cedar  posts,  4 feet  long  and  8 inches  in 
diameter,  sunk  in  the  ground,  with  ends  projecting  above  surface  of 
ground  about  4 inches.  In  the  center  of  top  of  each  post  is  a copper 
nail  surrounded  by  5 other  similar  nails,  in  the  form  of  a pentagon. 
The  posts  are  12  meters  apart,  and  bear  east-northeast  from  the 
steamer  landing  (passenger  wharf),  and  nearly  northeast  from  the 
tide-house,  and  distant  from  it  about  500  meters  (1,640  feet).  They 
are  also  95  meters  northwest  of  the  red  engine-house  of  New  Jersey 
Southern  railroad,  and  are  placed  in  the  edge  of  a strip  of  cedars, 
where  the  ground  is  elevated  a few  feet  above  the  marsh.  The  south- 
easterly one  is  bench-mark  B,  and  the  other  one,  which  is  2 feet 
higher,  is  bench-mark  A. 

Sandy  Hook.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  19.552  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  on  the  head  of  a copper  bolt  driven  into 
the  wall  of  the  main  light-house,  at  Sandy  Hook.  The  main  light- 
house is  an  octagonal  tower,  resting  upon  a circular  foundation  of 
unhewn  stones.  This  foundation  projects  on  all  sides  about  8 inches 
beyond  the  base  of  the  tower,  so  as  to  form  a sloping  ledge.  The 
copper  bolt  is  a few  inches  westward  of  the  northwest  angle,  and  9£ 
inches  above  the  ledge  above  referred  to. 

Sandy  Hook.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  15.509  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  center  of  the  inner  edge  of  the  second 
embrasure  from  the  southwest  corner  of  the  fort,  at  Sandy  Hook. 

Seabright.  U.  S.  C.  S.  Mark  IV.  . . Eleva.,  9.283  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  (1  inch 
square)  cut  on  the  north  wing  wall  of  the  west  abutment  of  bridge 


256  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


over  the  South  Shrewsbury  river,  at  Seabright.  The  top  of  the 
wing  wall  forms  a series  of  steps,  and  the  bench-mark  is  cut  on  the 
first  step  below  the  top. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

Sea  Girt Eleva.,  19.47  ft. 

A point  of  an  arrow-head  cut  in  the  stone  under  second  pillar  of 
the  piazza  at  northeast  corner  of  the  northern  of  the  two  four-story 
buildings  of  the  Beach  House,  Sea  Girt. 

Spring  Lake Eleva.,  18.351  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  13.978  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  4)  is  located  on  the  lot  of  Life  Saving  Station 
No.  8,  Spring  Lake,  on  the  east  side  of  Ocean  avenue,  between  Ocean 
Beach  and  Spring  Lake.  At  the  time  of  setting  the  monument  the 
station  building  was  so  located  that  the  northerly  edge  of  the  roof 
was  about  on  the  line  of  the  lot,  but  the  front  was  about  25  feet  on 
the  avenue.  The  monument  was  set  27.6  feet  back  from  the  west 
end  of  station,  and  5 feet  south  of  its  south  side. 

It  may  also  be  located  as  follows : Beginning  at  the  point  where 
the  line  of  south  curb  of  St.  Clair  avenue  intersects  the  center  line  of 
Ocean  avenue,  and  running  thence  N.  22'  15"  E.,  973  feet  along 
center  line  of  said  avenue  to  a point  in  line  with  south  side  of  station  ; 
thence  along  the  station  52.6  feet;  thence  at  right  angles  to  station,  5 
feet  to  the  monument. 

The  monument  was  set  with  its  top  level  with  the  surface  of  ground, 
which  was  a little  higher  than  the  surrounding  surface. 

Tennent Eleva.,  89.91  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  a large  oak  tree  at  the  east  end  of  the  Free- 
hold and  Jamesburg  railroad  station. 

West  End.  ......  Eleva.,  12.256  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  7.574  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  3)  is  erected  according  to  the  description  already 
given  (page  14,  report  1885),  but  its  top  is  placed  even  with  the  sur- 
face of  ground.  It  is  located  on  the  lot  of  Life  Saving  Station  No. 
5,  West  End,  and  is  placed  at  a distance  of  10  feet,  measured  perpen- 
dicularly from  the  middle  of  the  west  end  of  station  building.  The 


BENCH-MARKS. 


257 


line  of  face  of  north  abutment  of  the  Ocean  avenue  bridge,  over  Lake 
Takanassee,  passes  6 feet  to  south  of  center  of  monument,  and  the 
magnetic  bearing  of  this  line  is  S.  75°  30'  E. 

The  monument  is  224 J feet  back  from  the  line  of  Ocean  avenue. 

MORRIS  COUNTY. 

Boonton.  .......  Eleva.,  412.94  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  the  coping-stone,  level  with  the 
railroad  at  the  north  corner  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  West- 
ern railroad  bridge  over  the  Rockaway  river. 

Boonton.  Eleva.,  398.76  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  upper  granite  step  at  the  east  end  of  the  north 
wall  of  the  Morris  canal  lock,  300  yards  northeast  of  Main  street. 
This  is  also  a canal  bench-mark. 

Denville.  Eleva.,  512.86  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  a stone  on  the  top  of  the 
south  wall  of  the  Morris  canal  lock  No.  7,  right  at  the  end  of  the 
gate,  when  open. 

Denville.  Eleva.,  508.77  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  north  abutment  of  the  Morris  and 
Essex  railroad  bridge  over  Den  brook.  The  point  is  on  the  outside 
corner  of  the  third  step  from  the  top  of  the  east  end  of  the  abutment. 

Dover. Eleva.,  575.15  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  west  parapet  of  the 
bridge  over  the  Rockaway  river  at  Sussex  street. 

Dover Eleva.,  572.99  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  water-table  at  the  southeast  corner  of  George 

Richards’  brick  building  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Blackwell  and 
Sussex  streets. 

Lake  Hopatcong Eleva.,  925.67  ft, 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  the  north  end  of  the  west  wall  of 
the  race  of  the  Morris  canal  lock  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  This  is 
also  a canal  bench-mark. 


R 


258  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Lincoln  Park.  Eleva.,  182.60  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  stone  forming  the  upper 

step  at  the  east  end  of  the  north  wall  of  the  Morris  canal  lock  No.  12, 
east. 

Montville. Eleva.,  239.57  ft, 

A cross  cut  on  the  summit  of  a very  large  rounded  boulder  im- 
bedded in  the  tow-path  at  the  edge  of  the  canal,  200  yards  east  of  the 
lower  plane. 

Montville. Eleva.,  387.87  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a projecting  stone  on  the  top  of  the  wall  at  the 
south  side  of  the  square  well  into  which  the  water  falls  at  the  top  of 
the  upper  plane  of  the  Morris  canal. 

Morristown Eleva.,  403.79  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  sill,  close  by  the  west  side,  of 
the  most  easterly  of  two  wooden  pillars  at  the  entrance  of  the  Morris 
county  court-house. 

Morristown Eleva.,  378.09  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  entrance  to  the 
First  National  Bank. 

Morristown Eleva.,  376.89  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  flat  surface,  directly  under  the  carved 

stone  cannon  at  the  west  corner  of  the  base  of  the  soldiers’  monument 
in  the  city  park. 

Mount  Tabor Eleva.,  502.06  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  coping  of  the  wall  over 
the  north  end  of  a culvert,  under  the  Morris  and  Essex  railroad,  for 
carrying  off  the  overflow  of  a pond  about  one  mile  east  of  Mount 
Tabor. 

Port  Morris. Eleva.,  916.13  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  pier  at  the 
southeast  corner  of  an  iron  bridge  over  the  race  at  the  top  of  the 
Morris  canal  plane. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


259 


Port  Oram.  ......  Eleva.,  665.61  ft. 

A cross  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  cast-iron  bed-plate  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  bridge  by  which  the  High  Bridge  branch  of 
the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  crosses  the  Delaware,  Lacka- 
wanna and  Western  railroad. 

Port  Oram. Eleva.,  585.25  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  east  abutment  of  the 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  railroad  bridge  over  the  Rocka- 
way  river,  one  and  one-half  miles  west  of  Port  Oram. 

Port  Oram. Eleva.,  612.60  ft. 

A cross  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  upper  step  at  the  north  end  of 
the  western  abutment  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western 
railroad  bridge  over  the  Rockaway  river,  three-quarters  mile  south- 
east of  Port  Oram. 

Powerville Eleva.,  494.92  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  north  corner  of  the  coping  at  the  north- 
west end  of  the  southwest  wall  of  the  Morris  canal  guard  lock.  This 
is  also  the  canal  bench-mark  No.  46. 

Rockaway. Eleva.,  523.18  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  flange  of  the 
cast-iron  foot-plate  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  iron  bridge  over 
the  Morris  canal,  at  the  foot  of  the  plane. 

Rockaway. Eleva.,  524.16  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner,  on  top  and  at  the  west  end  of  the 
south  abutment  of  the  Hibernia  Mine  railroad  bridge. 

Shippenport Eleva.,  875.84  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  highest  of  a series  of  steps 
at  the  south  end  of  the  west  abutment  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna 
and  Western  railroad  bridge  over  the  Morris  canal. 

Whitehall Eleva.,  183.51  ft. 

On  a point  indicated  by  an  arrow  on  top  of  the  lowest  course  of 
masonry  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  east  abutment  of  the  road 
bridge  under  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  railroad,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Morris  canal  plane  No.  10,  east. 


260  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


OCEAN  COUNTY. 

Barnegat Eleva.,  35.76  ft. 

A cross  cut  in  east  end  of  lowest  flagstone  step  on  south  side  of  the 
basement  front  door  of  Baptist  church. 

Barnegat  City Eleva.,  13.28  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  center  of  the  rib  on  the  iron  sill  of  the  inner 

door  of  Barnegat  light-house. 

Barnegat  City Eleva.,  13.14  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  a square  shelf  cut  on  the  top  of  the  stone 

water-table  under  the  center  of  the  windows  on  the  north  side  of 
Barnegat  light-house. 

Mantoloking Eleva.,  4.146  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  0.780  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  5)  is  located  on  the  lot  of  Life  Saving  Station 
No.  11,  Mantoloking,  on  the  beach  about  half  a mile  south  of  the 
railroad  station.  It  is  placed  north  67°  east,  2 feet  from  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  lot.  The  location  with  reference  to  property  line 
surveys  is  as  follows  : Beginning  at  a corner  on  the  salt  meadows, 

which  is  south  14°  west,  281  feet  from  the  point  of  meadows  at  east 
side  of  mouth  of  a small  creek,  and  north  85°  west,  150  feet  from 
head  of  same  creek ; running  thence  north  86°  east,  550  feet  to  the 
intersection  of  this  line  with  the  produced  west  line  of  above- 
mentioned  lot;  thence  north  22°  east,  33J  feet  to  southwest  corner  of 
lot;  thence  north  67°  east,  2 feet  to  the  monument. 

[This  monument  is  set  3J  feet  deep,  and  rests  on  the  old  meadow 
which  underlies  the  beach  at  this  place.  The  turf  of  the  meadow  was 
not  disturbed,  but  an  area  of  cement  was  spread  right  upon  it.  It 
can  scarcely  be  entirely  depended  upon,  but  shrinkage  of  the  new 
cement  and  settlement  of  stone  had  only  amouuted  to  .014  foot  one 
month  after  setting.] 

Toms  River. Eleva.,  30.38  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  25.40  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  6)  is  placed  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
Ocean  county  court-yard,  3 feet  back  from  the  iron  front  fence  and  3 


BENCH-MARKS. 


261 


feet  east  of  west  line  of  lot.  Measured  parallel  with  Washington 
street,  it  is  28.75  feet  west  of  the  west  line  of  Allen  street  produced, 
72.3  feet  west  of  center  line  of  court-house,  and  145  feet  west  of 
southern  marble  true  meridian  monument  which  stands  in  southeast 
corner  of  the  yard.  The  monument  is  also  distant  69.6  feet  south- 
westerly from  the  southwest  corner  of  court-house. 

Toms  River. Eleva.,  32.67  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  of  main  entrance  of  Ocean 
county  court-house,  Toms  River. 

Waretown. Eleva.,  12.664  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  8.429  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  7)  is  located  at  the  cross-roads  at  the  Hopkins 
House,  where  the  center  line  of  the  road  from  Waretown  station,  New 
Jersey  Southern  railroad,  to  the  shore  of  Barnegat  bay,  intersects  the 
easterly  fence  line  of  the  main  shore  road.  It  is  86.2  feet  from  south- 
west corner  of  hotel,  17.7  feet  from  northeast  stone  pier  under  porch 
of  store,  and  20.7  feet  from  center  of  willow  tree  standing  just  to 
southwest  of  it.  Measuring  along  the  produced  first  course  of  the 
road  running  by  a small  graveyard  to  the  bay,  the  distances  are,  to 
edge  of  upland,  1,540  feet,  to  ordinary  high-water  mark,  2,850  feet. 
The  top  of  monument  was  placed  just  below  the  surface  of  the  road. 

Waretown Eleva.,  20.72  ft. 

On  center  of  southwest  side  of  large  granite  (Falkinsburg)  monu- 
ment, on  top  of  small,  flat  projection  of  the  top  base-stone  directly 
under  the  polished  inscription-face,  upon  the  bottom  of  which  is  cut, 
“ Died  May  10,  1855.”  The  monument  is  in  the  Waretown  ceme- 
tery, east  of  main  shore  road. 

Whitings Eleva.,  173.46  ft. 

Elevation  of  underground  mark,  170.583  ft. 

This  monument  (No.  16)  is  located  at  the  cross-roads  in  Whitings, 
where  the  road  from  New  Egypt  to  Toms  River  crosses  the  road 
running  along  the  west  side  of  the  New  Jersey  Southern  railroad 
from  Woodmansie  to  Manchester.  It  is  set  in  the  center  line  of  the 
former  road,  and  in  line  with  the  trees  planted  along  the  west  side  of 
the  latter  road,  between  the  sidewalk  and  wagon  track.  It  is  41.5 


262  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


feet  southwest  of  the  southwest  corner  of  Mr.  Wright’s  store;  11 
feet  from  the  west  line  of  the  street  running  nearly  north  and  south  ; 
88  feet  to  center  of  the  main  track  of  the  New  Jersey  Southern  rail- 
road ; 21  feet  to  center  of  nearest  maple  tree  of  the  row  on  the  north ; 
45.4  feet  to  center  of  the  next;  21.7  feet  to  center  of  nearest  maple 
tree  of  the  row  on  the  south,  and  46.9  feet  to  the  next. 

The  top  of  this  monument  is  below  the  surface. 

Whitings Eleva.,  172.53  ft. 

On  granite  monument  marking  northwest  corner  of  roads.  It  is 
7 yards  distant  from  southeast  corner  of  large  hotel,  now  unoccupied. 


PASSAIC  COUNTY. 

Centerville Eleva.,  179.50  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  a small  cut  in  a projecting  stone,  4.6  feet 
above  the  ground,  at  the  west  end  of  the  north  abutment  of  the  road 
bridge  over  the  Morris  canal,  1 mile  southwest  of  Centerville.  The 
point  is  indicated  by  an  arrow-head. 

Hawthorne. Eleva.,  42.83  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  east  end  of  the  coping  of 
the  north  abutment  of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  rail- 
road bridge  over  the  Passaic  river. 

Little  Falls Eleva.,  194.90  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  main 

front  door  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  church. 

Little  Falls Eleva.,  174.67  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  stone  coping  at  the  end  of  the  iron  railing  on 

the  west  side  of  the  Passaic  river,  Morris  canal  aqueduct. 

Mountain  View Eleva.,  175.74  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  north  corner  of  the  west  end  of  the  coping  of 
the  circular  wall  at  the  north  end  of  the  west  abutment  of  the  aque- 
duct by  which  the  Morris  canal  crosses  the  Pompton  river. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


263 


Paterson Eleva.,  108.51  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  sill  of  the  Main  street  entrance 
of  St.  Boniface  Church,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Main  and  Slater 
streets. 

Paterson , Eleva.,  100.37  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  the  corner-stone  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  Passaic  county  court-house. 

Paterson Eleva.,  89.92  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  sill  of  the  main  front  door  of 
the  Market  Street  M.  E.  Church. 

Paterson Eleva.,  95.94  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  north  end  of  the  sill  of  the  main  entrance  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church. 

Paterson Eleva.,  175.96  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a projection  in  the  lowest  corner-stone  at  the  south- 
east end  of  the  west  abutment  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and 
Western  railroad  bridge  over  the  Morris  canal,  between  Little  Falls 
and  Paterson. 

Richfield. Eleva.,  182.56  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  north  end  of  the  east  abutment  of  the  bridge 
over  the  Morris  canal.  The  point  is  at  the  end  of  the  timber  on 
which  the  bridge  rests. 

SALEM  COUNTY. 

Daretown. Eleva.,  127.80  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  north  end  of  stone  door-sill  of 
front  entrance  of  Daretown  Presbyterian  church. 

Elmer Eleva.,  116.83  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  west  end  of  marble  door-sill  of 
front  entrance  of  brick  public  school-house. 

Riddleton  Junction.  ....  Eleva.,  41.25  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  frog  (1  foot  from  its  point),  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  railroad  from  Swedesboro  with  the  railroad  from  Elmer 
to  Salem. 


264  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Salem.  .......  Eleva.,  14.67  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  granite  door-sill  of 
front  entrance  of  Episcopal  church,  on  Market  street. 

Salem.  ...  ...  Eleva.,  15.88  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  at  the  foot  of  fluted  column,  on 
south  side  of  entrance  to  surrogate’s  and  clerk’s  office. 

Woodstown. Eleva.,  47.67  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  south  end  of  marble  door-sill  of 
front  entrance  of  brick  Baptist  church,  on  Main  street. 

Woodstown. Eleva.,  46.12  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  north  end  of  lowest  stone  step  of 
front  entrance  of  Woodstown  Hotel. 

Woodstown. Eleva.,  58.74  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  southwest  end  of  marble  door- 
sill  of  brick  National  Bank  of  Woodstown. 

SOMERSET  COUNTY. 

Bound  Brook.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  32.483  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  cut  on 
top  of  stone  abutment  (northeast  corner)  of  New  Jersey  Central  rail- 
road bridge,  about  one-fourth  mile  east  of  Bound  Brook  station. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

Bound  Brook.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  35.744  ft. 

This  is  the  bottom  of  a square  cavity  (1  inch  square  by  one- third 
inch  deep),  cut  on  top  stone  of  west  end  of  north  abutment  of  road 
bridge  over  Raritan  river,  at  Bound  Brook. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

XIII. 

1881. 

East  Millstone. Eleva.,  45.48  ft. 

A triangle  on  the  southwest  corner  of  a stone  supporting  south  gate- 
post at  entrance  to  N.  S.  Wilson’s  brick  residence,  south  of  Thatch- 
ler’s  drug  store,  at  easterly  corner  of  Market  street  and  Railroad 
avenue. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


265 


Griggstown. Eleva.,  44.07  ft. 

On  summit  of  stone,  indicated  by  an  arrow,  standing  at  east  corner 
of  Edgar's  mill,  on  west  side  of  canal,  at  Griggstown. 

Griggstown. Eleva.,  50.53  ft. 

A triangle  on  the  coping  of  west  lock  wall  under  east  edge  of 
bridge,  at  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  lock,  half  a mile  south  of 
Griggstown. 

North  Branch  Station.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . Eleva.,  84.880  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  cut  near 
the  top  of  the  southwest  corner  of  New  Jersey  Central  railroad 
bridge  over  the  north  branch  of  Raritan  river,  a short  distance  east  of 
the  North  Branch  railroad  station. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  HU  M. 

XV. 

Rocky  Hill. Eleva.,  43.91  ft. 

Center  of  triangle  cut  on  the  east  end  of  stone  door-sill  at  entrance 
of  old  stone  grist-mill  beside  race,  50  rods  west  of  railroad  station. 

Somerville.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  81.800  ft. 

This  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a circular  cavity  in  the  metal  on  top 
of  the  southern  “ true  meridian  ” granite  post,  in  grounds  of  the  court- 
house, Somerville. 

Somerville.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  91.280  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is,  as  usual,  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity 
cut  in  stone,  at  the  base  of  the  easternmost  pillar  of  the  front  of  the 
court-house,  Somerville. 

G. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  HU  M. 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S. 

1881. 

Somerville. Eleva.,  46.28  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  indicated  by  a cross  cut  inside  of  a triangle  on 
the  east  edge  of  the  west  abutment  under  the  center  of  the  railroad 
track  on  the  truss  bridge  carrying  the  South  Branch  railroad  over 
the  Raritan  river. 


266  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Weston Eleva.,  42.97  ft. 

A triangle  cut  on  the  coping  of  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  lock 
and  six  feet  north  of  east  edge  of  lock  bridge. 

SUSSEX  COUNTY. 

Andover Eleva.,  638.05  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  large  gneiss  rock  on  the  bank,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Sussex  railroad,  145  yards  north  of  the  station  and  9 
yards  north  of  the  cattle-pens. 

Andover Eleva.,  584.80  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  frog  on  the  east  rail  of  the  Sussex  rail- 
road and  on  the  north  rail  of  the  Lehigh  and  Hudson  River  railroad, 
at  their  grade  crossing,  just  north  of  Andover. 

Branchville Eleva.,  526.77  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  center  of  the  large  stone  (one  foot  from  its  west 
edge)  in  the  top  course  on  the  west  end  of  the  north  abutment  of  the 
Sussex  railroad  bridge  over  Dry  brook,  25  yards  south  of  crossing, 
over  the  railroad,  of  the  road  to  Augusta  and  southeast  of  the  entrance 
of  the  road  to  Swartswood.  The  bench  is  not  on  the  single  stone 
which  is  upon  the  top  of  the  wall. 

Branchville Eleva.,  579.69  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  first  step  below  the  wide 
surface-stone  at  the  entrance  to  the  cellar  on  the  front  of  the  west 
corner  of  Stivers  Hall,  on  the  north  side  of  the  road  forks. 

Branchville  Junction Eleva.,  560.73  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  east  rail  of  the  Sussex  railroad  (Branch- 
ville branch)  and  the  north  rail  of  the  New  York,  Susquehanna  and 
Western  railroad,  at  their  crossing. 

Carpenter’s  Point Eleva.,  452.30  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  top  of  State  line  monument,  at  the  road 
which  runs  from  Port  Jervis  to  Montague. 

Carpenter’s  Point Eleva.,  421.36  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  top  of  the  State  line  monument,  on  the 
east  shore  of  the  Neversink  river. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


267 


Carpenter’s  Point Eleva.,  414.99  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  Tri-State  monument,  at  the  meeting  of 
the  boundary  lines  of  New  Jersey,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  extreme  point  at  the  forks  of  the  Delaware  and  Neversink  rivers. 

Carpenter’s  Point Eleva.,  480.93  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  State  line  monument  on  the  east  side  of 
the  turnpike  to  Deckertown,  at  the  Two  States  Hotel. 

Coleville. Eleva.,  791.95  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  corner  of  the  most  easterly  of  three  large 
flagstones  under  the  porch  of  the  lower  hotel. 

Coleville. Eleva.,  908.30  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  large  boulder  at  the  entrance  of  the  road  to 
Sand  pond,  about  1 mile  northwest  of  Coleville. 

Culver’s  Gap Eleva.,  915.35  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  a conglomerate  boulder  on 
the  northeast  corner  of  the  roads  meeting  in  the  gap. 

Deckertown Eleva.,  440.92  ft. 

A cross  on  the  south  end  of  the  stone  door-sill  of  the  brick  store 
building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  streets  on  the  south  corner  of 
the  open  triangle  opposite  Decamp’s  hotel. 

Deckertown Eleva.,  441.67  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  stone  water-table  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
brick  building  (with  the  north  end  stone  and  corners  trimmed  with 
the  same)  now  used  as  a furniture  store.  It  is  45  yards  north  of  the 
Union  House. 

Franklin  Furnace.  ....  Eleva.,  535.45  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  frog  at  the  junction  of  the  Sussex  railroad 
with  the  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  railroad. 

Franklin  Furnace.  ....  Eleva.,  560.13  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  stone  water-table  at  the  southwest  corner 
(front  corner  towards  the  new  furnace)  of  the  company’s  brick  store 
and  office. 


268  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Hainesville Eleva.,  639.29  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  top  of  an  imbedded  rock,  with  rounded  summit, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  road,  40  yards  north  of  the  corner  of  roads  at 
which  the  church  and  school-house  are  situated. 

Hainesville Eleva.,  748.62  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a white  rock  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  junction 
of  the  roads,  about  2 miles  south  of  Montague,  and  1 J miles  north 
of  Hainesville. 

High  Point Eleva.,  1800.21  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  highest  point  of  the  bed-rock  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  mountain. 

High  Point Eleva.,  1804.30  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  the  top  of  a boulder  on  the 
summit  of  the  mountain.  This  is  the  highest  point  in  New  Jersey. 

Lafayette. Eleva.,  549.94  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  a limestone  boulder,  indicated 
by  an  arrow,  at  the  east  corner  of  the  main  cross-roads  in  the  village. 

Lafayette. Eleva.,  512.60  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  limestone  on  top  of  the 
south  abutment  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sussex  railroad  track  where  it 
crosses  above  the  wagon  road,  just  east  of  the  cross-roads,  about  1 
mile  north  of  the  village. 

Montague.  ......  Eleva.,  520.82  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  rough  stone  water-table  near  the  bar-room  door 
of  the  Brick  House  hotel. 

Newton Eleva.,  601.24  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  stone  sill  of  the  most  northerly  of  three  doors 
(baggage-room)  in  the  east  side  of  the  Newton  station  of  the  Sussex 
railroad. 

Newton Eleva.,  649.63  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  north  door  to 
the  clerk’s  and  surrogate’s  offices. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


269 


Newton.  .......  Eleva.,  648.68  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  outside  of  the  stone  door-sill  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Sussex  county  court-house. 

Newton.  .......  Eleva.,  678.46  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  stone  door-sill  at  the  corner  of 
the  jamb  of  the  central  entrance  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 

Stanhope Eleva.,  871.13  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  cap-stone  of  turret 
supporting  the  cable  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  bridge  over  the 
Morris  canal,  at  the  outlet  of  the  reservoir. 

Stanhope Eleva.,  864.15  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outside  corner  of  the  coping  at  the  west  end  of 
the  north  wall  of  the  Morris  canal  lock,  at  the  outlet  of  the  reservoir. 
This  is  also  a canal  bench-mark. 

Tuttle’s  Corner Eleva.,  756  87  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  a large  boulder  on  the  north- 

west corner  of  the  roads  meeting  about  three-quarters  mile  south  of 
Tuttle’s  Corner. 

Waterloo. Eleva.,  655.44  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  north  abutment  of  the 
Sussex  railroad  bridge  over  the  Musconetcong  river,  at  the  head  of 
Waterloo  pond. 

Whitehall Eleva.,  777.05  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  summit  of  the  most  westerly  of  two 
spurs  of  the  gneiss  rock  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  road  from 
Stanhope  to  Andover  and  a road  running  northeast,  at  the  north  end 
of  the  Cranberry  reservoir. 

Whitehall Eleva.,  705.58  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  a small  rounded  summit,  marked  by  an 
arrow,  on  top  of  the  coping-stone,  2 inches  back  of  the  face  of  the 

wall,  and  directly  over  the  center  of  the  keystone  of  the  east  side  of 

the  stone  arch  carrying  the  Sussex  railroad  over  the  wagon  road,  just 
north  of  Whitehall  and  about  1 mile  south  of  Andover. 


270  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


UNION  COUNTY. 

Elizabeth Eleva.,  36.44  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  main  front 
door  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

Elizabeth Eleva.,  32.71  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  south  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  main  front 
door  of  the  Union  county  court-house. 

Elizabeth Eleva.,  38.45  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  pier  supporting  the  North  Elizabeth 
railroad  station,  situated  between  the  east-bound  freight  and  passenger 
tracks.  The  point  is  a cross  at  the  north  corner,  on  a projecting  tier 
of  masonry,  about  1J  feet  from  the  ground.  It  is  also  a railroad 
bench-mark,  and  is  marked  in  red  paint  thus — B.  M.  O 

Linden. Eleva.,  25.80  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  west  wall 
of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  bridge  over  Morse’s  creek,  a quarter  of 
a mile  southwest  of  the  station. 

Linden. Eleva.,  19.70  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  north  abutment  of  the  Pennsylvania 
railroad  bridge  over  the  north  branch  of  Morse’s  creek,  about  a mile 
and  a half  north  of  Linden.  The  point  is  marked  by  a cross  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  stone  on  which  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
bridge  rests. 

Rahway Eleva.,  18.81  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  stone  foundation  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church.  A niche  in  the  buttress  at  this  corner 
exposes  the  foundation  for  an  area  about  6 inches  square ; on  this  is 
the  cross. 

Rahway Eleva.,  20.47  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  a cross  cut  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  stone 
on  the  south  abutment  of  the  Perth  Amboy  branch  railroad  bridge 


BENCH-MARKS. 


271 


over  the  south  branch  of  the  Rahway  river.  The  point  is  about  1 
foot  below  the  level  of  the  track  and  7 feet  west  of  the  center  of  the 
south-bound  track. 


WARREN  COUNTY. 


Belvidere. Eleva.,  264.09  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  door-sill  of  the  stone  water-tank 
at  the  junction  of  the  Lehigh  and  Hudson  River  railroad  with  the 
Belvidere  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad. 

Belvidere. Eleva.,  285.01  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  west  end  of  the  stone  door-sill  of  the 
surrogate’s  office.  It  is  the  most  westerly  of  the  three  doors  in  the 
front  of  the  Warren  county  court-house. 

Belvidere. Eleva.,  288.88  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  middle 
door  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  which  stands  on  the  west  side 
of  the  city  park. 

Broadway. Eleva.,  434.73  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  southwest  corner  of  a square-dressed 
stone,  2 \ feet  from  the  end  of  the  wooden  sill  lying  on  it,  at  the  south 
side  of  the  floodgate  of  the  Morris  canal,  just  south  of  the  road  from 
Broadway  to  Montana. 

Buttzville. Eleva.,  383.00  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  joint  of  the  south  rail  of  the  Lehigh 
and  Hudson  River  railroad,  at  the  north  end  of  the  stone  wagon 
bridge,  225  yards  east  of  the  station, 

Buttzville Eleva.,  423.32  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  coping-stone  on  the  south  side 

of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  railroad  track,  and 
directly  over  the  keystone  of  the  center  arch  of  the  stone  bridge  over 
the  Pequest  river  and  the  Lehigh  and  Hudson  River  railroad,  just 
east  of  Buttzville. 


272  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Buttzville Eleva.,  364.44  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  top  of  the  main  wall  of  the  west  abutment,  at 
the  angle  of  the  wall  on  the  north  side  of  the  track  where  the  Lehigh 
and  Hudson  River  railroad  crosses  over  the  wagon  road,  about  one 
mile  west  of  the  station. 

Easton,  Pa.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  214.401  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  cut  on 
top  of  a pier  (north  side  of  New  Jersey  Central  railroad  track)  of 
bridge  across  the  Lehigh  river  at  Easton.  It  is  on  the  pier  at  the 
west  end  of  wide  part  of  bridge. 

U.  S. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  HU  M. 

XIX. 

Easton,  Pa.  U.  S.  C.  S Eleva.,  357.186  ft. 

This  is  the  bottom  of  a square  cavity  cut  in  foundation  stone  at 
west  corner  of  the  jail  at  Easton.  The  front  of  the  jail  is  built  of 
red  sandstone  and  the  foundation  of  blue  limestone. 

Easton,  Pa.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . . Eleva.,  363.488  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  of  a square  cavity  cut  on 
the  sill  of  a blind  window  on  east  side  of  Easton  court-house.  This 
side  of  the  court-house  has  two  blind  windows,  but  the  one  used  is 
the  one  nearest  to  the  front  of  the  building. 

U.  S.  C.  & G.  S. 

H. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  HU  M. 

1881. 

Hackettstown. Eleva.,  594.81  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  sandstone  water-table  at  the  northwest 

side,  close  to  the  brickwork,  of  the  Centenary  Collegiate  Institute. 

Hackettstown. Eleva.,  573.18  ft. 

An  arrow-head  cut  on  the  corner  toward  the  road,  of  the  top  of 

the  northwest  wing  wall  of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western 
railroad  bridge  over  the  turnpike,  just  south  of  Warren  furnace. 

Hutchinson’s  Station Eleva.,  239.44  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  of  a slot  cut  in  the  north  end  of  a 


BENCH-MARKS. 


273 


long  yellow  stone  at  the  north  end  of  the  main  wall  of  the  stone 
bridge  over  the  wagon  road. 

Lopatcong.  ......  Eleva.,  218.95  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  summit  of  the  most  westerly  stone  in  the  coping 
of  the  north  wall  of  the  upper  Morris  canal  lock. 

Martin’s  Creek  Station.  . . . Eleva.,  226.85  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  a red  stone  on  the  south  end  of  the  wall  on  the  east 
side  of  the  railroad  track,  and  the  south  side  of  the  wagon  road,  at 
the  crossing  near  the  north  end  of  the  station. 

New  Village Eleva.,  435.36  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  rounded  summit  of  the  coping-stone  on  the  west 
side  of  the  south  wall  of  the  Morris  canal  lock,  west  of  the  village. 
The  summit  is  1.5  feet  from  the  end  of  the  wall,  and  about  3 yards 
from  the  tail-gates. 

Oxford  Furnace Eleva.,  479.77  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  stone  sill  of  the  front  door  of  the 
Oxford  Iron  and  Nail  Co.’s  brick  store,  on  the  north  corner  of  streets, 
just  south  of  the  railroad  station. 

Oxford  Furnace Eleva.,  501.84  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  east  end  of  the  stone  door-sill  of  the  front  door 
of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 

Phillipsburg Eleva.,  195.56  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  stone  water-table  under 
the  column  on  the  east  side  of  the  north  entrance  of  the  Pennsylvania 
railroad  station,  at  the  east  end  of  the  covered  bridge  over  the  Dela- 
ware river. 

Near  Phillipsburg.  U.  S.  C.  S.  . . Eleva.,  262.986  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  the  bottom  surface  (center)  of  a square  cavity 
cut  in  coping-stone  at  east  end  of  north  parapet  of  stone  bridge  (New 
Jersey  Central  railroad)  over  the  Morris  canal,  about  1 J miles  east  of 
Phillipsburg. 

It  is  marked  thus — B.  □ M. 

1881. 

S 


274  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Port  Colden Eleva.,  570.16  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  masonry,  at  the 
gates  of  the  flume,  at  the  head  of  plane  No.  6,  west,  Morris  canal. 

Port  Murray Eleva.,  630.99  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  north  corner  of  masonry  of  the  gates  at 
the  head  of  the  flume  of  the  Morris  canal  plane  No.  5,  west. 

Port  Warren Eleva.,  334.39  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  bottom  step  of  a series 
forming  the  end  of  the  foundation  wall  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
wheel-house  of  the  Morris  canal  plane  No.  9,  west. 

Roxbury  Station Eleva.,  245.47  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  a cross  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  south 

abutment  of  the  bridge  over  the  wagon  road  at  the  north  side  of  the 
Pennsylvania  railroad  station. 

Saxton  Falls Eleva.,  642.86  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  corner  of  a stone  in  which  the  west  tail-gate  is 
anchored,  close  to  the  south  side  of  the  quoin,  Morris  canal,  lock 
No.  4. 

Saxton  Falls Eleva.,  637.69  ft. 

A cross  on  the  coping  of  the  west  lock  wall,  just  back  of  the  mid- 
dle of  a groove  for  temporary  repair  dam,  just  above  the  chamber  for 
the  head-gate  of  the  Morris  canal  guard  lock. 

Stewartsville. Eleva.,  405.83  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  foundation  at  the  east  corner  of  the  wheel-house 
at  the  Morris  canal  plane  No.  8,  west. 

Stewartsville. Eleva.,  374.25  ft. 

A cross  cut  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  square-dressed  stone  on 
which  the  bed-plate  of  the  truss  rests,  at  the  north  end  of  the  east 
abutment  of  the  Morris  and  Essex  railroad  bridge  over  the  Morris 
canal,  east  of  the  station.  This  stone  is  on  a level  with  the  bottom 
of  the  sills  of  the  wooden  bridge,  and  the  corner  is  12.7  feet  from 
the  sill. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


275 


Washington.  ......  Eleva.,  462.01  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  corner  of  a stone  under  the  iron  column 
at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  Beatty  building,  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  Belvidere  and  Washington  avenues. 

Washington Eleva.,  485.52  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  west  end  of  the  brownstone  door-sill, 
close  to  the  corner  of  the  brickwork,  of  the  main  (middle)  entrance 
of  the  Presbyterian  church. 

Washington Eleva.,  467.54  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  stone  water-table  of  the  Windsor  Hotel, 
a brick  building  facing  on  Washington  avenue.  The  point  is  on  the 
rear  corner  of  a wing,  with  three  windows,  extending  back  from  the 
main  building  on  Belvidere  avenue. 

Washington Eleva.,  508.08  ft. 

This  bench-mark  is  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  north  end,  on 
top  of  the  wall  supporting  the  wooden  flume  at  the  top  of  Morris 
canal  plane  No.  7,  west.  The  point  is  also  a canal  bench-mark,  and 
is  marked  with  red  paint. 

Washington Eleva.,  463.05  ft. 

A cross  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  highest  of  three  stone  steps 
at  the  entrance  of  the  First  National  Bank,  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  Belvidere  and  Washington  avenues. 


ELEVATIONS  of  prominent  points  in  new  jersey,  referred 

TO  MEAN  SEA  LEVEL. 

The  following  list  of  elevations  includes  the  latest  and  best  deter- 
minations. In  case  of  difference  between  these  elevations  and  those 
shown  on  the  map,  these  are  to  be  preferred,  as  they  have  been  ad- 
justed to  the  Sandy  Hook  datum.  These  elevations  are  not  so  care- 
fully determined  as  those  in  the  list  of  bench-marks  preceding, 
and  those  should  always  be  used  when  great  accuracy  is  required,  but 
the  following  are  sufficiently  accurate  for  all  ordinary  purposes.  At 
the  railroad  stations  it  has  been  customary  to  note  the  elevation  at  the 


276  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


rail  joint  nearest  the  center  of  the  station.  At  railroad  crossings,  a 
joint  was  usually  taken  also. 

This  list  of  elevations  will  be  found  convenient  for  reference,  and 
will  be  especially  useful  to  those  who  may  not  have  access  to  the 
topographical  atlas.  It  gives  the  highest  point  in  each  county  and 
some  well-known  point  in  each  town  and  village. 


Atlantic  County. 

Atsion.  Rail  at  crossing  just  west  of  station.. 47.4 

Bakersville.  Nail  in  door-sill  of  Central  M.  E.  Church 27.0 

Bargaintown.  Stone  at  northeast  corner  of  west  abutment  of  bridge  over  pond,  8.8 

Buena  Vista.  East  rail  at  station 104.7 

Cedar  Lake.  West  rail  at  crossing  by  station 84.0 

Da  Costa.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station,  C.  & A.  R.  R 84.3 

Doughty’s  station.  North  rail,  C.  & A.  R.  R.. 29.9 

Downstown.  Bench-mark  on  button-ball  tree,  just  east  of  store... 115.3 

English  Creek.  Bench-mark  on  willow,  in  front  of  store 9.6 

English  Creek  station.  South  rail 60.4 

Estelville.  Bench-mark  on  oak,  northwest  corner,  by  M.  E.  church 23.6 

Frankfort  Avenue  station.  North  rail  at  crossing,  C.  & A.  R.  R 60.1 

Germania  station.  North  rail  at  crossing,  C.  & A.  R.  R 59.4 

Highest  point  in  county,  near  Hammonton  Coast  Survey  station,  one  mile 

northwest  of  Hammonton 152. 

Landisville.  North  rail 'at  station. 113.1 

Landisville.  Rail  at  crossing  of  N.  J.  S.  R.  R.  and  W.  J.  R.  R 120.5 

Leeds’  Point.  Bench-mark  on  wild  cherry  at  southeast  corner,  just  west  of  hotel,  54.0 

Mays  Landing  pond 13. 

Murphy’s  station.  North  rail  at  crossing,  C.  & A.  R.  R . 114.5 

Parkdale  station.  North  rail  at  crossing.. 59.8 

Pleasantville.  Rail  of  P.  & A.  C.  R.  R.  at  shore  road  crossing 25.2 

Pomona  station.  North  rail  at  crossing,  C.  & A.  R.  R 66.2 

Port  Republic.  Projecting  stone  at  southwest  wing  wall  of  draw-bridge 7.1 

Richland.  Rail  at  crossing  northwest  of  station 99.4 

Richland  Coast  Survey  station 109. 

Smith’s  Landing.  Bench-mark  on  large  ailanthus  tree  in  front  of  house,  just 

* south  of  corner 34.1 

Weekstown.  East  end  of  wooden  door-sill  of  school-house 20.5 

Weymouth.  Bench-mark  on  button-ball  tree  at  road  forks,  southwest  of  paper 

mill 44.4 

Weymouth  pond.. 37. 


Bergen  County. 

Alpine.  Bench-mark  on  oak,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads  on  top  of  Pali- 


sades mountain 441.2 

Areola.  Cross  on  stone  door-step  of  store 49.7 

Bergen  Fields.  Rail  at  crossing  north  of  station. 69.5 

Gamp  Gaw.  North  rail  at  station 380.8 


BENCH-MARKS. 


277 


Bergen  County — Continued. 

Cherry  Hill.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 8.3 

Corona.  Rail  at  station 6.8 

Cresskill.  Rail  at  station 40.9 

Etna.  Rail  at  station 46.0 

Fort  Lee.  Lowest  step,  main  entrance  of  Madonna  R.  C.  Church 314.2 

Franklin  lake 414. 

Hackensack  river  at  State  line 45. 

Highest  point  in  county,  Ramapo  mountain,  near  State  line 1106. 

Highest  point  of  the  Palisades 545. 

Hillsdale.  Frog  at  station 57.3 

Kingsland.  Rail  at  crossing  near  station.  28.2 

Leonia.  West  rail  at  crossing  near  station 5.8 

Lodi.  Rail  at  Main  street  crossing 24.8 

Maywood.  North  rail  at  crossing 68.8 

Midland  Park.  Rail  at  station 202.9 

Mont  vale.  Bench-mark  on  oak,  opposite  the  Grove  House 180.5 

Neuvy.  Rail  at  station...  38.1 

New  Milford.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 16.8 

Norwood.  Rail  at  station 36.0 

Oakland.  South  rail  at  station 274.3 

Oradell.  Rail  at  station. 21.0 

Park  Ridge.  West  rail  at  station 150.4 

Paskack.  West  rail  at  crossing  south  of  station 106.3 

Ramapo  river.  At  Oakland 207. 

Ramapo  river.  At  Sufiern 272. 

River  Edge.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 16.2 

River  Vale.  South  edge  of  mill-stone  in  south  door  of  school-house 70.1 

Rochelle  Park.  South  rail  at  crossing  by  station 46.1 

Rotten  pond,  in  Ramapo  mountain  534. 

Rutherford.  Top  of  monument  near  flag-staff,  in  grass  plat  behind  station 47.3 

Saddle  River.  West  corner  of  sill,  main  door  of  stone  church 269.1 

Schraalenburg.  Rail  at  crossing  north  of  station  16.8 

State  line  monuments. 

1st 1 200.3 

2d 29.4 

3d 109.0 

4th 108.4 

5th 78.8 

6th 160. 

7th : 272.2 

8th 227.6 

9th 393.6 

10th 372.9 

11th 302.4 

12th 417.9 

13th 573.3 

14th 517.3 


278  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Bergen  County— Continued. 

15th 287.4 

16th 608.5 

17th 765.6 

Westwood.  Southwest  corner  of  large  stone  slab  at  entrance  of  Van  Emburg 

& Bogert’s  store 76.4 

Woodridge.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 10.7 

Wortendyke.  Sill  of  left  entrance  to  silk  mill 258.5 

Wyckoff.  Northeast  corner  of  door-sill  of  Reformed  church 356.2 

Burlington  County. 

Apple-Pie  hill l 209. 

Arney’s  Mount.  Highest  point  in  county 230. 

Batsto.  Bench-mark  on  large  buttonwood,  opposite  mill 11.1 

Bear  Swamp  hill 165. 

Beverly.  South  rail  at  crossing  west  of  station 30.1 

Brown’s  Mills  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 71.3 

Buddtown.  Ring-bolt,  center  of  east  arch  of  iron  bridge  over  Stop-the-Jade 

run 48.0 

Bustleton.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  corner  by  church 83.5 

Columbus.  A cross  cut  on  curb  opposite  hotel 83.2 

Cookstown.  Bench-mark  on  maple  diagonally  opposite  hotel 83.6 

Crosswicks.  Step  at  entrance  to  basement  of  Episcopal  church 80.12 

Crowley  town.  On  red  sandstone  under  northwest  corner  of  school-house.. 13.3 

East  Moorestown  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 70.1 

Edgewater  Park.  North  rail  at  crossing  east  of  station 30.1 

Evesboro.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  northwest  corner  of  cross-roads. 94.3 

Four-Mile  hill 141. 

Georgetown.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  cross-roads 91.9 

Green  Bank.  Bench-mark  on  rock  at  forks  of  roads  just  south  of  blacksmith 

shop * 25.6 

Hainesport.  Bench-mark  on  maple  north  of  railroad  and  west  of  road,  near 

station  30.9 

Hanover  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 92.9 

Harris  station.  South  rail  at  crossing,  300  yards  east  of. 98.3 

Harrisville.  Top  of  pipe  used  as  guard,  east  corner  of  paper  mill 18.6 

Hartford.  Bench-mark  on  cherry  tree,  in  front  of  station 44.9 

Huckleberry  hill 141. 

Indian  Mills.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  cross-roads  in  front  of  church 75.6 

Jacksonville.  On  stone  at  northeast  corner  of  road  to  Jobstown. 70.6 

Jacobstown.  Northeast  corner  of  stepping-stone  in  front  of  D.  L.  Platt’s  store,  179.2 

Jacobstown.  Hill  1 mile  northeast  of. 198. 

Jemima  Mount 99. 

Jobstown.  Rail  at  crossing  of  Mount  Holly  turnpike 74.2 

Kinkora.  North  rail  in  front  of  station 10.2 

Lewistown.  Rail  of  P.  & H.  R.  R.,  just  west  of  cross-roads 85.5 

Lewistown.  Hill  on  road  to  Brown’s  Mills,  2 miles  southeast  of 175. 

Lumberton.  On  mile-post  (2  miles  to  Mount  Holly) 23.3 


BENCH-MARKS. 


279 


Burlington  County— Continued. 

Lower  Bank.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  north  end  of  bridge  over  river 5.1 

Masonville.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  in  front  of  post-office 44.1 

Maple  Shade  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 40.5 

Marlton.  Rail  at  crossing,  300  yards  west  of  station 87.9 

Medford.  Water-table,  northwest  corner  of  bank 65.7 

Mount  Holly  Coast  Survey  station.  Top  of  the  mount 183. 

Mount  Laurel.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 89.1 

Mount  Laurel 173. 

New  Gretna.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  east  end  of  hotel 9.8 

New  Lisbon.  Door-sill  of  school-house 50.6 

Palmyra.  South  rail  at  crossing  by  station  20.5 

Pointville.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  northeast  corner  of  road,  opposite  hotel,  143.5 
Rancocas.  On  marble  stepping-stone  in  front  of  store  at  southwest  corner  of 

Main  street  and  road  to  Centerton 68.1 

Recklesstown.  Bench-mark  on  buttonwood  at  meeting  of  four  roads 91.8 

Retreat.  Hill  2 miles  southeast  of 131. 

Riverside.  South  rail  at  crossing  by  station 17.1 

Riverton.  South  rail  at  crossing  by  station  20.5 

Shamong.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 91.1 

Smithville.  Bench-mark  on  oak  east  side  of  road,  40  yards  south  of  station...  50.8 

Stevens’  station.  South  rail  at  crossing 24.2 

Sykesville.  Large  stepping-stone  in  front  of  Newbold’s  house 191.9 

Tabernacle.  Cross-roads 101. 

Taylor’s  Mount 140. 

Vincentown.  Lowest  step  of  bank 29.4 

Wading  River.  Most  westerly  bolt  in  northwest  wing  wall  of  bridge...  7.3 

Washington.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  corner  of  roads  to  Quaker  Bridge  and 

Hampton  Gate 55.9 

Wood  Lane  station.  West  rail  at  crossing..  56.7 

Woodmansie.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 159.9 

Wrightstown.  Cross  on  stepping-stone  opposite  hotel 135.9 

Camden  County. 

Ancora.  Bench-mark  on  large  tree  south  side  of  railroad  at  crossing 95.3 

Ashland.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 72.1 

Atco.  Bolt  in  top  of  hitching-post  at  south  corner  of  Woodland’s  store 155.5 

Atco.  Hill  northeast  of  station 178. 

Berlin.  West  rail  at  Haddonfield  road 155.4 

Berlin.  Coast  survey  station 211. 

Blackwoodtown.  Bench-mark  on  willow  at  cross-roads 74.8 

Blue  Anchor.  Bench-mark  on  large  oak  in  south  forks  of  roads 152.1 

Chew’s  Landing.  Bench-mark  on  cedar  near  church 27.2 

Clementon.  North  rail  at  crossing  south  of  station 61.3 

Collingswood.  South  rail  of  north  track  at  crossing 25.2 

Cuthbert’s.  South  rail  of  north  track  at  crossing 35.4 

Dudley.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 54.0 


280  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Camden  County— Continued. 

Ellisburgh.  On  curbstone  at  northwest  corner  of  cross-roads 58.7 

Elm.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 98.2 

Gibbsborough.  Corner  of  stone  wall  at  southwest  corner 99.9 

Glenwood.  North  rail  at  crossing 49.7 

Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  at  New  Brooklyn 104. 

Haddonfield.  North  rail  at  crossing,  one-third  mile  northwest  of  station 30.3 

Haddonfield.  Hill  1 mile  south  of 140. 

Highest  point  in  county,  2|  miles  northeast  of  Berlin.... 214. 

Mount  Ephraim.  Cross  on  guard-stone,  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 62.7 

Parkdale.  Rail  at  station...  59.8 

Pensauken  station.  South  rail  at  crossing 70.0 

Pine  hill,  near  Clementon. 202. 

Sicklerville.  Bench-mark  on  tree,  southeast  corner  of  cross-roads 137.7 

Spring  Mills.  Nail  in  root  of  tree  by  post-office 77.4 

Summit  of  C.  & A.  R.  R 174. 

Trout  Run  station.  North  rail  at 130.0 

Waterford.  South  rail  at  crossing,  one-quarter  mile  south  of  station.  116.2 

Wilton.  South  rail  at  station  164.4 

Cape  May  County. 

Beesley’s  Point.  Bench-mark  on  Mulberry  tree,  north  end  of  shore  road 9.1 

Bennett’s  station.  West  rail  at 18.9 

Burleigh.  South  rail  of  Anglesea  R.  R.,  at  shore  road  crossing 16.7 

Cold  Spring.  North  end  of  north  door-sill  of  Presbyterian  church 20.7 

Goshen.  Bench-mark  on  tree  in  front  of  store  at  corner 14.6 

Highest  point  in  county,  2 miles  east  of  Woodbine 50. 

Mount  Pleasant.  North  rail  at  crossing 33.9 

North  Dennisville.  On  stone  in  front  of  J.  Holmes’  house 15.9 

Ocean  View.  South  rail  at  crossing 18.8 

Palermo.  Bench-mark  on  oak  opposite  church 32.0 

Rio  Grande.  Bench-mark  on  walnut  in  southwest  corner 21.3 

Sea  Isle  Junction.  Rail  at  station 16.0 

South  Seaville.  Rail  at  station 23.0 

Surface  of  swamp  at  divide  between  Dennis  and  Cedar  Swamp  creeks 12. 

Swaintown.  East  rail  at  crossing 18.8 

Townsend’s  Inlet.  Top  of  stone  fence-post,  northeast  corner  of  M.  E.  church- 
yard  25.7 

Tuckahoe.  On  large  stone  in  northwest  corner  of  road  to  Marshallville 17.5 

Woodbine.  Rail  in  front  of  station 43.5 

Cumberland  County. 

Bacon’s  Neck  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 16.5 

Belle  Plain.  South  rail  at  crossing 47.6 

Bridgeton.  Pond  on  Cohansey  above 19. 

Carlsburg.  East  rail  at  station*. 103.3 

Cedar  Grove  pond 50. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


281 


Cumberland  County— Continued. 

Cedarville.  West  rail  at  crossing , 53.4 

Cumberland  pond 30. 

Deerfield  Street.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  west  side  of  road-forks 11L6 

Dividing  Creek.  Bench-mark  on  maple  in  front  of  Dr.  Judson’s.. 13.0 

Fairton.  Rail  at  station 31.2 

Finley  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 109.7 

Gouldtown.  Bench-mark  on  maple  in  front  of  house  just  east  of  cross-roads...  82.4 

Greenwich.  Bench-mark  on  large  elm  at  east  end  of  station 15.4 

Highest  point  in  county,  2 miles  northeast  of  Deerfield 146. 

Hopewell  station.  South  rail  at  crossing.  52.8 

Husted  station.  West  rail  at.  98.7 

Jericho.  Bench-mark  on  buttonwood,  southeast  corner  near  pond. 31.0 

Main  Avenue  station.  Rail  at  crossing...  99.6 

Manumuskin  station.  West  rail  at  crossing  17.4 

Millville  pond 26. 

Newport.  Bench-mark  on  mulberry  tree,  north  side  of  road  at  hotel 8.0 

North  Vineland.  Rail  at  crossing  by  station 97.0 

Port  Elizabeth.  Highest  guard-stone,  southwest  corner,  opposite  school-house,  12.8 

Port  Norris.  Rail  at  station 8.2 

Roadstown.  Cross  on  stone,  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 115.5 

Rosenhayn  station.  Rail  at  crossing 106.7 

Sheppard’s  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 13.4 

Shiloh.  Bench-mark  on  maple  by  T.  F.  Davis’  store 116.1 

South  Vineland.  East  rail  at  crossing.. 93.5 

Summit  of  Bridgeton  and  Millville  turnpike..  124. 

Wheat  Road  station.  South  rail  at  crossing 99.6 

Willow  Grove.  Bench-mark  on  tree,  east  corner  of  forks  of  roads 72.7 

Woodruff.  North  rail  at  station. 92.6 

Essex  County. 

Bloomfield.  Morris  canal,  above  lock 119.8 

Bloomfield.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  11 173.7 

Caldwell.  Sill  of  east  door  of  Presbyterian  church 411.0 

Cedar  Grove.  Cross  on  stone,  northeast  corner,  100  yards  north  of  store 270.0 

Clinton.  Stone  step  at  south  door  of  school-house.  172.0 

Franklin.  Boulder  by  picket  fence  at  northwest  corner 234.8 

Highest  point  in  county,  Second  mountain,  back  of  Caldwell  penitentiary 691. 

Livingston.  Cement  at  base  of  flag-staff 315.3 

Long  Hill . 473. 

Millburn.  Rail  at  crossing  just  east  of  station 151.4 

Montclair.  Rail  at  station,  D.,  L.  & W.  R.  R 240.9 

Newark.  Morris  canal,  at  upper  end  of  plane 100.4 

Newark.  Morris  canal  above  lock,  at  Lock  street.  109.5 

Northfield.  On  corner  of  step  at  west  side  of  church  door 265.3 

Nutley.  West  rail  in  front  of  station 98.5 

Orange.  Rail  at  D.,  L.  & W.  station 187.4 


282  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Essex  County— Continued. 

Orange  reservoir 329. 

Pine  Brook.  Cross  on  stone  under  southwest  end  of  porch  of  Frank  Class’ 

hotel 173.6 

Pleasantdale.  Large  boulder  at  north  corner  of.  cross-roads. 423.5 

Roseland.  Guard-stone,  corner  of  grave-yard  back  of  church 369.3 

Short  Hills.  Kail  at  station 207.6 

South  Orange.  Rail  at  station 141.8 

Upper  Montclair.  West  rail  at  crossing  south  of  station 341.7 

Verona.  East  corner  of  top  step  leading  to  cellar  of  store 356.2 

Verona.  Summit  of  First  mountain,  east  of. j 665. 

t 

Gloucester  County. 

Almonesson.  Bench-mark  on  maple  tree,  30  yards  northwest  of  cross-roads...  48.2 

Asbury  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 55.2 

Barnsboro.  Bench-mark  on  maple  near  hotel  pump 151.4 

Barnsboro  hill 152. 

Bridgeport.  Cross  on  guard-stone  at  southwest  corner  of  Main  street  and 

road  to  Swedesboro ._. 22.8 

Clarksboro.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 54.0 

Clayton.  Rail  at  crossing  just  south  of  station .* 126.1 

Cross  Keys.  Bench-mark  on  willow  at 150.4 

Evans’  Mills.  Bench-mark  on  maple  opposite  blacksmith  shop,  southwest 

corner  of  cross-roads 110.2 

Fair  view  hill 142. 

Five  Points.  Bench-mark  on  chestnut,  25  yards  west  of  Rulon’s  hall 153.0 

Forest  Grove.  North  rail  at  crossing  just  north  of 106.2 

Franklin ville.  Rail  at  crossing 107.1 

Green  Tree.  Hill  at...  155. 

Glassboro.  Rail  of  Bridgeton  branch,  at  crossing  south  of  station 146.3 

Glassboro.  Chestnut  ridge 171. 

Hardingville.  Bench-mark  on  maple  in  front  of  Siloam  M.  E.  Church 146.1 

Harrisonville.  Cross  on  guard-stone,  northeast  corner  opposite  Wriggins’  store,  85.3 

Highest  point  in  county,  1 mile  southeast  of  Cross  Keys 177. 

Hurffville.  On  horse-block  in  front  of  Mr.  Hurff’s  house 78.4 

Iona.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  northwest  corner  of  roads,  just  east  of  station...  112.7 

Jefferson.  Large  stone  at  corner 147.5 

Jefferson.  Hill  just  east  of.. 166. 

Lippincott  hill.  South  of  Battentown 143. 

Malaga.  Rail  at  crossing  near  station 106.1 

Mantua.  On  stone  across  ditch  opposite  toll-gate 31.2 

Mickleton  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 55.2 

Mount  Royal  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 34.1 

Muliica  Hill.  Cross  on  flagstone  step  of  town  hall,  close  to  iron  post 96.9 

Mullica  Hill  road  station.  West  rail  of  crossing 43.1 

Newfield.  Rail  at  crossing  just  north  of  station 115.7 

Ogden  station.  West  rail  at  crossing 13.8 

/ 


BENCH-MARKS. 


283 


Gloucester  County— Continued. 

Parkdale  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 37.2 

Paulsboro.  Kail  at  crossing  east  of  station 9.9 

Pitman  Grove.  Kail  at  crossing  by  station 135.3 

Porchtown.  Bench-mark  on  hickory  at  corner  just  east  of  pond 88.2 

Repaupo.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 20.6 

Salina.  Cross  on  northeast  end  of  long  stone  in  front  of  gate  of  liduse  on 

northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 66.3 

Sewell  station.  Rail  at  crossing  19.8 

Tatem’s  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 56.8 

Thorofare.  South  rail  at  crossing  by  station 19.8 

Tomlin  stations  East  rail  at  crossing • 42.9 

Turnersville.  Bench-mark  on  tree  at  cross-roads  by  toll-gate 59.3 

Union ville.  Kail  at  station 145.1 

Wenonah.  Rail  of  west  track  at  main  crossing 59.3 

Westville  station.  East  rail  of  north-bound  track  at  crossing 9.1 

Williamstown.  West  rail  at  crossing  north  of  station 157.1 

Williamstown.  Highest  point  in 164. 

Wolfert  station.  North  rail  at  crossing 49.5 

Hudson  County. 

Arlington.  Kail  at  station. 62.0 

Bergen  Point.  Corner  of  Avenue  S and  Third  street 37. 

Guttenberg.  Summit  of  hill.  Highest  point  in  county 263. 

Homestead  station.  Kail  of  N.  J.  N.  K.  R.,  at  crossing 4.9 

Secaucus.  Stone,  southwest  corner  of  roads  to  Clarendon  and  Snake  Hill 41.4 

Snake  hill 203. 

Stevens’  Castle  hill 100. 

Tyler  Park.  Rail  of  N.  J.  N.  R.  R.,  at  crossing  south  of  station 5.8 

Union.  Curb  at  southeast  corner  of  Bergen  Line  avenue  and  Fulton  street....  174.5 
Weehawken.  Hill  just  west  of  West  Shore  terminus 183. 

Hunterdon  County. 

Anthony.  Top  of  sharp  rock  on  southeast,  opposite  Beatty’s  store 815.5 

Baptistown.  Brownstone  stepping-stone  in  front  of  house  just  south  of  hotel...  513.73 

Califon.  Rail  at  station j.  484.0 

Centerville.  Top  of  guard-stone,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 103.8 

Cherry  ville.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  cross-roads 670.8 

Clinton.  Water-table,  southeast  corner  of  “Clinton  National  Bank” 196.1 

Clover  Hill.  Cross  on  stone  at  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads •... 186.0 

Cokesbury.  Highest  point  of  stone  bridge  at 604.0 

Copper  Hill.  East  rail  in  front  of  station...  161.9 

Croton.  Cross  on  stone  6 yards  from  guide-post 508.3 

Everittstown.  Summit  of  stone  wall  at  north  end  of  bridge,  opposite  wheel- 
wright shop 262.1 

Fair  Mount.  Highest  point  of  stone  step  at  north  corner  of  store 672.5 


284  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Hunterdon  County— Continued. 

Frenchtown.  Projectipg  window-sill  of  bank,  3.6  feet  above  pavement  131.5 

Frenchtown.  Delaware  river  at 101. 

Goat  hill 497. 

Glen  Gardner.  Guard-stone,  north  corner  of  cross-roads 412.8 

Gravel  hill 865. 

Hamden.  North  abutment  at  southeast  corner  of  bridge  over  South  Branch...  164.9 

Hamden.  South  Branch  below  dam  156. 

High  Bridge.  Rail  at  station 329.4 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  county  line  between  the  Musconetcong 

and  South  Branch  of  the  Raritan 1073. 

Holland  station.  Delaware  river  just  below 113. 

Junction.  Frog  at  junction  of  D.,  L.  & W.  R.  R.  and  N.  J.  C.  R.  R 508.4 

Kingwood.  Northeast  corner  of  stepping-stone  in  front  of  Presbyterian 

church 523.5 

Lebanon.  Rail  at  station 293.1 

Little  York.  Crow’s-foot  on  stone  in  forks  of  roads 355.7 

Locktown.  Corner,  100  yards  north  of  store 477. 

Milford.  Rail  at  crossing  near  station 135.6 

Milford.  Delaware  river  at...  108. 

Mountainville.  On  stone  at  southwest  corner  of  bridge 410.0 

Mountainville.  Hill  just  east  of. 957. 

Musconetcong.  Delaware  river  at  mouth  of  Musconetcong  river 129. 

New  Germantown.  Pointed  stone  at  stoop  of  store  at  northeast  corner  of 

cross-roads 260.6 

New  Hampton.  Sill  of  door  in  end  of  mill  357.4 

Oak  Dale.  Bench-mark  on  large  oak  at  entrance  to  lane,  north  of  railroad, 

just  west  of  Bowne  station 165.1 

Oak  Grove.  On  stone  at  center  of  cross-roads 525.8 

Pattenburg.  Rail  in  front  of  station 457.1 

Pattenburg.  Hill  over  Musconetcong  tunnel,  L.  V.  R.  R 943. 

Pickles  mountain 839. 

Pittstown.  Bench-mark  on  rock,  east  side  of  road  alongside  of  mill  race 374.8 

Pleasant  Run.  Arrow  pointing  to  summit  of  guard-stone  on  northeast  corner,  149.2 

Point  Pleasant.  Delaware  river  at 69. 

Readington.  Northeast  corner  of  southwest  wall  of  bridge  over  Holland’s 

branch 103.3 

Reaville.  Cross  on  stone  marked  1876,  in  front  of  hotel 186.6 

Rosemont.  Stone  in  front  of  north  door  of  M.  E.  church 321.6 

Round  mountain 508. 

Sand  Brook.  Cross  on  southeast  abutment  of  bridge  on  Flemington  road 309.5 

Sergeantsville.  Cross  on  horse-block,  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 344.7 

Stanton.  Lowest  step  of  post-office 364.7 

Stockton.  Top  of  stepping-stone  in  front  of  hotel 83.3 

Stockton.  Delaware  river  at 52. 

Three  Bridges.  North  rail  of  S.  Br.  R.  R.,  at  crossing 107.2 

Three  Bridges.  North  Branch  at. 87. 

Tumble.  Delaware  river,  1J  miles  above 91. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


285 


Hunterdon  County— Continued. 

Valley.  Whitewashed  guard-stone,  southeast  corner  of  barn  opposite  hotel...  425.5 

Van  Syckle’s.  Guard-stone  at  northwest  corner  of  cross-roads 298.2 

White  Hall.  Large  rock  at  west  end  of  store  stoop 967.1 

White  House  Station.  West  rail  of  south-bound  track  at  station 176.3 

Mercer  County. 

Asylum  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 58.9 

Divide  between  Stony  brook  and  Assanpink  creek 60. 

Dutch  Neck.  Road  at  corner  by  church 99. 

Ewingville.  Arrow  on  stone  opposite  school-house 183.3 

Hamilton  Square.  Water-table  of  brick  store  on  corner 190.6 

Harbourtown.  Top  of  corner-stone,  northwest  corner  of  cross-roads 290.5 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  hill  east  of  Moore’s  station.  473. 

Hightstown.  Cross  on  stone,  southwest  corner  in  front  of  Railroad  Hotel 84.9 

Hopewell.  Cross  on  flagstone  opposite  school-house 183.3 

Lawrence  Station.  West  rail  at 62.4 

Lawrenceville.  Arrow  on  stone  at  northeast  corner,  northeast  of  church 123.2 

Lawrenceville.  Hill  northwest  of 192. 

Marshall’s  corner.  Hill  south 460. 

Moore’s  station.  Stone  at  gate-post,  by  willow,  at  entrance  to  lane  near  station..  56.6 

Moore’s  station.  Delaware  river  at 29. 

Mount  Canoe 442. 

Mount  Rose.  Bolt  in  top  of  post  near  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 310.3 

Mount  Rose  Coast  Survey  station 415. 

Pennington.  Main  cross-roads 210. 

Port  Mercer.  Stony  brook  at 53. 

Princeton.  Summit  of  ground  at 227. 

Princeton  Junction.  Rail  at  crossing  southwest  of  station 87.5 

Robbinsville.  Rail  at  crossing 121.8 

Scudder  Falls  station.  West  rail  at  railroad  crossing 58.9 

Titusville.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing  near  station  60.2 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  below  lock  No.  2 ... 8.7 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  above  lock  No.  2 18.4 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  above  lock  No.  3 30.7 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  above  lock  No.  4 42.4 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  above  lock  by  prison 50.9 

Trenton.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  above  State  street  lock 56.3 

Washington’s  Crossing.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing 59.3 

W ashington’s  Crossing.  Delaware  river  at 24. 

Wilburtha.  West  rail  at  railroad  crossing 59.0 

Wilburtha.  Delaware  river  at 15. 

Windsor.  Bench-mark  on  maple  at  cross-roads 104.2 

Yardville.  Cross  on  northwest  corner  of  foundation  of  store  at  cross-roads. .. . 59.8 


286  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Middlesex  County. 

Browntown.  Hill  1^  miles  east  of 208. 

Cranbury.  Granite  block  under  most  northerly  wooden  pillar  of  the  white 

church t 102.4 

Cranbury  station.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing  just  south  of. 122.1 

Dayton  station.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing.  104.5 

Dean’s  station.  East  rail  of  east  track  at  railroad  crossing 103.2 

Dunellen.  Rail  at  station 54.9 

Franklin  Park.  Large  flat  stone  in  front  of  church 132.5 

Helmetta.  North  rail  at  crossing  by  station 42.9 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  the  Sand  hills,  northwest  of  Monmouth 

Junction 293. 

Hoffman  station.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing 81.3 

Iselin.  East  rail  of  main  track  at  railroad  crossing 56.3 

Menlo  Park.  West  rail  of  main  track  at  railroad  crossing  northeast  of  station,  78.4 

Milltown.  On  water-table  at  southwest  corner  of  M.  E.  church.  49.3 

Morgan  station.  East  rail  of  south-bound  track  at  railroad  crossing 9.8 

New  Brooklyn.  Rail  at  railroad  crossing  near  station 80.7 

New  Market.  Stone  at  corner  opposite  hotel 64.6 

Old  Bridge.  West  rail  at  railroad  crossing  near  station 15.5 

Plainsboro.  Road  monument,  center  of  cross-roads 91.20 

Poplar  hill,  east  of  Metuchen 233. 

Prospect  Plains.  Stepping-stone  in  front  of  Railroad  Hotel 126.1 

Sayreville.  South  end  of  flagstone  sill,  entrance  of  Sayreville  Hall 29.5 

South  River.  Cross  on  flat  corner-stone,  southeast  corner,  near  Voorhees’  hotel,  10.37 

Spotswood.  Rail  at  crossing  near  station 28.7 

Stelton.  Mile-stone  on  west  side  of  New  Brunswick  road,  just  southwest  of 

cross-roads 113.2 

Tracey’s  station.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing 84.8 

Monmouth  County. 

Allaire  station.  Joint  of  south  rail  at  railroad  crossing 52.6 

Allentown.  Bench-mark  on  tree  in  front  of  Union  Hotel 82.2 

Allenwood.  South  rail  at  main  railroad  crossing 64.8 

Beacon  Hill 373. 

Black’s  Mills.  Pond 113. 

Chapel  Hill 211. 

Clarksburg.  Arrow  on  stone  at  corner  of  road  to  Hightstown 231.5 

Cliflfwood  station.  West  rail  of  north-bound  track  at  crossing 61.0 

Colt’s  Neck.  Bench-mark  on  locust  at  corner  by  tavern 73.6 

Cream  Ridge.  East  rail  at  crossing  by  station  115.7 

Davis.  East  rail  at  crossing  by  station 120.7 

Eatontown.  Rail  at  crossing  of  turnpike 31.8 

Ellisdale.  On  stone  at  southeast  corner  opposite  store 93.4 

Fair  Haven.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 27.0 

Hamilton.  On  stone  at  southwest  corner  of  Old  church 102.0 

Hazlet.  South  rail  of  east-bound  track  at  railroad  crossing.  70.7 


BENCH-MARKS. 


287 


Monmouth  County— Continued. 

Highest  point  in  county,  Crawford’s  hill 391.0 

Highlands  of  Navesink.  Highest  point 260. 

Holmdel.  Cross  on  southwest  corner  of  stone  step  at  west  entrance  to  church..  101.0 

Hornerstown.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing  north  of  station 84.5 

Howell.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing 124.7 

Imlaystown.  On  flagstone  of  bridge  guard 105.7 

Lower  Squankurn.  Bench-mark  on  locust  at  corner  near  post-office 42.8 

Manalapan.  Bench-mark  on  willow  at  south  corner  of  cross-roads 150.2 

Marlboro.  Bench-mark  on  tree  at  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads  just  west  of..  169.9 

Middletown.  Bench-mark  on  tree  at  corner 41.9 

Morganville.  Rail  at  station 120.0 

Navesink.  Cross  on  curb  at  corner  by  W.  Swan’s  store 60.7 

New  Bedford.  Bench-mark  on  poplar  in  cross-roads  by  hotel 52.9 

New  Monmouth.  Bench-mark  on  large  stepping-stone  in  church-yard 40.4 

Oceanic.  Most  easterly  cross-roads 13. 

Perrineville.  Stone  at  southwest  corner,  foot  of  locust  tree.  183.2 

Pine  hill 364. 

Red  Valley.  Long  imbedded  stone  at  corner 147.0 

Robertsville.  Bench-mark  on  willow,  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 131.5 

Scobeyville.  Arrow  on  stone,  northwest  corner  of  roads 74.9 

Shrewsbury.  Rail  at  railroad  station 48.3 

Southard.  Forks  of  road  at  store 120.0 

Tennent.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing 89.3 

Throckmorton  hill.  Two  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Colt’s  Neck 308. 

Tinton  Falls.  Cross  on  stone  step  of  residence  on  southwest  corner  of  cross- 
roads   44.7 

Turkey.  On  corner-stone  supporting  stringer  of  bridge  at  northwest  corner, 

foot  of  mill-pond 86.8 

Vanderburg.  Bench-mark  on  large  maple  at  corner 86.6 


Morris  County. 

Afton.  Door-sill  of  brick  school-house 195.5 

Bald  hill 964. 

Bartley.  West  rail  at  crossing  by  railroad  station.  635.3 

Boonton.  Morris  canal,  above  lock  east  of. 398.9 

Boonton.  Morris  canal,  above  plane 480.7 

Boonton.  Morris  canal,  above  upper  lock 489.6 

Boonton.  Morris  canal,  above  lock  No.  8,  east 504.5 

Brookside.  Top  of  stone,  east  end  of  north  parapet  of  bridge  over  Dismal 

brook 405.5 

Brook  Valley.  Brook  in  front  of  store 633. 

Budd’s  lake... 933. 

Chatham.  Rail  at  railroad  station 233.9 

Chester.  Stone  water-table  of  hotel..  860.3 

Convent  station.  Rail  at  railroad  crossing 381.3 

Denmark  pond 818. 


288  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Morris  County— Continued. 

Denville.  Morris  canal,  above  lock  No.  7,  east 511.8 

Dixon’s  pond.. 560. 

Dover.  Morris  canal,  above  lock  No.  6,  east 581.2 

Drakesville.  Rail  at  station 797.3 

Drakesville.  Morris  canal,  above  the  planes 863.5 

Drakesville.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  4,  east 725.4 

Durham  pond 880. 

Flanders.  Stone  step  at  small  white  house  opposite  Nichols’  store 727.9 

German  Valley.  South  end  of  stone  at  east  side  of  sink,  opposite  mill 545.0 

Green  pond 1045. 

Green  Village.  Bench-mark  on  tree,  southeast  corner 253.2 

Hanover.  Corner  near  church 213. 

Hanover  Neck.  Cross  on  stone  at  east  corner 196.6 

Hibernia.  Guard-stone,  northwest  corner  of  Richards,  Beach  & Co.’s  store....  551/2 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  Bowling  Green  mountain  1391. 

Hook  mountain 456. 

Ironia.  West  rail  of  Chester  Branch  railroad,  just  north  of  station 705.2 

Lake  Hopatcong.  Surface  of  water  when  full 927.7 

Lake  Hopatcong.  Morris  canal,  below  outlet  lock 913.0 

Lincoln  Park.  Morris  canal,  below  lock 174.9 

Lincoln  Park.  Morris  canal,  above  lock 181.7 

Lincoln  Park.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  10,  east.. 237.9 

Littleton.  Stepping-stone  in  front  of  white  house  on  southwest  corner  of  roads,  366.3 

Long  Hill.  Guard-stone  at  northeast  corner 245.1 

McCainsville.  Rail  of  High  Bridge  branch  at  crossing  by  railroad  station 725.1 

Madison.  Rail  at  railroad  station 247.8 

Mendham.  Bench-mark  on  elm  in  front  of  First  Presbyterian  Church 649.1 

Middle  Valley.  Rock  under  east  gate-post  at  north  corner 510.2 

Millington.  Arrow  on  coping-stone,  southeast  wing  wall  of  bridge  over  river,  224.8 

Middle  Forge  pond 708. 

Milton.  Southeast  corner  of  stone  under  southeast  corner  of  platform  of  store 

opposite  hotel 822.9 

Mine  Hill.  Guard-stone  by  steps  of  J.  Bones’  hotel 863.8 

Montville.  Morris  canal,  above  planes 388.0 

Mooseback  pond 810. 

Morris  Plains.  Rail  at  railroad  station 405.7 

Mount  Fern 1003. 

Mount  Freedom.  Wooden  door-sill  of  Presbyterian  church 944.4 

Mount  Hope.  Conglomerate  boulder  in  front  of  store  (at  end  of  railing) 828.9 

Mount  Olive.  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  station 1150. 

Mount  Paul 806. 

Mount  Tabor.  Rail  at  railroad  station 532.6 

Naughright.  Highest  point  of  coping  of  south  parapet  of  bridge  over  river...  569.0 

New  Vernon.  Stone  door-step  of  school-house 345.9 

Parker.  Bench-mark  on  second  cherry  tree  south  of  southeast  corner  of  cross- 
roads at  school-house 902.0 

Parsippany.  Water-table,  northeast  corner  of  brick  church 331.4 


BENCH-MARKS. 


289 


Morris  County— Continued. 

Passaic  river,  at  Horse  Neck  bridge 162. 

Passaic  river,  at  Pine  Brook  bridge 162.6 

Passaic  river,  at  Swinefield  bridge 164. 

Passaic  river,  at  Lower  Chatham  bridge 167. 

Passaic  river,  north  of  New  Providence 203. 

Passaic  river,  at  Millington  bridge 214. 

Pptersburgh.  South  corner  of  stone  door-step  of  mill 770.1 

Petersffbrgh  pond . 772.0 

Pequannock.  Rail  at  railroad  crossing 180.6 

Pleasant  Grove.  Rock  in  middle  of  road  in  front  of  store 940.9 

Pompton  Plains.  Rail  at  railroad  crossing 193.2 

Pompton  river,  at  Pompton  Plains 169. 

Pompton  station.  Rail  of  N.  Y.  & G.  L.  R.  R.  at  crossing  near  station 223.6 

Port  Oram.  Morris  canal  at 665.2 

Rockaway.  Morris  canal,  above  plane 563.1 

Schooley’s  Mountain.  Highest  step  of  entrance  to  residence  opposite  Bel- 
mont Hall 1015.7 

Shongum  pond 698. 

Stanhope.  Morris  canal,  below  plane.. 786.9 

Stanhope.  Morris  canal,  below  lock  1 mile  west  of 776.1 

Splitrock  pond 815. 

Stickle  pond 783. 

Stirling.  Rail  at  crossing 227.5 

Suckasunny.  Platform  under  northwest  column  of  portico  of  Presbyterian 

church 717.7 

Summit  of  Copperas  mountain 1243. 

Summit  of  Green  pond  mountain  1300. 

Troy  Hills.  Cross  on  large  stone  under  elm  tree  ..  241.8 

Whippany.  Arrow  on  flat  stone  at  north  corner  near  hotel 205.4 

Ocean  County. 

Bamber.  Rail  in  front  of  railroad  station 97.6 

Bayville.  Bench-mark  on  large  oak  in  front  of  M.  E.  church 40.2 

Bennett’s  Mills.  Bench-mark  on  apple  tree  at  cross-roads,  one-eighth  mile 

north  of. 93.5 

Burrsville.  Bench-mark  on  willow  by  store 29.3 

Cassville.  Bench-mark  on  .buttonwood  by  store.. 124.3 

Cedar  Creek.  Bench-mark  on  large  oak,  east  side  of  main  shore  road,  opposite 

mile-post 12.8 

Collier’s  Mill.  Stone  at  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 143.5 

Forked  River.  Round  stone  in  sidewalk  just  south  of  Presbyterian  church...  16.9 

Forked  River  mountains.. 182. 

Highest  point  in  county,  2 miles  west  of  Cassville 226. 

Jackson’s  Mills.  Pond  at 90. 

Lakewood.  East  rail  at  crossing  just  north  of  railroad  station 53.7 

Manahawken.  Bench-mark  on  oak  near  E.  Pridinore’s  store 27.1 

T 


290  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Ocean  County — Continued. 

Manchester.  East  rail  at  crossing  just  north  of  railroad  station 65.1 

Mayetta.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing...  19.4 

New  Egypt.  Rail  at  railroad  station 73.6 

Osborneville.  Bench-mark  on  oak  by  Benj.  Fisher’s  store 13.9 

Prospertown.  Big  stone  at  northwest  corner  of  cross-roads 105.8 

Silverton.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads  15.3 

Staffordsville.  East  rail  at  railroad  station 29.1 

Van  Hiseville.  Bench-mark  on  locust  at  cross-roads 103.7 

West  Creek.  East  rail  at  crossing  north  of  railroad  station 23.6 

West  Point  Pleasant.  Bench-mark  on  hickory,  at  place  where  five  roads  meet,*  16.2 
Wheatland.  South  rail  at  most  easterly  street  crossing 153.1 

Passaic  County. 

Athenia.  Rail  at  Erie  station. 134.® 

Bloomingdale.  Stone  horse-block  in  front  of  Union  Hotel..  295.6 

Bloomingdale.  Pequannock  river  at 284. 

Buckabear  pond 992. 

Charlotteburgh.  North  rail  at  station 718.5 

Charlotteburgh  pond 697. 

Cedar  pond 1113. 

Clifton.  Rail  at  Erie  station 66.3 

Cooper.  Extreme  west  end  of  stone  of  dam,  outlet  of  lake 624.0 

Dunker  pond 1010. 

Echo  lake.  Top  of  boulder,  4 feet  from  corner  of  fence  of  Brown’s  hotel 985.8 

Greenwood  lake 618. 

Hewitt.  Bench-mark  on  oak  at  road  corner,  south  of  furnace 413.1 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  Bearfort  mountain 1490. 

Little  Falls.  Passaic  river,  above  dam 158. 

Little  Falls.  Passaic  river,  below  falls 118. 

Macopin  lake 890. 

Midvale.  Step  of  bar-room  door  of  Tice’s  hotel 253.4 

Mud  pond 337. 

Negro  pond 610. 

Newfoundland.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing  east  of  station 774.7 

Hank’s  pond 1030. 

High  mountain,  north  of  Paterson 879. 

Oak  Ridge.  Rail  at  railroad  station 856.3 

Passaic.  Rail  at  main  railroad  station,  N.  Y.,  L.  E.  & W.  R.  R 57.4 

Pompton.  Sill  of  Reformed  church 208.0 

Pompton  lake 202. 

Ringwood.  Deck  of  bridge  over  Ringwood  creek 339. 

Sheppard’s  pond  634. 

Singac.  Rail  at  crossing  near  station 1 69.6 

Smith’s  Mills.  South  rail  at  crossing...  440.2 

State  line  mile-stones. 

19th 777.6 

20th 760. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


291 


* 


Passaic  County— Continued. 

24th 781.8 

25th 863.8 

26th 627.8 

27  th 1369. 

28th , 1280. 

Tice’s  pond 470. 

Upper  Macopin.  Large  rock  under  east  end  of  road  bridge,  30  yards  south 

of  store 1066.5 

Wanaque.  Rail  at  crossing  by  railroad  station 238.5 

Wanaque  river,  below  dam  at  Wanaque 212. 

West  Milford.  Large  conglomerate  rock,  southwest  corner  of  fence,  north  of 

church 704.8 

Winbeam  mountain 1023. 

Salem  County. 

Acton  station.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing 18.1 

Aldine.  Cross  on  door-sill  of  M.  E.  church 130.2 

Alloway.  Bench-mark  on  buttonwood,  south  side  of  hotel 38.5 

Alloway  pond  13. 

Alloway  station.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing 24.9 

Auburn.  At  meeting  of  three  roads 76. 

Big  Mannington  hill 127. 

Burden’s  hill 138. 

Canton.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  southeast  corner  of  cross-roads 23.6 

Centerton.  Bench-mark  on  willow  opposite  hotel 80.3 

Cohansey.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  southwest  corner  of  cross-roads 108.3 

Daretown  pond. 93. 

Fenwick  station.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing 62.9 

Hancock’s  Bridge.  Cross  on  west  end  of  south  pier  of  bridge  over  creek 5.3 

Harmersville.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  east  side  of  cross-roads 18.6 

Highest  point  in  county,  2 miles  northeast  of  Whig  Lane 166. 

Lower  Penn’s  Neck.  Highest  point  on 19. 

Monroeville  station.  Rail  at  railroad  crossing 135.5 

Newkirk  station.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing 128.3 

Oakland  station.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing 56.5 

Palatine  station.  West  rail  at  railroad  crossing 109.1 

Paulding  station.  South  rail  at  railroad  crossing..  112.1 

Pedricktown.  Guard-stone  at  southeast  corner  of  cross-roads 14.0 

Pen  ton  station.  South  rail  at  crossing 20.9 

Penns  Grove.  South  rail  at  Main  street  crossing 6.0 

Perkintown  station.  South  rail 24.8 

Pennsville.  Corner  by  Moore  & Wheaton’s  store 9. 

Pittsgrove.  Bench-mark  on  tree,  northwest  corner  near  school-house 135.6 

Point  Airy 151. 

Quinton.  Cross  on  curb  in  front  of  Hires  & Co.’s  store 8.8 

Sharptown.  Bench-mark  on  maple  in  front  of  old  hotel 22.3 

Shirley.  Cross-roads 144. 


292  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Salem  County— Continued. 

Whig  Lane.  Bench-mark  on  maple,  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads  143.2 

Woodstown.  Hill  2 miles  southeast  of. 149. 

Yorktown.  Bench-mark  on  cedar,  south  of  railroad  and  100  yards  west  of 

railroad  station 111.2 

Somerset  County. 

Basking  Ridge.  Stone  water-table,  southwest  corner  of  Presbyterian  church..  338.5 

Bedminster.  Stone  step  of  post-office 177.0 

Bedminster.  North  branch  at 130. 

Belle  Mead.  North  rail  of  north  track,  crossing  north  of  railroad  station 99.8 

Bernardsville.  Rail  at  railroad  station  368.2 

Blackwell’s  Mills.  Cross  on  boulder,  southeast  corner  of  roads  on  east  side  of 

river 44.9 

Blawenburgh.  On  slate  slab  in  front  of  store 157.5 

Bloomington.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  below  lock 25.1 

Flagtown.  South  rail  of  South  Branch  railroad,  at  crossing  123.8 

Griggstown.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  below  lock.  40.9 

Harlingen.  Cross  on  stone  inscribed  with  names  of  building  committee,  at 

west  side  of  steps  of  Reformed  church 94.8 

Highest  point  in  county,  summit  of  Mine  mountain 857. 

Kingston.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  below  lock 48.8 

Lamington.  Stone  at  southwest  corner  of  picket  fence,  just  west  of  church...  146.2 

Liberty  Corner.  Stone  in  wall  in  front  of  hotel,  2.7  feet  from  largest  tree 245.3 

Martinsville.  Cross  on  horse-block  in  front  of  house  on  northwest  corner. 315.7 

Middlebush.  South  rail  at  crossing  near  station 105.1 

Millstone.  Cross  on  guard-stone  at  northwest  corner  of  roads,  opposite  hotel..  45.4 

Millstone  river,  at  Millstone 26. 

Montgomery.  Cross  on  small  culvert  at  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads....;....  120.1 

Mount  Horeb 594. 

Mountain  2|  miles  northwest  of  Mount  Horeb 653. 

Neshanic  Station.  (South  Branch  railroad.)  South  rail  at  station  86.6 

Peapack.  Top  of  coping  at  southwest  corner  of  bridge  by  mill.  242.0 

Pluckamin.  Top  of  stone,  southeast  corner  near  yard  fence 183.8 

Pluckamin.  North  branch  of  Raritan,  at  bridge  north  of 105. 

Roycefield.  North  rail  of  South  Branch  railroad,  at  crossing  by  station 102.4 

South  Branch.  Coping,  end  of  northeast  wing  wall  of  bridge  over  river 62.5 

South  Branch.  River  at 54. 

Summit  of  Sourland  mountain  563. 

Stoutsburgh  West  rail  at  railroad  station 177.3 

Warrenville.  Bench-mark  on  cedar,  just  north  of  school-house 383.3 

Weston.  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  below  ten-mile  lock 32.5 

Woodfern  station.  North  rail  at  railroad  crossing 83.3 

Sussex  County. 

Augusta.  East  rail  at  crossing 498.5 

Allamucliy  mountains,  summit  of. 1229. 

Bear  ponds 977. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


293 


Sussex  County— Continued. 

Beeraerville.  Cross  ton  old  foundation  of  wheelwright  shop  755.2 

Bevans.  Stone  sill  of  main  entrance  to  hotel 499.0 

Canistear,  at  corner 1061. 

Catfish  pond. 440. 

Cranberry  reservoir 771. 

Creamery  station.  East  rail  at  crossing,  L.  & H.  R.  R 531.0 

Culver’s  gap,  summit  of  road  in 915. 

Culver’s  pond 848. 

Davis’ pond 581. 

Decker  pond 806. 

Dingman’s  ferry.  Delaware  river  at 356. 

Flatbrookville.  Delaware  river  at  Decker’s  ferry 319. 

Franklin  Furnace  pond 530. 

Fredon.  Bench-mark  on  walnut  30  yards  northeast  of  corner 653.8 

Glen  wood.  Bench-mark  on  maple  near  school-house 724.4 

Hamburgh.  East  rail  at  crossing  by  railroad  station 421.9 

Hamburgh.  Wallkill  river  at 402. 

Hamburgh  mountains,  summit  of. 1469. 

Hewitt’s  pond,  near  Andover 573. 

Highest  point  in  county,  High  Point,  Kittatinny  mountain 1804. 

Highest  point  of  the  Highlands  in  New  Jersey,  3 miles  south  of  Yernon 1496. 

Hopewell,  pond  at 1060. 

Howell’s  pond,  Pinkney ville 579. 

Hunt’s  pond 675. 

Huntsville.  Bench-mark  on  elm  at  northeast  corner  near  river 582.6 

Iliff’s  pond 577. 

Kays.  Rail  at  railroad  station 512.5 

Lake  Marcia,  near  High  Point 1570. 

Liberty  ville.  Cross  on  stone  at  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 742.5 

Lincoln.  Large  flat  rock  opposite  hotel........ 633.3 

Long  pond,  near  Culver’s  gap 861. 

Long  pond,  near  Andover 576. 

Mashipacong  pond,  on  Kittatinny  mountain 1124. 

McAfee.  West  rail  at  railroad  crossing 434.2 

Monroe.  West  rail  of  L.  & H.  R.  R.  at  crossing  near  station 544.2 

Morris  pond,  near  Sparta 929. 

Mount  Salem.  State  line  monument  at  road  north  of. 872.0 

Mud  pond,  Hamburgh  mountain 1244. 

Mulford’s  station.  East  rail  of  L.  & H.  R.  R.  at  crossing 595.3 

Ogdensburgh.  Rail  at  station  664.2 

Ogdensburgh.  Wallkill,  1 mile  above 567. 

Panther  pond,  south  of  Andover 766. 

Papakating  crossing.  West  rail  of  N.  Y.,  S.  & W.  R.  R 395.9 

Pltimbsock.  Pyramid-shaped  stone,  corner  of  fence  just  south  of  store 660.4 

Port  Jervis.  Delaware  river  at  mouth  of  the  Neversink  river 409. 

Quarryville.  East  rail  at  railroad  station 556.9 

Quick  pond,  foot  of  Kittatinny  mountain 943. 


294  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Sussex  County— Continued. 

Round  pond,  Kittatinny  mountain 1359. 

Sand  pond,  west  of  Coleville 1300. 

Sand  pond,  south  of  McAfee 1244. 

Smith’s  Ferry,  Delaware  river 324. 

Sparta.  Top  of  stone  in  sub-foundation  at  southeast  corner  of  Presbyterian 

church ? 713.7 

Stag  pond 820. 

Stanhope  reservoir 859. 

State  line  mile-stones. 

29th 1109.0 

30th 1001.2 

31st 777.2 

32d 429.4 

33d 510.7 

34th 435.9 

35th 391.5 

36th 822.3 

37th.  871.7 

38th 390.1 

39th ..... 398.4 

40th.. 508.0 

41st 575.9 

4 2d 757.6 

43d 703. 

44th 915.8 

45th. 1022.5 

47th 872.1 

48th 555.2 

Stickle  pond...  587. 

Stillwater.  Arrow  on  south  end  of  step  leading  to  Presbyterian  church 442.8 

Stockholm.  Guard-stone,  northeast  corner  of  J.  M.  Lewis’  store 982.5 

Stockholm,  summit  of  N.  Y.,  S.  & W.  R.  R.  west  of...\ 1029. 

Sucker  pond 911. 

Summit  of  Pimple  hills 1088. 

Summit  of  Pochuck  mountain 1176. 

Summit  of  Port  Jervis  turnpike  on  Blue  mountain 1391. 

Swartswood.  Cross  on  stone  opposite  corner  to  McDonald’s  store 538.3 

Swartswood  lake,  surface  of  water 480. 

Tranquility  station.  East  rail  at  crossing 568.0 

Turtle  pond 573. 

Vernon.  Bolt  in  guard-stone,  corner  of  fence,  east  of  Denton’s  store 561.6 

Wallpack  Centre.  Arrow  on  conglomerate  rock,  west  side  of  cross-roads 452.8 

Wall  pack  Centre.  Delaware  river,  2 miles  above  Buck  bar 329. 

Washington,  or  Hunt’s  Mills.  Cross  on  stone  in  triangle  of  roads 621.8 

Wawayanda.  On  irregular  gneiss  rock,  southwest  corner  of  bridge  over  race, 

on  road  to  Greenwood  lake 1118.0 

Wawayanda  lake 1150. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


295 


Sussex  County— Continued. 

White  lake 572. 

White’s  pond 575. 

Wright’s  pond 743. 

Union  County. 

Berkeley  Heights.  Rail  at  crossing  by  railroad  station 230.6 

Cranford.  Rail  in  front  of  station 72.7 

Highest  point  in  county,  mountain  north  of  Feltville 553. 

Lyons  Farms.  Rock  at  east  side  of  road,  4 feet  from  fence,  near  school- 

house 73.5 

Murray  Hill.  Stream  at  road,  just  north  of  railroad 225. 

New  Providence.  High  guard-stone  in  front  of  hotel 217.3 

Plainfield.  Center  of  door-sill,  main  entrance  Second  Presbyterian  church....  106.8 

Sayre  Coast  Survey  station.  Benedict’s  hill,  northeast  of  Cranford 180. 

Scotch  Plains.  Bench-mark  on  elm,  northeast  corner  of  bridge  by  mill 151.5 

Springfield.  Top  of  mile-stone,  M.  and  E.  turnpike 100.0 

Summit.  Rail  at  station 387.0 

* 

Union.  Door  sill  of  church 103.8 

Washington  Rock,  near  Plainfield,  top  of  rock 507. 

Westfield.  Rail  at  station 127.8 


Warren  County. 

Allamuchy.  Corner  of  wall  at  west  side  of  gate  in  front  of  white  house 636.7 

Allamuchy  pond 775. 

Anderson.  Sill  of  front  door  of  store  opposite  hotel 451 .9 

Asbury.  Crow’s-foot  on  flat  rock  at  junction  of  roads  north  of  mill 343.3 

Asbury.  Musconetcong  river,  below  dam 311. 

Bald  Pate.  Upper  Pohatcong  mountains 1192. 

Beaty estown.  Top  of  flat  stone  across  lower  end  of  drain  opposite  mill 485.6 

Beaty estown.  Musconetcong  river 461. 

Belvidere.  Delaware  river,  head  of  rapids,  1 J miles  south  of 221 . 

Belvidere.  Delaware  river,  below  rapids,  2 miles  south  of. 213. 

Belvidere.  Delaware  river  at  mouth  of  Pequest  creek 229. 

Blairstown.  South  rail  at  crossing  near  railroad  station 351.3 

Blairstown.  Paulin’s  Kill  at 334. 

Broadway  level  of  Morris  canal 433.4 

Brotzmanville.  Delaware  river  at  Walker’s  ferry 296. 

Calno.  Bench-mark  on  elm  at  corner,  just  north  of  Mill  brook 359.7 

Calno.  Delaware  river,  1J  miles  above  Depew  island 306. 

Catfish  pond 1179. 

Carpentersville.  East  rail  at  station  175.6 

Cedar  lake 381. 

Changewater.  First  stone  in  first  course  above  ground  at  up-stream  corner  of 

south  abutment  of  railroad  bridge. 376.6 

Changewater.  Musconetcong  river 361. 

Columbia.  East  rail  at  railroad  crossing 307.9 


296  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Warren  County— Continued. 

Columbia.  Delaware  river  at  mouth  of  Paulin’s  Kill 265. 

Columbia.  Delaware  river,  1^  miles  above 277. 

Danville.  North  end  of  door-sill  of  Presbyterian  church 524.7 

Delaware.  Top  of  stone  slab  in  front  of  gate  of  Presbyterian  church  288.4 

Delaware.  River  at  Meyer’s  ferry 252. 

Dunnfield.  Rail  at  crossing  west  of  station  314.0 

Glover’s  pond 569. 

Green’s  pond 399. 

Hainesburg.  Rail  at  crossing  307.2 

Hardwick  church.  Guard  stone  at  north  corner  of  grave-yard 877.3 

Harmony.  Summit  of  road  between  Upper  and  Lower  Harmony 568. 

Hazen.  Rock  at  west  side  of  flag-staff 380.5 

Highest  point  in  county,  Kittatinny  mountain,  southeast  of  Sunfish  pond 1602. 

Hope.  Guard-stone,  5 feet  from  east  end  of  north  wing  wall  of  bridge  over 

Beaver  brook 414.5 

Hughesville.  Musconetcong  river,  just  above  195. 

Jacksonburgh.  Cross  on  stone  at  corner.. 389. 

Jenny  Jump  mountains.  Highest  point 1130. 

Johnsonburgh.  Southwest  corner  of  stone  door-step  of  hotel 573.8 

Kalarama.  Rail  at  crossing. 370. 

Karrsville.  Stone  door-sill  of  school-house 570.2 

Knowlton.  Cross  on  flagstone,  entrance  to  basement  of  post-office 714.1 

Lopatcong.  Morris  canal,  foot  of  plane  No.  10,  west 216.6 

Lopatcong.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  10,  west 261.8 

Marble  mountain 770. 

Marksborough.  Corner  of  flange  at  bottom  of  cast-iron  pillar  of  brick  store..  505.7 

Martin’s  Creek  station.  Delaware  river 186.7 

Millbrook.  Red  stone  by  fence  at  east  corner  of  cross-roads...  652.7 

Montana.  Top  of  monument  at  U.  S.  C.  S.  station 1240.0 

Mount  Hermon.  Cross  on  boulder  at  southeast  corner 492.8 

Mount  Mohepinoke 1140. 

Paulina.  Arrow  on  lowest  stone  step,  outside  of  gate,  100  yards  west  of  corner,  349.0 

Petersburgh.  Bench-mark  on  elm,  37  yards  northeast  of  cross-roads 707.2 

Pohatcong  mountain.  Summit 898. 

Polkville.  Cross  on  stone  near  northeast  corner  of  cross-roads 585.8 

Port  Colden.  Morris  canal,  above  lock 516.9 

Port  Colden.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  6,  west 567.1 

Port  Murray.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  5,  west 630.0 

Port  Warren.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  9,  west 361.2 

Riegelsville.  On  southeast  wing  wall  of  bridge  over  the  Musconetcong 150.2 

Sand  pond,  near  Warren  and  Sussex  county  line  973. 

Saxton’s  Falls.  Morris  canal,  below  lock 630.8 

Saxton’s  Falls.  Morris  canal,  below  lock  No.  4,  west 632.1 

Saxton’s  Falls.  Morris  canal,  above  lock  No.  4,  west 639.4 

Shoemaker’s  Ferry.  Delaware  river  at 300. 

Shuster’s  pond 433. 

Silver  lake 419. 


BENCH-MARKS. 


297 


Warren  County— Continued. 

Stewartsville.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  8,  west... 423.3 

Springtown.  Pohatcong  creek  at  bridge  192. 

Sunfisli  pond 1375. 

Townsbury.  Lowest  step  in  wall  in  front  of  house  on  south  side  of  road  be- 
tween the  bridge  and  corner  of  road  to  Buttzville 492.0 

Townsburv . Pequest  creek '.  483. 

Uniontown.  Cross  on  stone  at  forks  of  roads 376.0 

Vienna.  At  corner  of  road  to  Petersburgh  536. 

Walnut  Valley.  At  cross-roads. 1 345. 

Warrenville.  On  rock  opposite  opening  of  road  to  Saxton  Falls 859.9 

Warrington.  Rail  at  crossing 298.5 

Washington.  Morris  canal,  above  plane  No.  7,  west 506.8 

Water  Gap.  Delaware  river  opposite  Water  Gap  House 287. 

Water  Gap.  Mountain  on  New  Jersey  side 1456. 

White  pond 449. 


298  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Anyone  who  has  studied  the  isogonic  chart  for  1885,  prepared  by 
Mr.  Chas.  A.  Schott,  and  published  in  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey  report  for  1882,  must  have  noticed  that  the  more  numerous 
the  stations  are,  the  more  irregular  are  the  isogonic  curves.  It  had 
been  noticed  during  the  progress  of  the  topographic  survey  of  the 
State  that  the  distribution  of  magnetic  declination  was  much  more 
irregular  than  has  been  generally  supposed,  and  that  even  when  local 
attraction  was  eliminated,  variations  of  one  or  two  degrees  prevailed 
over  quite  extended  areas.  It  was  believed  that  a large  number  of 
observations  taken  within  a short  period  of  time,  distributed  over 
the  State  and  not  aiming  at  extreme  accuracy,  would  be  more  ser- 
viceable in  gaining  a fuller  knowledge  of  distribution  than  would 
very  refined  observations  at  a few  stations.  Consequently  in  October, 
1887,  two  parties  were  placed  in  the  field,  equipped  with  good  sur- 
veying transits,  the  needles  of  which  were  six  inches  in  length  and 
had  been  put  in  perfect  order  and  carefully  compared  with  each 
other  and  with  a standard  needle.  One  instrument  was  furnished 
with  a Saegmuller  solar  attachment  and  the  other  was  supplemented 
by  a Gurley  solar  compass. 

Having  reached  a locality  where  observations  were  desired,  a 
meridian  would  be  determined  by  observation  on  a circumpolar  star, 
either  Polaris  or  51  Cephei,  and  from  this  a traverse  would  be  run  out 
over  an  area  of  two  or  three  square  miles  and  the  declination  carefully 
observed  at  each  station,  readings  being  occasionally  taken  with  the 
solar  compass. 

The  readings  of  the  solar  compass  were  thus  checked,  and  so  at  the 
next  locality  it  could  be  used  alone  and  two  localities  could  be  occu- 
pied in  one  day,  or  in  case  the  stars  were  obscured  the  work  could 
proceed  without  loss  of  time,  as  the  solar  apparatus  would  be  again 
checked  at  the  first  favorable  opportunity. 

In  this  way  observations  were  obtained  at  121  localities  within  a 
period  of  six  weeks  by  two  working  parties.  These  observations 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


299 


have  been  supplemented  by  37  other  observations  made  by  the 
Topographer  in  charge,  and  a few  other  observers,  within  a few  years, 
all  being  reduced  to  the  epoch  1888.0.  These  158  stations  within  the 
State  and  a few  in  neighboring  States,  taken  from  Mr.  Schott’s  collec- 
tions, have  been  utilized  in  preparing  the  isogonic  chart  facing  page 
324.  In  drawing  the  curves  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  satisfy 
all  of  the  observations,  but  only  such  as  pointed  indisputably  to  a 
disturbance  covering  a considerable  extent  of  country  and  not  purely 
local.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  declinations  given  in  the  list  fol- 
lowing and  utilized  in  the  chart,  are  the  mean  of  the  declinations 
observed  at  several  stations  about  the  given  locality,  and  that  in 
making  up  these  means,  extreme  results  which  showed  evidence  of 
purely  local  attraction  were  thrown  out. 

No  attempt  will  here  be  made  to  explain  the  disturbances  shown 
by  the  isogonic  chart;  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  distribution  ob- 
served may  be  pointed  out,  but  theories  as  to  their  causes  would  be 
premature.  A much  larger  number  of  observations  would  be  neces- 
sary to  this  end. 

In  Southern  New  Jersey  it  may  be  noted  that  in  the  vicinity  of 
Philadelphia  and  Mount  Holly  the  increase  of  declination  going 
northward  is  at  about  the  rate  of  one  degree  in  4 miles,  but  else- 
where it  is  only  at  the  rate  of  one  degree  in  from  8 to  12  miles. 

There  seems  to  be  a general  deflection  of  the  needle  westward, 
amounting  to  about  half  a degree,  about  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Philadelphia, 
Morristown  and  Westchester,  Pa.,  from  which  it  recovers  again  at 
Lambertville  and  Doylestown. 

There  is  an  outcrop  of  Archsean  rock  on  this  area  of  west  deflection, 
and  it  is  as  we  approach  this  outcrop  from  the  sand  and  clay  regions 
that  the  more  rapid  increase  of  west  declination  above  noted  occurs. 
Generally,  over  Southern  New  Jersey  the  distribution  is  very  uni- 
form. 

On  the  Red  Sandstone  plain  the  only  disturbances  are  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  trap  ridges,  and  here  too  we  find  a more  rapid  increase  of 
west  declination  as  we  approach  the  Archaean  Highlands.  The  dis- 
turbances about  some  of  the  trap  ridges  are  marked.  The  declination 
at  Tappan,  near  the  New  York  line,  is  7°  57',  while  on  top  of  Palisades 
mountain,  two  miles  east,  it  is  9°  02',  and  passing  over  the  crest  we  find 
along  the  bank  of  the  Hudson  8°  10'.  At  Hackensack  it  is  7°  49', 
and  a very  uniform  increase  occurs  in  going  east  to  the  crest  of  the 


300  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Palisades  at  Lin  wood,  where  it  is  9°  03'.  Passing  down  to  the  bank 
of  the  Hudson  it  falls  back  again  to  7°  57'.  At  Weehawken  also 
the  declination  at  the  top  of  the  ridge  is  1 J°  greater  than  in  the  valley 
west,  and  about  |°  greater  than  at  the'eastern  foot  of  the  Palisades. 
This,  tendency  of  the  needle  toward  a perpendicular  to  the  crest  line 
of  the  trap  ridges  is  noticeable  at  other  points  also.  At  High  moun- 
tain, north  of  Paterson,  it  amounts  to  45',  at  the  ridge  east  of  Pomp- 
ton  to  1J°,  at  Plainfield  to  40',  at  Martinsville  to  30',  and  at  Goat 
Hill,  near  Lambertville,  to  15'  or  less.  A series  of  stations  across 
the  Watchung  mountains  between  Orange  and  Livingston  gave  no 
evidence  whatever  of  such  a tendency,  and  the  same  is  true  of  a line 
across  Rocky  Hill  between  Princeton  and  Blawenburgh.  Purely 
local  attraction  was  observed,  however,  at  all  of  these  points  on  the 
trap.  The  effect  of  Palisades  mountain  was  so  continuous  and  well 
verified,  that  it  was  thought  best  to  exhibit  it  in  the  isogonic  chart ; 
but  at  other  points  it  was  not  shown,  being  treated  as  ordinary  local 
attraction. 

The  greatest  disturbance  of  the  isogonic  curves  occurs  in  and  about 
the  Archaean  Highlands.  Local  attraction  due  to  magnetic  ore  de- 
posits is  very  common  here,  making  observations  of  the  general 
distribution  difficult.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  needle 
swings  toward  the  axis  of  the  Archaean  mountain  masses,  which  in- 
creases declination  on  the  southeast  slopes  and  decreases  it  on  the 
northwest.  The  increase  in  declination  in  passing  from  the  Red 
Sandstone  up  on  the  Highlands  is  about  one  degree.  This  tendency 
of  the  needle  toward  the  mountain  is  not  so  noticeable  in  the  case  of 
Musconetcong  and  Schooley's  mountains.  About  Bartley,  in  the  Ger- 
man valley,  the  needle  seems  to  be  deflected  about  two  degrees  west- 
ward, and  a line  across  from  the  ridge  at  Chester  shows  a rapid 
increase  in  declination  until  the  foot  of  Schooley’s  mountain  is 
reached,  but  on  reaching  the  top  of  the  mountain  there  is  a decrease 
at  once  of  more  than  two  degrees.  The  declination  in  the  valley  at 
Greenwood  lake  and  Newfoundland  is  from  1°  to  lf°  less  than  it  is 
on  the  mountains  either  side. 

Through  the  eastern  side  of  Kittatinny  valley  the  needle  is  deflect- 
ed eastward  from  the  normal  position.  This  deflection  amounts  to  }° 
at  Phillipsburgh,  1J°  at  Belvidere  and  lf°  at  Vernon.  Pochuck 
mountain  causes  a marked  disturbance,  amounting  to  about  2°  at  a 
maximum.  Once  out  of  the  influence  of  the  Highlands  no  disturb- 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


301 


ances  are  Doted  on  the  west  side  of  Kittatinny  valley  and  on  the 
mountain. 

Enough  has  been  observed  to  show  that  a close  relationship  exists 
between  geological  structure  and  magnetic  distribution,  that  the  prin- 
cipal irregularities  in  distribution  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  outcrops  of 
Archaean  or  gneissic  rocks,  that  the  traps  may  cause  equally  great 
disturbances,  although  as  their  extent  is  less  in  New  Jersey  than  that 
of  the  Archaean  rocks,  these  disturbances  are  less  noticeable,  and  that 
disturbances  due  to  either  kind  of  rock  are  not  confined  to  the  actual 
outcrop,  but  seem  to  be  felt  while  the  rocks  are  still  below  the  surface. 
This  last  suggests  at  once  the  query — may  not  detailed  magnetic  sur- 
veys be  made  useful  in  the  study  of  stratigraphical  geology,  when  the 
relationship  between  geological  structure  and  the  magnetic  forces 
comes  to  be  better  understood  ? At  all  events  the  knowledge  of  the 
existence  of  these  irregularities  in  magnetic  distribution,  carries  with 
it  a useful  lesson  to  the  land  surveyor. 

COLLECTION  OF  MAGNETIC  DECLINATIONS. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  study  of  this  subject,  inquiries  as  to  ob- 
served declinations  aud  change  of  bearing  in  old  lines  were  sent  out 
to  most  of  the  surveyors  of  the  State.  The  results  were  meager,  al- 
though all  applied  to  showed  interest  and  a disposition  to  aid  in 
making  such  a collection.  The  survey  is  indebted  to  many  of  these 
gentlemen  whose  names  are  mentioned  in  the  remarks  after  the  in- 
formation which  they  contributed.  Mr.  A.  H.  Konkle,  of  Newton, 
deserves  special  mention,  as  he  was  at  considerable  pains  to  procure 
the  results  sent,  going  into  the  field  for  that  purpose.  Where  author- 
ity is  not  given  the  results  were  obtained  from  the  magnetic  survey 
made  in  1887. 

The  Coast  Survey  collections  have  been  largely  drawn  upon  and 
every  available  source  besides.  Naturally  the  publication  of  this 
collection  will  bring  to  light  much  more  material,  as  did  the  early 
collections  by  Mr.  Schott,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  much  more  is  needed 
than  is  here  given  for  the  use  of  surveyors,  for  the  great  uncertainties 
introduced  by  the  irregularities  of  distribution  which  have  been 
shown,  make  surveying  with  the  compass  in  Northern  New  Jersey 
little  better  than  guess  work,  while  where  these  irregularities  do  not 
occur,  the  decennial  series  of  computed  declinations  for  New  York 


302  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


and  Philadelphia  will  be  found  to  apply  very  closely.  While  the 
effort  is  made  to  make  this  paper  as  useful  as  possible  to  the  survey- 
ors of  the  State,  it  must  be  remembered  that  its  primary  object  is  to 
record  the  irregularities  of  magnetic  distribution  brought  out  by  a 
more  than  usually  detailed  survey,  and  to  pave  the  way  for  an  ex- 
planation of  their  causes. 


Atlantic  County. 

ATLANTIC  CITY. 


Date. 

Declination 
‘ West. 

1860.6. 

4°  54'. 

United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

1885. 

(6°  48/.) 

Schott’s  computation,  Report,  1881. 

1887.8. 

6°  22'. 

About  the  light-house.  Several  stations. 

1885.9. 

5°  53'. 

HAMMONTON. 

One  mile  northwest.  Topographic  Survey.  (See  Winslow,  Cam- 

1875. 

5°  22'. 

den  county.) 

MAYS  LANDING. 

Mean  of  13  trials  by  West  Jersey  Association,  court-house  meri- 

1887.8. 

(5°  38'.) 

dian  (corrected  for  local  attraction). 

South  end  of  court-house  meridian  (local  attraction). 

1887.8. 

5°  55'. 

North  end  of  court-house  meridian. 

1887.8. 

5°  52'. 

Average  about  the  village. 

1879.6. 

9°  40/. 

Bergen  County. 

DARLINGTON. 

On  brow  of  mountain  just  west.  Topographic  Survey. 

1839. 

5°  36'. 

ENGLEWOOD. 

J.  H.  Serviss,  re-survey  of  old  road  at  Fort  Lee. 

1877.6. 

7°  53/. 

J.  H.  Serviss,  observer. 

1885.4. 

8°  27'. 

J.  H.  Serviss,  observer. 

1887.8. 

8°  29'. 

Near  Nordhoff  station. 

1887.8. 

8°  06/. 

FAIRLAWN. 

Vicinity  of  railroad  station. 

1887.8. 

7°  49'. 

HACKENSACK. 

From  Maywood  to  the  West  Shore  railroad. 

1887.8. 

9°  03'. 

LINWOOD. 

Average  for  top  of  Palisade  mountain,  only  slight  variation. 

1887.8. 

7°  57C 

At  eastern  base  of  Palisade  mountain.  There  is  a steady  increase 

of  declination  from  Hackensack  to  Linwood,  at  top  of  the 
Palisades,  then  a fall  of  over  a degree  down  the  eastern  foot. 

MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


303 


Date. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1874.6. 

1887.8. 


1883.6. 


1874.6. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1885.6. 

1846.4. 
1885.0. 

1885.8. 

1846.5. 
1885. 

1885.8. 

1885.8. 

1885.8. 

1846.9. 
1885. 


Declination 

West. 

MAHWAH. 

8°  40C  West  of  the  Rarnapo  river,  at  base  and  on  top  of  mountain. 

8°  23'.  Vicinity  of  village. 

PALISADES,  N.  Y. 

9°  15'.  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser,  Boundary  Survey. 

9°  02C  Average  on  top  of  trap  ridge.  Not  much  local  attraction  on  top, 
but  2|°  observed  at  one  point  on  the  slope. 

RAMAPO,  N.  Y. 

9°  20'.  Top  of  High  Torn.  A.  A.  Titsworth. 

SLOATSBURGH,  N.  Y. 

7°  42/.  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser,  Boundary  Survey. 

TAPPAN,  N.  Y. 

7°  57'.  On  sandstone  west  of  foot  of  Palisades. 

TEANECK. 

8°  09'.  Average  on  top  of  ridge. 

Burlington  County. 

BASS  RIVER. 

6°  3Q'.  H.  S.  Haines. 

BORDENTOWN. 

4°  267.  At  White  Hill,  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 

7°  9'.  At  White  Hill,  Schott’s  computation,  United  States  Coast  Survey 
Report,  1882. 

7°  03C  In  the  town.  Topographic  Survey. 

BRISTOL,  PA. 

4°  28/.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 

7°  11/.  Schott’s  computation,  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 

brown’s  mills. 

6°  53C  Topographic  Survey. 

COLUMBUS. 

7°  15C  At  Bishop’s  barn,  2 miles  east.  Topographic  Survey. 

ELLISDALE. 

6°  45'.  At  Stony  Hill,  near  county  line. 

LITTLE  EGG  HARBOR  LIGHT. 

4°  28C  On  Tucker’s  island,  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 

7°  09C  Schott’s  computation,  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 

MOUNT  HOLLY. 

Observations  by  West  Jersey  Associations,  at  meridian,  in  the 
court-house  yard. 


304  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


Date. 

1866.7. 

1870.6. 

1873.6. 
1875.0. 

1877.6. 

1879.6. 

1881.6. 
1882.6. 
1885.6. 


1887.9. 

1887.9. 


1885.9. 

1887.9. 


1885.8. 

1885.6. 

1887.9. 


1884.6. 

1885.9. 


1887.8. 


1885.9. 

1887.8. 


1885.9. 


1887.8. 


1701. 

1710. 


Declination 

West. 

5°  36'. 
6°  00'. 
6°  10'. 
6°  12'. 
6°  32'. 
6°  42'. 
6°  50'. 
6°  53'. 
6°  57'. 


6°  51'. 
6°  28'. 


6°  13'. 
6°  36'. 


6°  32'. 

6°  57'. 
6°  52'. 


5°  46'. 
5°  35'. 

6°  10'. 

6°  24'. 
6°  10'. 

5°  49'. 

5°  57'. 

8°  30'. 
8°  30'. 


Mean  of  10  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  15  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  10  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  16  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  9 observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  9 observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  12  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  11  observations  with  different  instruments. 

Mean  of  16  observations  with  different  instruments. 

N.  B. — It  seems  that  local  attraction  exists  at  the  south  end  of  the 
county  meridian  to  the  amount  of  not  less  than  +23'.  Hence, 
while  the  above  are  of  interest  as  showing  westward  movement, 
they  do  not  give  absolute  values  correctly. 

Observed  on  same  point  with  instrument  used  in  magnetic  survey. 
Mean  about  village  on  top  of  mount  and  northward. 

SH AMONG  STATION. 


On  Apple-pie  hill.  Topographic  Survey. 
Vicinity  of  village. 

SMITH  VILLE. 

Topographic  Survey. 


\ 


TUCKERTON. 

H.  S.  Haines. 

Vicinity  of  village. 


Camden  County. 

BERLIN. 

At  Coast  Survey  station,  2 miles  northeast  of  village.  A.  A. 
Titsworth. 

At  Coast  Survey  station.  Topographic  Survey. 

CAMDEN. 

Vicinity  of  Liberty  Park. 

HADDONFIELD. 

Topographic  Survey. 

Southwest  side  of  village. 

WATERFORD. 

At  village.  Topographic  Survey. 

WINSLOW. 

Vicinity  of  Winslow  Junction. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  FROM  SCHOTT’S  TABLES. 

Scull,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  23,  1833. 

Th.  Whitney,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  34,  1838. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


305 


Date. 

1750. 

1793. 

1802. 

1804. 

1804. 

1813. 

1813. 

1837. 

1840.5. 


1841.7. 
1846.4. 

1855.7. 
1862.6. 

1872.8. 

1877.8. 
1884.7. 


1846.5. 

1849.7. 

1850.7. 

1855.6. 

1857.7. 
1874.5. 
1881. 
1885.0. 

1887.8. 


1887.8. 


1846.5. 

1885.0. 


1846.5. 


1885.0. 

1872.6. 

1884.9. 


Declination 

West. 

5°  45'.  Kalm’s  Travels,  reference  as  above. 

1°  30'.  Th.  Whitney,  reference  as  above.  Also  Brooks,  Sill.  Journal, 
Vol.  23,  1833. 

1°  30/.  Howell,  reference  as  above. 

2°  007.  By  several  men  of  science,  reference  as  above. 

2°  10'.  Th.  Whitney,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  34,  1838. 

2°  25'.  D.  McClure,  reference  as  above. 

2°  27'.  Whitney,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  23,  1833. 

3°  52/.  W.  R.  Johnson,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  34,  1838. 

3°  37'.  Dr.  A.  D.  Bache,  Girard  College.  Magnetic  Survey  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

3°  54/.  Reference  as  above. 

3°  5K  Dr.  J.  Locke,  Girard  College. 

4°  327.  C.  A.  Schott,  Girard  College,  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

5°  007.  C.  A.  Schott,  Girard  College,  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

5°  287.  A.  H.  Scott,  Girard  College,  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

6°  02'.  J.  B.  Baylor,  Girard  College,  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

6°  227.  Edwin  Smith,  Girard  College,  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

Cape  May  County. 

CAPE  MAY  CITY. 

3°  05'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881,  at  light-house. 

3°  05'.  N.  C.  Price. 

3°  IK  N.  C.  Price. 

3°  45/.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881,  at  light  house. 

3°  307.  N.  C.  Price. 

4°  38'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881,  at  light  house. 

5°  06'.  N.  C* Price. 

5°  237.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  Schott’s  computation. 

5°  IK  Average  of  several  stations  between  Cape  May  City  and  light- 
house. 

OCEAN  VIEW. 

5°  40'.  Vicinity  of  railroad  station. 

TOWN  BANK. 

2°  597.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

5°  30'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  Schott’s  computation. 

Cumberland  County. 

BRIDGETON. 

2°  59'.  United  States'  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881,  “Hawkins,”  just  west 
of  Bowentown  station. 

5°  307.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  “ Hawkins,”  Schott’s 
computation. 

4°  3K  Mean  of  17  trials,  West  Jersey  Association,  county  meridian. 

5°  18'.  Mean  of  9 trials,  West  Jersey  Association,  county  meridian. 


U 


•306  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Date. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1846.5. 

1885.0. 


1846.5. 

1885. 


1846.5. 
1885.0. 
1887.8. 

1883.5. 


1887.9. 


1887.9. 


1887.9. 

1887.9. 


1887-9. 


1846.4. 

1847. 

1878.. 

1887.8. 


1870.1. 

1885.9. 


Declination 

West. 

5°  15'.  On  same  county  meridian  used  above. 

5°  19r.  Mean  of  several  stations  about  town. 

EGG  ISLAND  LIGHT-HOUSE. 

3°  03'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

5°  347.  Schott’s  computation,  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report  of  1882:. 

GREENWICH. 

3?  14'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881,  at  Pimie  mountain,  2; 
miles  north. 

5°  45/.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  at  Pine  mountain,. 
Schott’s  computation. 

PORT  NORRIS. 

3°  04'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

5°  35'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  Schott’s- computation. 

5°  24/.  Average  of  several  stations. 

5°  05'.  At  Maurice  river  light,  3 miles  south. 

Essex  County. 

cook’s  bridge. 

8°  02'.  Both  sides  of  river. 

N.  B. — It  is  noticeable  that  there  is  little  variation  on  a line  from 
Orange  to  Hanover.  The  trap  ridges  appear  to  exert  no.  gen- 
eral effect  on  the  needle,  only  local. 

LIVINGSTON. 

8°  10'.  No  effect  observed  from  Riker  hill. 

ORANGE. 

8°  05/.  Vicinity  of  Orange  and  Llewellyn  Park  up  to  brow  of  mountain. 

8°  0CK.  Crest  of  First  mountain  and  valley  west  along  Mt.  Pleasant  turn- 

pike. Local  attraction  observed,  amounting  to  2£°,  on  top  of 
mountain. 

8°  05/.  Crest  of  Second  mountain,  Mt.  Pleasant  turnpike.  Local  attrac- 
tion, amounting  to  1J°,  observed  on  west  slope. 

NEWARK. 

5°  35'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

5°  45'.  Reported  by  P.  Witzel. 

7°  40'.  Observed  by  P.  Witzel. 

7°  49'.  At  Harrison. 

Gloucester  County. 

CLARKSBORO. 

5°  48/  (?).  Wm.  Haines. 

CLAYTON. 

5°  46r.  Topographic  Survey. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


307 


Declination 
Date.  West. 


NEWFIELD. 


1887.8.  5°  45C  South  of  the  village. 


1846.5. 

1865.0. 

1867.6. 

1870.0. 

1874.6. 

1883.6. 
1887.8. 


WOODBURY. 

3°  45/.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Station  Chew,  2 miles  southwest  of 
village. 

4°  48C  Wm.  Haines,  at  court-house. 

4°  49/.  Mean  of  23  trials,  West  Jersey  Association,  at  court-house. 

4°  467.  Wm.  Haines,  at  court-house. 

5°  11C  Mean  of  15  trials,  West  Jersey  Association,  at  court-house. 

6°  01C  Mean  of  4 trials,  West  Jersey  Association,  at  court-house. 

6°  02/.  Mean  of  several  stations  northwest  of  village. 


1841. 

1841.1. 

1871.4. 

1887.8. 


1887.8. 

1840.7. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1684. 

1691. 

1714.8. 

1723. 

1724. 


5°  52C 

6°  06C 
7°  55C 


49C 


8°  45C 


5°  53C 
9°  22C 


8°  55/. 


8°  45C 


8°  45/. 
8°  45C 


7°  20'. 


7°  20'. 


Hudson  County. 

JERSEY  CITY. 

W.  C.  Wetmore,  U.  S.  N.  See  Winfield’s  Land  Titles.  At  court- 
house. 

Douglas’  map  of  city. 

Delos  E.  Culver.  Winfield’s  Land  Titles. 

HARRISON. 

Top  and  east  side  of  ridge.  At  west  foot  of  ridge  a value  of 
7°  357  was  observed. 

SECAUCUS. 

Along  Paterson  plank  road. 

WEST  HOBOKEN. 

United  States  Coast  Survey,  just  west  of  monastery. 

Average  of  top  of  ridge  north  of  monastery.  Much  local  attrac- 
tion exists  hereabouts,  due  partly  to  natural,  partly  to  artifi- 
cial causes. 

Along  base  of  Palisades  from  Weehawken  to  Guttenberg.  9°  32 7 
was  noted  here  at  one  station. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.,  FROM  SCHOTT’S  TABLES. 

Philip  Welles,  Surveyor-General.  Report  of  the  New  York 
Commissioners  on  the  Connecticut  Boundary,  made  in  April, 
1857.  Sen.  Doc.  165,  p.  155. 

On  Staten  Island.  Geological  Survey  of  New  York,  1858,  E. 
Duxbury’s  patent. 

John  Beatty,  Deputy  Surveyor,  on  map  of  Livingston’s  Manor. 
O’Callaghan’s  Doc.  History  of  New  York,  iii.,  414. 

G.  Burnett.  Prof.  E.  Loomis’  collection,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol.  34, 
1838. 

Cadwallader  Colden.  Report  of  Commissioners  on  the  Connecti- 
cut Boundary,  1857. 


308  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Date. 

1750. 

1755. 

1789. 

1824. 

1834. 

1837. 

1840.5. 

1840.6. 

1841. 

1844.6. 

1845.7. 
1846.3. 
1855.6. 
1855.6. 

1855.6. 

1874.6. 

1885.8. 


1883.8. 

1887.9. 

1887.9. 

1887.9. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.9. 
1887.9. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


Declination 

West. 

6°  22'.  Mr.  Alexander.  Prof.  E.  Loomis’  collection,  Sill.  Journal,  Vol. 
34,  1838. 

5°  007.  Mr.  Evans,  as  above. 

4°  20'.  Mr.  Evans,  as  above. 

4°  40'.  Blunt’s  map,  as  above. 

4°  507.  Capt.  Owen,  as  above. 

5°  407.  Prof.  J.  Ben  wick,  Columbia  College,  as  above. 

5°  017.  At  Howard,  Staten  Island.  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

5°  537.  At  Bergen  Neck  station.  United  States  Coast  Survey.  West 
Hoboken. 

6°  067.  Douglas’  map  of  New  Jersey. 

6°  137.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  Columbia  College. 

6°  257.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  Columbia  College. 

5°  107.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  Bloomingdale  Asylum. 

6°  407.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  Governor’s  Island. 

7°  027.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  Bedloe’s  Island. 

6°  287.  United  States  Coast  Survey  at  receiving  reservoir,  Central  Park. 
7°  237.  Keport  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.  Chart  of  Way  Beef, 
Hell  Gate,  1875. 

9°  007.  J.  B.  Baylor,  United  States  Coast  Survey  in  Biverside  Park. 
[Not  used  on  account  of  local  deflection.  Sch.] 

Hunterdon  County. 

CUSHETUNK  OR  PICKLES  MOUNTAIN. 

7°  297.  Topographic  Survey  at  Geodetic  station  (Pickles). 

FLEMINGTON. 

7°  147.  Vicinity  of  town. 

FRENCHTOWN. 

7°  057.  At  town  above  and  below  bluff. 

7°  157.  From  one  to  two  miles  northeast. 

GLEN  GARDNER. 

6°  597.  One  mile  northeast  of  village,  local  attraction  amounting  to  10° 
observed  hereabouts. 

HIGH  BRIDGE. 

8°  187.  One  mile  northwest  of  village. 

LAMBERTVILLE. 

6°  557.  Vicinity  of  town. 

7°  ll7.  Crossing  trap  ridge  from  one  to  three  miles  southeast  of  town; 

local  attraction  of  457  observed,  with  a slight  tendency  to 
throw  the  needle  away  from  axis  of  ridge. 

LEBANON. 

7°  527.  Vicinity  of  Potterstown  and  Lebanon. 

7°  457.  On  mountain  1 to  2 miles  southeast  of  Cokesbury.  No  general 
effect  is  observable  in  approaching  and  mounting  Fox  hill. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


309 


Date. 


1887.8. 


1883.8. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1885.8. 


1887.8. 

1810.5. 

1852.6. 


1887.9. 

1887.9. 


1887.8. 


Declination 

West. 

PATTENBURG. 

6°  53'.  Vicinity  of  village.  Musconetcong  mountain  attracts  the  needle 
about  here  and  Valley  station,  up  both  slopes. 

POTTERSVILLE. 

7°  46'.  On  hill  1 mile  southwest. 

VALLEY  STATION,  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

7°  04'.  Half  a mile  north  of  station,  in  valley. 

6°  28'.  At  foot  of  Musconetcong  mountain. 

6°  42'.  Crest  of  Musconetcong  mountain.  Varies  from  5°  17'  to  7°  57' 
(local  attraction). 

Mercer  County. 

HAMILTON  SQUARE. 

6°  58'.  Topographic  Survey. 

HIGHTSTOWN. 

7°  18'.  South  and  west  of  village. 

PRINCETON. 

7°  00'.  Silliman’s  Journal,  1838.  (This  seems  erroneous.) 

5°  32'.  At  Mt.  Rose,  3£  miles  northwest  of  village.  United  States  Coast 
Survey. 

7°  09'.  About  the  village. 

7°  21'.  Crest  of  trap  ridge  north-northwest  of  village.  Local  attraction 
amounting  to  30'  observed. 

TRENTON. 

7°  13'.  East  of  city,  extending  to  Pond  run. 


Middlesex  County. 


JAMESBURG  AND  VICINITY. 


1761. 

4°  33'.  1 

1795. 

3°  11'. 

| 

1799. 

2°  43'. 

i 

1815. 

3°  12'. 

r Henry  M.  Thomas.  Bearings  of  old  lines. 

1826. 

3°  50'. 

i 

1829. 

3°  52'.  j 

1 

1887. 

7°  25'. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

1800. 

2°  24'. 

Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

1804. 

2°  30'. 

Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Jas.  M.  Cobb. 

1811. 

3°  19'. 

Bearings  of  old  lines. 

1814.6. 

3°  07'. 

Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

1815.9. 

3°  13'. 

Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

310  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Date. 

1830.5. 

1836.6. 

1838.5. 

1846.0. 

1848.6. 

1850.8. 

1863.0. 
1864. 
1866. 
1870. 
1880. 
1884. 
1886. 
1887. 

1887.8. 


1830.0. 

1885.5. 


1887.9. 


1765.8. 


1887.9. 


1840.8. 

1844.0. 


1887.9. 


1686.0. 

1842.7. 
1844.1. 
1855.6. 
1873.9. 
1879.5. 

1885.8. 


1884.7. 


Declination 

West. 

3°  34'  (?).  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

4°  40C  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

4°  45/  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

5°  23/  (?).  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

5°  IOC  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

5°  23C  Bearings  of  old  lines,  taken  by  Geo.  Hill. 

6°  09/.  Old  deed ; reported  by  Geo.  Hill. 

6°  10C  Prof.  Geo.  H.  Cook,  at  county  meridian. 

6°  00'  (?).  T.  N.  Doughty. 

6°  24'.  Bearings  of  old  lines. 

7°  15C  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser. 

7°  30'.  Jas.  M.  Cobb. 

7°  30C  Geo.  Hill. 

7°  32C  Geo.  Hill. 

7°  34/.  Observed  at  Rutgers  College,  and  at  several  stations  northward. 

PERTH  AMBOY. 

4°  10C  H.  S.  Haines.  Change  in  bearing  of  old  line  at  South  Amboy. 

7°  43C  G.  H.  Blakeley. 

Monmouth  County. 

FREEHOLD. 

7°  15C  North  side  of  town. 

IMLAYSTOWN. 

4°  45C  John  Lawrence,  at  his  house. 

MORGANVILLE. 

7°  35C  At  village  and  at  Beacon  Hill  station.  This  hill  of  gravel,  etc., 
has  no  effect  whatever  on  the  needle. 

MOUNT  MITCHELL — NAVESINK  PARK. 

5°  29C  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

5°  39/.  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

RED  BANK. 

7°  23/.  South  and  east  of  town. 

SANDY  HOOK. 

9°  00C  Geo.  Keith.  Records  of  Proprietors  of  East  Jersey. 

5?  32C  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

5°  51/.  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

6°  11/.  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

7°  09/  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

7°  32C  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

7°  53C  United  States  Coast  Survey. 

7°  12C  G.  H.  Blakeley. 


SEABRIGHT. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


311 


Date. 


1884.9. 

1887.9. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1880.0. 

1887.9. 

1887.9. 


1880.0. 

1887.8. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1887.9. 

1887.9. 

1887.9. 


1887.9. 


1884.8. 

1884.8. 

1887.8. 
1887.8. 


1887.9. 

1887.9. 

1887.9. 


Declination 

West. 

6°  59'. 
7°  09/. 


4°  08'. 
9°  48'. 
9°  03'. 
8°  29'. 


6°  42". 


8Q  05'. 
8°  27/. 


7°  03'. 
7°  56'. 


8°  58'. 
8°  20'. 


7°  53'. 
7°  54'. 
9°  34'. 


8°  OH. 


8°  26'. 
8°  15'. 
7°  49'. 
8°  34/. 


8°  12'. 
9°  00'. 
8°  33'. 


SEA  GIRT. 

G.  H.  Blakeley. 

Extending  1J  miles  inland. 


Morris  County. 

BARTLEY. 

On  Scliooley’s  mountain  slope,  three-quarters  mile  west  of  store. 
West  side  of  the  valley. 

East  side  of  the  valley. 

Top  of  ridge  east  of  valley,  road  from  Chester  to  Flanders. 
budd’s  lake. 

One  mile  east,  at  top  of  mountain. 

BOONTON. 

Southeast  of  town  in  valley. 

Top  of  hill  north  of  town. 

CHESTER. 

On  Seward’s  hill,  near  cross-roads. 

At  the  cross-roads. 

There  seems  to  be  a constant  and  rapid  increase  from  here  across 
the  valley  to  the  base  of  Schooley’s  mountain,  amounting  to 
nearly  2°  in  3 miles,  then  a decrease  in  climbing  the  mountain. 

DOVER. 

At  the  town. 

On  gravel  terrace,  1 mile  west. 

GILLETTE. 

One-lialf  mile  east  of  station. 

In  Great  swamp,  one-half  mile  north  of  Long  hill. 

Crest  of  Long  hill,  1 mile  northeast  of  Gillette  railroad  station. 

HANOVER. 

Average  of  4 stations  east  and  west  of  river. 

LAKE  HOPATCONG. 

Bertrand  island.  G.  H.  Blakeley. 

Shippenport.  G.  H.  Blakeley. 

Across  head  of  lake  south  and  west  of  Hurdtown. 

Head  of  Henderson  cove,  east  foot  of  mountain. 

MORRISTOWN. 

On  mountain  just  west  of  borough  limits. 

On  drift  at  eastern  borough  limits,  north  of  the  Whippany. 

South  of  Horse  hill. 


312  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Declination 


Date. 

West. 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

1887.8. 

7°  57'. 

Crest  of  Green  Pond  mountain,  1 mile  southwest. 

1887.8. 

7°  31'. 

West  base  of  Green  Pond  mountain. 

1887.8. 

7°  58'. 

At  Oak  Ridge  village. 

1887.8. 

9°  41'. 

On  mountain  1 mile  south  of  Holland  school-house. 

Change  in  bearings  of  lines  surveyed  about  1800  from  4°  to  4£°. 
Horace  Chamberlain. 

POMPTON. 

1887.8. 

V 

t> 

O 

O 

Top  of  trap  ridge  southeast  of  steel  works. 

1887.8. 

9°  16'. 

Village  and  2 miles  west  in  mountain  south  of  Bloomingdale. 
Local  attraction  amounting  to  20',  but  no  marked  difference 
between  mountain  and  valley. 

schooley’s  mountain. 

1887.8. 

6°  25'. 

One  mile  northeast  of  the  mineral  spring. 

Ocean  County. 

BARNEGAT  LIGHT. 


1860.6. 

1880. 

1885. 

5°  24'.  United  States  Coast  Survey,  Report  of  1881. 

6°»57'.  A.  P.  Irons. 

7°  18'.  Schott’s  computation.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report, 

1881. 

1887.9. 

BARNEGAT  VILLAGE. 

6°  52'.  At  village. 

FORKED  RIVER. 

1876.5. 

1885.0. 

6°  03'.  Moore.  See  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882. 
6°  47'.  Schott’s  computation,  Report,  1882. 

HARVEY  CEDARS — LONG  BEACH. 

1860.6. 

1885.0. 

5°  18'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

7°  13'.  Schott’s  computation.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report, 

1881. 

1887.9. 

NEW  EGYPT. 

6°  56'.  North  of  village. 

SEASIDE  PARK. 

1880. 

1887.9. 

7°  14'.  A.  P.  Irons,  at  Capt.  J.  Reed’s  house,  south  of  village. 
6°  56'.  At  the  village. 

WEST  CREEK. 

1745. 

5°  25'.  Dennis.  John  Lawrence’s  notes. 

Note.—  The  true  bearing  of  Lawrence’s  line  from  here  to 
Collier’s  Mills,  30  miles,  is  N.  14°  42'  W.  Lawrence  ran  on 
a magnetic  course  of  N.  9°  19'  W.,  which  shows  a declination 
amounting  to  5°  23',  and  verifies  the  above  observation  con- 
clusively. C.  C.  V. 

WHITINGS. 

1887.9.  7°  09'.  About  the  village. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


313 


Date. 

1882.6. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1883.6. 


1868.7. 
1869.1. 

1887.8. 
1887.8. 


1887.8. 


1874.6. 

1874.6. 


1846.4. 

1885.0. 


1842.5. 

1846.5. 
1885.0. 


1887.8. 


1846.4. 

1875.5. 
1885. 


1887.9. 


Passaic  County. 

BEARFORT  MOUNTAIN. 

Declination 

West. 

8°  0(K.  At  United  States  Coast  Survey  station.  Topographic  Survey. 

GREENWOOD  LAKE. 

7°  40'.  At  extreme  south  end  of  lake. 

8°  03'.  Foot  of  Bearfort  mountain.  Warwick  turnpike. 

8°  34r.  Central  ridge  of  Bearfort,  just  south  of  turnpike.  A gradual 
increase  going  west. 

HIGH  MOUNTAIN. 

9°  03C  Trap  ridge  north  of  Paterson.  A.  A.  Titsworth. 

PATERSON. 

6°  37C  A.  A.  Fonda ; reported  by  J.  T.  Hilton,  C.E. 

6°  37'.  Theo.  Ryerson ; reported  by  J.  T.  Hilton,  C.E. 

7°  517.  North  of  Hawthorne  station. 

8°  06'.  At  Fairlawn  station. 

POMPTON. 

9°  16'.  In  valley  at  village. 

STATE  LINE. 

7°  14'.  At  Longhouse  creek. 

6°  02/.  On  Bearfort  mountain. 

Salem  County. 

church’s  landing. 

5°  49r  (?).  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

8°  32'  (?).  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  Schott’s  computation. 

DELAWARE  CITY,  DEL. 

3°  30'.  Barnett;  Philadelphia,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  1874. 

3°  17C  At  Fort  Delaware;  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

5°  48C  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882 ; Schott’s  computation 
for  Fort  Delaware. 

SALEM. 

5°  42'.  North  side  of  town. 

WILMINGTON,  DEL. 

2°  3U.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

3°  44'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1881. 

4°  25'.  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report,  1882,  Schott’s  computation. 

Somerset  County. 

BLAWENBURGH. 

7°  36'.  In  vicinity  to  beyond  Skillman’s. 


314  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Declination 
Date.  West. 

1884.9.  7°  13/. 


1864  (?). 

5°  30'. 

1864.9. 

6°  00". 

1865.3. 

6°  15/. 

1865.4. 

5°  40". 

1865.6. 

5°  49/. 

1865.9. 

5°  55/. 

1865.9. 

5°  50/. 

1866.5. 

6°  15'. 

1867.3. 

6°  00'. 

1867.5. 

5°  b0'. 

1867.8. 

05 

o 

O 

o 

1867.9. 

5°  50'. 

1868.3. 

Oi 

o 

Oi 

GO 

1-869.3. 

6°  00'. 

1869.5. 

6°  00'. 

1870.1. 

6°  00'. 

1873.4. 

6°  27'. 

1887.8. 

7°  19'. 

1864. 

5°  47'. 

1865. 

5°  50'. 

1866. 

5°  b3'. 

1867. 

5°  bb'. 

1868. 

5°  58'. 

1869. 

6°  00". 

1870. 

6°  03/. 

1875. 

6°  2b'. 

1880. 

6°  £6'. 

1887. 

7°  19'. 

1887.9. 

7°  lb'. 

1887.9. 

6°  42'. 

1887.9. 

8°  32'. 

1887.9. 

7°  05'. 

1887.9. 

7°  3b'. 

1881.7. 

6°  2b'. 

MIDDLEBUSH. 

G.  H.  Blakeley. 

SOMERVILLE. 

Observations  reported  by  Joshua  Doughty , Jr. 

C.  W.  Van  Nuys,  observer. 

W.  W Drake,  obser  ver. 

Ab’ra  Stryker,  observer. 

H.  Cook,  observer. 

Isaac  P.  Lindley,  observer. 

Jacob  Wyckoff,  observer. 

Peter  N.  Van  Nuys,  observer. 

D.  Annin,  observer. 

S.  Gano,  observer. 

Jacob  Wyckoff,  observer. 

S.  Gano,  observer. 

Peter  N.  Van  Nuys,  observer. 

S.  Gano,  observer. 

Joseph  Thompson,  observer. 

Joshua  Doughty,  Jr.,  observer. 

Joshua  Doughty,  Jr.,  observer. 

N.  McConaughy,  observer. 

From  1 to  3 miles  north  of  town. 

From  the  above  the  following  series  has  been  deduced : 


Foot  of  First  mountain,  north  of  town. 

Crest  of  mountain  above.  A value  of  5°  56'  observed  on  face  of 
mountain. 

In  Washington  Valley,  1 mile  west  of  Martinsville.  A value  of 
5°  31 / observed  on  north  slope  of  First  mountain. 

On  crest  of  Second  mountain,  southwest  of  Mt.  Horeb  church. 

Just  north  of  Mt.  Horeb  church.  An  apparent  tendency  of  both 
trap  ridges  to  repel  the  needle. 

Sussex  County. 

ANDOVER. 

Hill  just  west  of  village.  Topographic  Survey.  Mr.  A.  H. 
Konkle  says  that  lines  in  Sussex  and  northern  Warren 
counties  run  between  1790  and  1815  require  a correction  of 
from  4°  15'  to  4°  20'. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


315 


Date. 

1873.6. 

1874.6. 

1884.8. 

1887.8. 
1839.1. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1887.8. 


1884.8. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1882.8. 


1887.8. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1874.6. 


1884.8. 

1887.8. 
1887.8. 


1887.8. 


1887.8. 


Declination 

West. 


7°  05'. 
7°  OF. 
7°  517. 
7°  507. 
4°  407. 


7°  19'. 
7°  29/. 
7°  26/. 


7°  29/. 


6°  137. 


carpenter’s  point. 

United  States  Coast  Survey,  at  Tri-State  rock. 

Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser,  at  same  place. 

Topographic  Survey. 

At  Tri-State  rock  and  on  east  side  of  river. 

Two  and  a half  miles  south  of  here  a line  bore  in  1839.1,  N.  44° 
30'  W.,  and  in  1887.8,  N.  41°  357  W.  Another  line  bore  in 
1839.1,  S.  45°  30'  W.,  and  in  1887.8,  S.  48°  50'  W. 

culver’s  gap. 

On  turnpike,  one-half  mile  west. 

Crest  of  mountain,  south  of  gap. 

Summit  of  turnpike,  1 mile  east  of  mountain. 

DECKERTOWN. 

Irregular  variations  of  107  within  a mile.  This  is  the  value  at 
three  stations  within  a radius  of  half  a mile  of  the  center  of 
the  village. 

dingman’s,  pa. 

Topographic  Survey. 


FRANKLIN  FURNACE. 

6°  367  to  7°  477.  Brow  of  mountain  near  Two  Bridges. 

7°  387.  At  village.  Local  attraction  amounting  to  1 degree  observed. 

HAMBURG. 

7°  047.  One  mile  south  of  village,  west  side  of  Wallkill.  Topographic 
Survey. 

HIGH  POINT. 

7°  507.  Top  and  west  slope  of  mountain. 

LAYTON. 

7°  ll7.  On  Pompey  ridge,  east  of  its  crest  line. 

7°  257.  In  valley  at  village,  1 mile  east  of  above. 

LIBERTY  CORNER,  N.  Y. 

6°  457.  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser.  Boundary  Survey. 

MILFORD,  PA.,  AND  MONTAGUE,  N.  J. 

6°  567.  Topographic  Survey. 

7°  067.  Near  the  bridge,  both  sides  of  the  river. 

7°  217.  At  the  “ Brick  House,”  Montague. 

MONROE  CORNER. 

7°  03 7 . Just  east  of  cross-roads. 

MOUNT  SALEM. 

7°  397.  From  1 mile  southwest  of  the  village  westward  to  the  foot  of 
Kittatinny  mountain  a slight  increase  is  observed. 


316  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Date. 

Declination 

West. 

1874.6. 

5°  09/ 

NEAR  WAWAYANDA  MINES. 
Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser.  Boundary  Survey. 

1881.8. 

7°  01/ 

NEWTON. 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1883.4. 

c<i 

o 

0 

L- 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1884.9. 

7°  05/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1885.4. 

7°  11/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1886.0. 

o 

o 

OO 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1886.3. 

7°  08/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1887.0. 

7°  17/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1887.4. 

7°  17/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1887.9. 

7°  17/ 

A.  H.  Konkle,  observer. 

1887.8. 

7°  21/ 

Just  south  of  village. 

1874.6. 

6°  03/ 

UNION VILLE,  N.  Y. 

Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser.  Boundary  Survey. 

1887.8. 

2°  52/ 

VERNON. 

Brow  of  Wawayanda  mountain,  above  village.  Local  attraction. 

1887.8. 

6°  15/ 

Between  village  and  railroad. 

1887.8. 

6°  41/ 

West  side  of  valley,  one-quarter  mile  from  meadow. 

1887.8. 

7°  08/ 

Eastern  foot  of  Pochuck  mountain. 

1887.8. 

9°  08/ 

Summit  of  Pochuck  mountain,  east  of  head  of  Decker  pond. 

Both  mountains  seem  to  attract  the  needle  here.  The  value, 
6°  41/,  is  probably  least  influenced  by  this  attraction. 


WARWICK  MOUNTAIN. 

1874.6.  3°  12/  Prof.  E.  A.  Bowser.  Boundary  Survey. 


Union  County. 

PLAINFIELD. 

1887.9.  7°  40/  South  and  west  of  town. 

1887.9.  8°  18/  Crest  of  First  mountain,  south  of  Stony  Brook  gap. 

1887.9.  7°  42/  Crest  of  Second  mountain,  road  to  Union  village.  Local  attrac- 

tion of  1°  4(K  observed.  The  only  effect  of  the  trap  ridges 
here  is  apparently  local  and  irregular. 


Warren  County. 

ALLAMUCHY. 

1887.8.  9°  00/  On  slope  of  mountain,  road  to  Waterloo. 

1887.8.  8°  18/  At  west  side  of  village. 

1887.8.  7°  45'.  In  valley,  2 miles  northwest.  There  appears  to  be  a steady  in- 

crease going  toward  the  mountain. 


BELVIDERE. 

1887.8.  5°  32'.  There  is  a steady  decrease  going  southeast,  which  amounts  to  50' 

at  a point  on  the  mountain  1 mile  east  of  Oxford  church. 


Date. 

1757. 

1784. 

1799. 

1841.5. 
1851. 

1874.5. 

1878.2. 

1881.2. 
1882.7. 
1884.0. 


1887.8. 


1841.6. 

1885.0. 


1887.8. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


1866.1. 

1868.2. 

1870.1. 

1881.8. 

1886.3. 

1881.8. 


1887.8. 


1881.7. 


1887.8. 

1887.8. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY.  317 


Declination 

West. 

BETHLEHEM,  PA.,  SCHOTT’S  TABLES. 

6°  30'.  R.  W.  Walker,  from  bearings  of  old  lines. 

2°  53'.  Reference  as  above. 

1°  527.  Reference  as  above. 

3°  26/.  Prof.  A.  D.  Bache,  at  Easton,  Pa. 

3°  507.  R.  W.  Walker,  from  bearings  of  old  lines. 

5°  20'.  Dr.  T.  C.  Hilgard,  near  Lehigh  University. 

5°  37'.  R.  W.  Walker,  from  bearings  of  old  lines. 

5°  52'.  Prof.  C.  L.  Doolittle,  Lehigh  University. 

6°  05/.  R.  W.  Walker,  deduced  from  80  observations  by  students. 
6°  06'.  R.  W.  Walker. 

BLAIRSTOWN. 

7°  257.  Average  of  both  sides  of  valley  of  the  Paulin’s  Kill. 


EASTON,  PA. 

3°  38'.  United  States  Coast  Survey,  Report  of  1882. 
6°  37/.  Schott’s  computation,  Report  of  1882. 


HACKETTSTOWN. 

6°  25r.  Top  of  Schooley’s  mountain,  1 mile  northeast  of  the  mineral 
spring.  Local  attraction  amounting  to  3|-  degrees  observed. 
Declination  equals  3°  087  at  brow  of  mountain  west  of  this 
point. 

6°  507.  On  knoll  south  of  village.  West  of  the  limestone  quarries  8°  27 / 
was  observed. 

7°  027.  Top  of  mountain  just  west  of  village. 


HARDWICK  TOWNSHIP. 


6°  03" 
6°  10' 
6°  18' 
6°  58/ 
7°  IP 

4°  45' 


Observed  by  A.  H.  Konkle  at  a point  2f  miles  northwest  of 
Marksboro,  and  3 miles  northeast  of  Blairstown. 


JENNY  JUMP  MOUNTAIN. 
Near  south  end  of  mountain  on  crest. 


PHILLIPSBURG. 

6°  1(K.  At  several  stations  north  and  east. 


WARRENVILLE. 

6°  00C  Hill  just  west  of  village. 

WATER  GAP. 

6°  36/.  At  Water  Gap  House,  Pa. 

7°  05/.  At  Portland,  Pa. 

There  is  a uniform  increase  in  passing  down  the  river  through 
the  Water  Gap  from  Water  Gap  railroad  station  to  Portland. 


318  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


MAGNETIC  DIPS  AND  INTENSITIES. 

In  Appendix  No.  6,  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
Report  for  1885,  will  be  found  a complete  collection  and  discussion 
of  magnetic  dips  and  intensities  for  the  United  States,  by  Chas.  A. 
Schott,  Assistant.  Although  this  paper  has  to  do  principally  with 
declination  and  its  distribution,  the  collection  of  dips  for  New  Jersey 
may  prove  useful  to  some  in  this  connection. 


Magnetic  Dips  and  Horizontal  and  Total  Magnetic  Intensities  in 

New  Jersey. 


STATION. 


Cape  May  Light-house 

Cape  May  Light-house 

Cape  May  Light-house 

Town  Bank 

Egg  Island  Light-house 

Port  Norris 

Atlantic  City 

Pine  Mount  (near  Greenwich) 

Long  Beach 

Tuckerton 

Church  Landing,  Salem  county 

Barnegat  Light-house 

Chew,  near  Mantua 

White  Hill 

Trenton 

Princeton  College 

Princeton,  behind  College 

Princeton,  near  College 

Princeton,  near  College 

Princeton,  near  College 

Princeton,  Potts’  woods 

Princeton,  on  Rocky  Hill  (trap) 

Mount  Rose  (trap) 


Year. 

i 

d 

5 

Horizontal 

force. 

Total  force. 

Reduce 

p. 

s 

Pi 

Horizontal  ^ 
force.  ° 

Total  ® 

force. 

1846.5 

71°  25'.8 

4.255 

13.36 

1 

1855.6 

71°  34'.  4 

4.182 

13.23 

1 

I 

- 70°.  99 

4.304 

13.21 

1874.5 

71°  28'.  5 

4.283 

13.48 

j 

1846.5  j 

71°  23'.  6 

4.269 

13.38 

70°.  88 

4334 

13.23 

1846.51 

71°  45'.  1 

4.206 

13.43 

71°.24 

4.271 

13.28 

1816.5 

71°  39'.6 

4.211 

13.38 

71°.  15 

4.276 

13.24 

1860.6 

71°  47'.0 

4.205 

13.45 

71°.  18 

4.288 

13.29 

1846.5 1 

71°  41'.4 

4.237 

13.49 

71°.18 

4.296 

13.32 

1860.6 ' 

71°  58'.  5 

4.156 

13.43 

71°.  37 

4.240 

13.27 

1846.9| 

72°  12'.3 

4.063 

13.30 

71°.69 

4.129 

13.14 

1846.4 

71°  22'.  0 

4.311 

13.49 

70°.  86 

4.377 

13.35 

1860.7 

72°  05'.  3 

I 4.108 

13.36 

71°.49 

4.191 

13.20 

1846.5 

72°  14'.  4 

4.105 

13.46 

71°.73 

4.171 

13.31 

1846.4 

72°  06'.2 

! 4.147 

13.50 

71°.  59 

4.213 

13.34 

1841.3! 

71°  59'.0 

4.196 

13.56 

71°.46 

4.242 

13.34 

1839.7 

72°  47'.  1 

4.041 

13.55 

1 

1842.8 

72°  43'.5 

4.010 

13  504 

| 

1843.5 

72°  38'.  3 

4.222 

1 

1 

1844.0 

72°  39'.5 

• 72°.17 

4.110 

13.42 

1844.4 

72°  40'.2 

4.016 

13.48 

1 Q \A  A I J 

72°  41'.4 

4.017 

13.50 

72°  4 P.2 

3.999 

13.44 

1844.4 

72°  35'.0 

4.049 

13.53 

1 

1852.6 

72°  42'.5 

4.130 

13.90 

72°.16 

4.211 

13.75 

MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


319 


Magnetic  Dips  and  Horizontal  and  Total  Magnetic  Intensities  in 
New  Jersey— Continued. 


STATION. 

<£ 

a> 

Dip. 

Horizontal 

force. 

Total  force. 

Reduce 

p, 

5 

d to  U 

3 

o <6 

SB 

o«2 

W 

Total  * 

force. 

Sandy  Hook 

1844.6 

72°  37'.  9 

4.077 

13.66 

1 

Sandy  Hook 

1855.6 

72°  52'.  0 

3.917 

13.30 

■ 71°.  93 

4.081 

13.16 

Sandy  Hook 

1878.9 

72°  29'.6 

4.040 

13.43 

Sandy  Hook 

1879.6 

72°  08'.  3 

4.078 

13.30 

New  Brunswick 

1844.4 

72°  43'.2 

OO 

o 

o 

13.50 

72°.  21 

4.066 

13.31 

Snake  Hill 

1844.3 

72°  45'.  4 

72°  25 

Newark 

1841.3 

72°  48'.  5 

3.999 

13.54 

1 

Newark,  Washington  Place 

18443 

72°  50'.  2 

3.972 

13.46 

1 

1-  72°.31 

4.037 

13.29 

Newark,  on  the  neck 

1844.3 

72°  4 6'.  3 

3.986 

13.46 

1 

Newark 

1846.4 

72°  52'.  2 

3.964 

13.46 

1 

Fort  Lee 

1844.3 

72°  41'.  0 

72°.  17 

( 72°  17'.0 

Paterson 

1844.3 

-<  to 

1 

t 75°  00'.  0 

|i 

SECULAR  CHANGE  OF  MAGNETIC  DECLINATION. 

Mr.  Charles  A.  Schott  gives,  in  Appendix  No.  12,  Report  of  United 
States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  for  1886,  a collection  of  declinations 
and  a discussion  of  the  secular  change  for  the  United  States,  which 
leaves  little  to  be  desired  for  the  use  of  the  surveyor.  This  work  has 
been  largely  drawn  upon  for  the  following  material  necessary  to  make 
the  results  of  the  Magnetic  Survey  as  useful  as  possible  to  the  New 
Jersey  surveyor.  Matter  of  local  interest  has  been  extracted  and  to  it 
has  been  added  the  information  derived  from  the  Magnetic  Survey. 

TABLE  OF  DECENNIAL  VALUES  OF  THE  MAGNETIC  DECLINATION. 

The  values  given  below  will  be  found  useful  when  old  lines  have 
to  be  retraced.  The  amount  of  declination  varies  often  two  or  three 
degrees  within  two  miles  or  less,  but  the  change  of  declination,  from 
year  to  year,  will  be  found  to  be  practically  the  same  over  quite  large 


320  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


areas.  The  values  at  New  York,  N.  Y.,  Bethlehem,  Hatborough  and 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  were  carefully  computed  by  Mr.  Chas.  A.  Schott, 
and  are  given  in  Appendix  No.  12,  Report  of  the  United  States  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  for  1886.  The  series  for  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
was  obtained  graphically  by  reducing  all  of  the  observations  available 
in  the  vicinity  to  that  locality,  and  constructing  an  average  curve  with 
due  attention  to  curves  for  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  where  a surveyor  has  no  other  knowledge  to  guide  him 
in  taking  out  the  change  in  declination  between  any  two  States,  he 
shall  use  the  New  York  series  for  the  counties  of  Passaic,  Bergen, 
Hudson,  Essex  and  Union  ; the  New  Brunswick  series  for  the  counties 
of  Sussex,  Warren,  Morris,  Hunterdon,  Somerset,  Middlesex,  Mercer 
and  Monmouth,  and  the  Philadelphia  series  for  the  remaining  counties 
in  Southern  New  Jersey.  If  he  has  accumulated  data  from  long 
practice  in  resurveying  old  lines  in  one  locality,  however,  he  will  be 
able  to  choose  for  himself  the  series  which  is  best  adapted  to  his 
vicinity. 

Table  of  Decennial  Values. 


Year. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

| New  Brunswick, 
N.  J. 

S3 

Ph 

<B 

<3 

2 

pq 

1 

s3 

Ph 

&c 

© 

f-l 

o 

— 

HH 

d 

Ph 

2 

3 

IS 

TS 

5 

I Cape  Henlopen, 
Del. 

1600 

*5°  007 

*3°  007 

1610  

6°  007 

4°  007 

1620 

6°  307 

4°  30 7 

1630 

7°  007 

5°  007 

1640  

7°  30 7 

5°  307 

1650  

8°  007 

6°  007 

1660 

8°  307 

6°  307 

1670 

8°  547 

6°  367 

1680 

9°  067 

8°  187 

6°  307 

1690 

9°  007 

8°  127 

6°  247 

1700 

8°  427 

7°  547 

8°  127 

6°  007 

1710 

8°  127 

7°  307 

7°  487 

5°  307 

1720 

7°  427 

i 

—j 

o 

o 

o 

\ 

7°  247 

4°  547 

* Results  for  the  seventeenth  century  are  very  doubtful. 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


321 


Table  of  Decennial  Values— Continued. 


Year. 

j New  York,  N.  Y. 

| New  Brunswick, 
N.  J. 

Bethlehem,  Pa. 

d 

PM 

bo 

a 

o 

u 

o 

pO 

w 

eS 

Pm 

.eT 

"pS 

Fa3 

13 

c3 

Pm 

a 

CD 

CM 

o 

§ 

<D  <D 

§•« 

o 

1730 

7°  18' 

6°  24' 

6°  48' 

4°  12' 

1740  

6°  42' 

5°  42' 

6°  12' 

3°  30' 

1750 

6°  00' 

6°  06' 

4°  48/ 

5°  18' 

2°  48' 

1760 

5°  18' 

5°  18' 

3°  54' 

4°  24' 

2°  12' 

1770 

i 4°  42' 

4°  30' 

3°  06' 

3°  36' 

1°  36' 

1780 

| 4°  24' 

3°  42'” 

2°  24' 

2°  48' 

1°  12' 

1790.., 

4°  24' 

3°  06' 

2°  00' 

2°  18' 

0°  54' 

1800 

4°  18/ 

2°  24/ 

2°  36' 

1°  48' 

2°  06' 

0°  48' 

1810 

4°  24' 

2°  52/ 

2°  18' 

2°  00' 

2°  09' 

0°  54' 

1820 

4°  31/ 

3°  82' 

2°  18' 

2°  80' 

2°  26' 

1°  06' 

1830 

4°  55' 

4°  12/ 

2°  30' 

8°  00' 

2°  55' 

1°  30' 

1840 

5°  36' 

4°  52/ 

2°  54' 

3°  42' 

3°  28' 

2°  02' 

1850 

6°  21' 

5°  18' 

3°  27' 

4°  21' 

4°  04' 

2°  39' 

1860 

6°  58' 

5°  46' 

4°  41' 

5°  00' 

4°  44' 

3°  20' 

1870 

7°  28' 

6°  30/ 

5°  00' 

5°  42' 

5°  26' 

4°  02' 

1880 

7°  55' 

7°  15' 

5°  51' 

6°  42' 

6°  12' 

4°  43' 

1890 

8°  24' 

7°  40/ 

6°  40' 

7°  36' 

6°  58' 

5°  20' 

1895 

8°  42' 

7°  02' 

7°  54' 

7°  24' 

5°  36' 

1 

SOLAR  DIURNAL  VARIATION. 

This  is  the  only  other  important  change  in  magnetic  declination, 
beside  the  secular  change  above  considered,  which  is  regular  enough 
in  character  to  be  taken  into  account  in  observations.  It  consists  of 
a swing  of  the  needle  through  the  24  hours,  averaging  8'  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  varying  from  10J'  in  August  to  6'  in  November.  It  is 
generally  so  much  within  the  limits  of  accuracy  of  ordinary  sur- 


v 


322  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


veyors’  instruments,  and  disturbances  too  irregular  to  be  allowed  for, 
but  greater  in  amount  than  the  daily  range,  occur  so  frequently  that 
it  may  as  well  be  neglected  in  ordinary  surveying.  In  all  observa- 
tions for  magnetic  declination,  however,  it  should  be  taken  into 
account,  and  as  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  may  be  more  frequently 
made  in  the  future,  the  following  table  is  appended.  It  is  taken  from 
a more  extended  one  in  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  Report  for 
1875,  p.  263.  The  + quantities  are  to  be  added  to  all  west  declina- 
tions and  the  — quantities  subtracted,  to  reduce  them  to  the  mean 
value  for  24  hours. 


Corrections  for  Solar  Diurnal  Variation  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


7 A.  M. 

9 A.  M. 

11  A.  M. 

1 P.  M. 

3 P.  M. 

5 P.  M. 

January  

+1'.2 

+2'.5 

+0'.3 

— 3'.4 

— 2'.5 

— 0'.9 

February 

+K9 

+2/.5 

+0'.2 

*— 3'.0 

— 2'4 

— 1'.2 

March 

+2/.9 

+3'.4 

+0'.6 

— 3'.9 

— 3'.2 

— 1'.6 

A pri  1 

+3'.5 

4-3'.4 

4-V.l 

— 5'.1 

— 4'.3 

— 1'.8 

May  

+4'.7 

+3'.2 

+K9 

— 5'.1 

— 3'.9 

— 1'2 

June 

d-5'.O 

+3'.8 

+1'.7 

— 5'.0 

— 3'.8 

—1'.6 

July 

4-5' A 

4-4/.0 

4-1/.5 

— 57.3 

— 4'.5 

— 2'.0 

August 

1 ^ • j. 

+5'.7 

+3'.7 

+2'.9 

— 6'.3 

— 3'.8 

— 0'.9 

September 

4-4'. 6 

+2'.8 

+3'.2 

— 5'.5 

— 3'.0 

— 0'.8 

October 

+1'.7 

4-V.9 

+0'.8 

— 3'.2 

— 2'.2 

— O'J 

November 

4-V.7 

4-l'.5 

+l'.l 

— 2'.8 

—V.9 

— 0'.6 

December 

+1'.0 

+1'.6 

+0'.3 

-3'.0 

—2'. 3 

— 0'.6 

The  other  periodic  variations  are  the  annual , amounting  to  1J 
minutes  of  arc,  and  the  lunar  diurnal , with  a range  of  27  seconds,  and 
two  maxima  and  two  minima  in  each  lunar  day. 


MAGNETIC  DISTURBANCES  AND  STORMS. 

These  occur  irregularly  and  are  beyond  the  power  of  prediction. 
They  are  an  important  source  of  error  in  compass  surveys,  as  the  fol- 
lowing table  shows.  It  gives  the  observed  disturbances  in  a bi-hourly 


MAGNETIC  SURVEY. 


323 


series  at  Philadelphia  in  the  years  1840  to  1845,  furnishing  a good 
indication  of  the  relative  frequency  and  magnitude  of  such  disturb- 
ances. It  is  taken  from  Appendix  No.  12,  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  Report  for  1886  : 


Deviations  from  Number  of 

Normal  Direction.  Disturbances. 


3'. 6 to  10'.8  2,189 

10'.8  to  18/.l  147 

18a  to  25/.3  18 

25'.3  to  32/.6  3 

Beyond.  0 


Mr.  Wm.  J.  Young,  of  Philadelphia,  observed  with  a fourteen- 
inch  needle  a variation  of  1°  10'  in  position  within  one  hour  during 
an  active  aurora.  January  3d,  1870,  Mr.  William  Haines  observed 
during  a time  of  brilliant  auroral  display  a change  of  2°  10'  in  the 
position  of  the  needle  between  5:30  and  7:25  A.  M.,  at  Clarksboro, 
N.  J.* 


IMPERFECTIONS  OF  NEEDLE  INSTRUMENTS. 

The  disturbances  noted  above  and  the  irregular  distribution  of 
declination  introduce  unavoidable  and  unforeseen  elements  of  error 
with  even  the  most  perfect  instruments ; but  it  may  be  well  to  call 
attention  here  to  the  differences  which  exist  between  different  needle 
instruments,  and  even  well- constructed  ones.  In  faulty  instruments, 
malformation  or  dullness  of  pivot,  or  bad  centering,  causes  errors.  In 
good  instruments  they  may  arise  from  loss  of  polarity  of  the  needle, 
or  from  lack  of  coincidence  between  the  line  joining  the  two  points 
of  the  needle  and  its  magnetic  axis.  Even  when  this  has  been  guarded 
against  in  construction,  the  position  of  the  magnetic  axis  may  after- 
ward change.  A gentleman  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  and 
repair  of  surveying  instruments  has,  at  my  request,  made  some  trials, 
and  sent  me  the  results.  From  three  new  compasses  of  the  best  con- 
struction he  obtained  the  following  : 

« First  Trial.  Second  Trial. 


No.  1 15°  8'.  15°  8'. 

No.  2 15°  12'.  15°  14'. 

No.  3 15°  15/.  15°  16'.t 


* Proceedings  of  the  Surveyors'  Association  of  West  New  Jersey,  p.  61. 
f Report  to  the  Board  of  Freeholders  of  Middlesex  county  upon  true  meridian  lines. 
Geo.  H.  Cook,  1864. 


324  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


An  analysis  of  181  readings  taken  by  the  members  of  the  West 
Jersey  Association  on  their  various  instruments,  shows  that  122  of  the 
readings  are  within  5'  of  the  adopted  means  which  have  been  as- 
sumed to  be  correct.  The  remaining  59  readings  are  out  more 
than  5',  and  range  up  to  21',  and  one  reading  is  out  34'.  Variations 
of  10'  are  observed  in  the  readings  of  a single  instrument  in  several 
cases,  and  a departure  from  the  mean,  amounting  to  5',  is  not  neces- 
sarily an  indication  of  instrumental  defects. 

An  examination  of  several  instruments,  made  as  a preliminary  to 
the  magnetic  survey  of  New  Jersey,  showed  in  one  case  an  error  of 
1 in  a needle  with  a tapering  north  point  and  thick  south  end,  the 
pivot  being  at  a point  about  one- third  of  the  way  from  the  south  to 
the  north  end.  In  another  case  a sym metrical ly-tapered,  nicely-bal- 
anced needle,  four  inches  in  length,  showed  an  error  of  25'.  Another 
six-inch  needle  showed  an  error  of  10'.  These  are  rather  exceptional 
cases,  but  as  they  are  instruments  of  different  makers,  in  good  order, 
and  carefully  compared,  they  point  out  the  danger  of  error  from  this 
source. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  the  data  given  above  are  sufficient 
to  enable  compass  surveys  to  be  made  with  all  the  accuracy  of  which 
the  method  is  capable.  While  the  compass  must  still  be  used  in  retrac- 
ing old  lines,  the  teaching  of  the  irregularities  of  magnetic  declination 
shown  by  the  isogonic  chart  and  list  of  declinations,  of  the  notes  on 
magnetic  disturbances,  and  those  on  instrumental  defects,  is  clearly 
that  no  new  surveys  should  be  recorded  by  reference  to  the  magnetic 
needle  alone.  The  time  has  come  when  its  use  for  this  purpose  should 
be  discontinued  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  State. 


GEOLOGICAL  Sl'HVKV  OK  XKVr  .1  KKSKY 


NEW"  JERSEY. 
SHOWING  LINKS  OF  EQUAL, 
MAGNETIC  DECLINATION 
•FOR  1888. 


BMISto 


wmvaxi 


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ti  /•  1.  A TV  ! nt:  H.\ 


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m 

Jw 

1 3T — - 

qT 

LA 

< M' 

W^fW^Y 

s J * 

Ti 

f , v&f  "v 

j ^ X.  tL  , 

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■Julius  Bien  & t o.  I.ith 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


325 


CLIMATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


BY  JOHN  C.  SMOCK. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Climate  has  been  defined  to  be  the  sum  total  of  the  meteorological 
phenomena  which  characterize  the  average  condition  of  the  atmos- 
phere on  any  part  of  the  earth’s  surface.  What  we  call  the  weather 
is  a single  phase  in  the  succession  of  phenomena,  and  hence  climate 
may  be  said  to  consist  of  the  weather  changes  which  are  observed 
from  year  to  year  in  any  given  period  of  time.*  The  chief  elements 
or  factors  of  climate  are  temperature,  humidity,  rainfall,  winds  and 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  It  is  the  province  of  climatology  to 
exhibit  the  different  phases  of  these  meteorological  phenomena,  and 
to  ascertain  the  causes  of  these  differences.  Practically,  all  of  them 
may  be  traced  either  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  sun,  as  the  source  of 
energy  and  activity,  and  hence  the  origin  of  what  are  termed  solar 
climates.  But  the  variations  in  all  the  climatic  elements  on  the  same 
parallels  of  latitude  point  to  disturbing  or  modifying  forces  or  condi- 
tions. The  principal  factors  in  thus  modifying  the  phenomena  of 
climate  are  four,  viz. : 1 . Proximity  and  relation  to  water  areas ; 

2.  Prevailing  winds ; 3.  Height  above  the  ocean ; 4.  Shape  and 

nature  of  the  earth’s  surface  and  its  covering. 

In  general,  there  are  two  types  of  climate,  the  continental  and  the 
oceanic  or  insular.  On  account  of  the  varied  surface,  with  its  inter- 
locking forms  of  land  and  water,  there  are  many  gradations  from  the 
one  type  to  the  other,  and  no  sharp  lines  of  demarcation  are  possible, 
or  classification  of  all  the  kinds  of  climate,  which  result,  in  part,  from 
these  relations  of  sea  and  land.  The  climate  of  New  Jersey  partakes 
of  the  continental  type,  and  is  marked  by  extreme  features,  but  soft- 
ened in  some  degree  by  the  nearness  to  the  ocean.  Omitting  the  con- 
sideration of  the  factors  of  climate  and  their  modifications  due  to 


* Hand-book  of  Climatology,  by  Dr.  Julius  Hann,  page  1,  Stuttgart,  1883. 


326  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


varying  conditions,  in  so  far  as  these  refer  to  the  earth’s  surface  in 
general,  the  climate  of  New  Jersey  is  here  discussed  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads,  viz. : 

I.  Temperature. 

II.  Winds. 

III.  Weight  or  Pressure  of  the  Atmosphere. 

IV.  Atmospheric  Precipitation. 

V.  Sanitary  Relations. 

VI.  Permanency  of  Climate. 


TEMPERATURE. 

The  situation  of  New  Jersey  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  continent, 
between  the  ocean  and  the  higher  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  chain, 
gives  it  a climate  of  continental  type,  greatly  modified  by  its  proximity 
to  the  ocean,  and  by  its  configuration  of  surface.  The  constant  play 
of  these  disturbing  elements  in  the  climate  produce  variety  within 
comparatively  narrow  limits.  And  the  State,  although  small,  exhibits 
diversities,  which  correspond  somewhat  with  its  varied  surface  features. 
The  elevation  of  the  northern  part,  and  the  nearness  of  the  southern 
portion  to  the  sea,  tend  to  heighten  the  influence  due  to  difference 
of  latitude  only.  The  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  forests  of  the  south- 
ern interior  counteract  the  effect  due  to  proximity  to  the  ocean,  and 
still  further  modify  the  climate  in  that  part  of  the  State.  To  prop- 
erly estimate  the  influence  of  these  factors  is  the  difficult  problem  of 
the  student  of  climatology.  The  meteorological  statistics  of  places 
within  and  near  the  borders  of  the  State  are  too  incomplete,  and,  in 
some  cases,  faulty,  to  exhibit  the  results  of  their  inter-action  at  every 
locality,  or  even  in  the  well-marked  natural  divisions  of  the  State. 

Following  the  divisions  of  the  older  geographers,  there  are:  the 
alluvial  and  southern;  the  secondary,  hilly  and  middle;  and  the 
mountainous  and  northern.  A more  natural  and  correct  subdivision, 
based  upon  the  geological  and  topographic  features,  would  be : 1.  Kit- 
tatinny  Valley ; 2.  Highlands;  3.  Red  Sandstone  Plain  ; 4.  Southern 
Interior  ; 5.  Atlantic  Coast,  or  Seashore  Belt.  Inasmuch  as  the  data 
are  too  scanty  to  separate  the  first  and  second,  there  remain  four  divi- 
sions, or  natural  climatic  provinces : 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


327 


I.  Highlands  and  Kittatinny  Valley. 

II.  lied  Bandstone  Plain. 

III.  Houthern  Interior. 

IV.  Beashore,  or  Atlantic  G’oast  Pelt. 

A further  subdivision  will  follow  the  accumulation  of  records  of 
careful  observations  at  many  stations,  and  the  true  climatic  provinces 
of  the  Btate  will  be  made  out.  It  will  be  understood  at  the  outset 
that  while  these  divisions  have  definite  characteristics,  it  is  not  possi- 
ble to  define  sharply  their  boundary  lines,  or  to  indicate  where  the 
one  ceases  and  the  other  begins,  since  they  shade  by  insensible  gradua- 
tions into  one  another. 

For  fhe  location  and  limits  of  these  divisions  reference  must  be 
had  to  the  geological  maps  of  the  Btate. 

Their  boundaries,  extent,  elevation  and  general  surface  features, 
which  modify  the  general  character  of  our  climate,  together  with 
local  peculiarities  induced  by  their  varying  intensity,  are  described 
under  their  respective  heads. 


Table  of  Moan  Temperature  for  the  several  Climatic  Divisions 
of  the  State.  Degrees— Fahrenheit. 


DIVISIONS. 


I.  Kittatinny  Valley  and) 
Highland! j 

II.  I ted  Handntono  Plain 

HI.  Southern  Interior 

I V.  Atlantic  Coant  Bolt 


January. 

February. 

March. 

t 

In 

m 

a! 

d 

0 

>-» 

July. 

August. 

September. 

October. 

November,  j 

December. 

25.6 

27.1 

34.6 

46.6 

66.6 

65.1 

69.6 

67.6 

60.2 

48.8 

39.0 

29.1 

28.6 

29.9 

36.8 

48.6 

69.6 

68.8 

74.1 

71.3 

63.9 

62.5 

41.6 

31.3 

80.8 

32.7 

39.1 

60.2 

61.5 

71.3 

76.1 

73.2 

66.1 

64.5 

42.9 

83.5 

82.2 

33.3 

88.0 

40.7 

67.6 

67.1 

73.1 

72.2 

67.2 

67.1 

45.1 

86.2 

HKAHON8. 

MAItOH  OK  T11B  HKA80NB. 

Spring. 

Summer. 

Autumn. 

Winter. 

Winter  to 
Spring. 

Spring  to 
Summer. 

Summer  to 
Autumn. 

Autumn  to 
Winter. 

I. 

Kittatinny  Valley  and  HlghlundM.. 

47.4 

45.9 

67.4 

49.3 

27.2 

18.7 

21.5 

-18.1 

-22.1 

II. 

Hod  Sandhtonc  Plain 

60.6 

48.3 

71.4 

62.7 

29.9 

18.4 

28.1 

-18.7 

-22.8 

III. 

Southern  Interior 

52.6 

60.8 

78.6 

64.5 

82.3 

18.0 

28.2 

19.0 

-22.2 

1 V. 

Atlantic  Coaht  Belt 

52.1 

47.4 

70.8 

66.5 

88.9 

13.5 

28.4 

-14.3 

-22.6 

328  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Introductory  to  these  descriptions  of  the  several  provinces,  and  in 
order  to  convenience  of  reference,  we  give  at  the  outset  a table  of 
mean  temperatures  for  each  month,  season,  and  the  year,  in  each  of 
these  four  divisions  of  the  State.  They  are  obtained  by  taking  the 
averages  of  the  stations  which  are  selected  as  representative  of  them. 
Thus,  that  of  the  first  is  the  average  of  the  mean  daily  temperature 
by  months,  as  recorded  at  Goshen  and  Port  Jervis,  in  Orange  county, 
N.  Y.,  and  Dover,  Morris  county.  The  same  method  is  used  to  get 
that  for  the  seasons  and  the  year.  The  figures  of  the  table  give  the 
degrees  and  tenths,  according  to  the  Fahrenheit  scale. 

This  table  exhibits  the  gradual  increase  in  the  mean  temperature  of 
the  months,  of  the  seasons,  and  of  the  year,  as  we  go  from  north 
towards  the  south,  or  from  the  Atlantic  coast  west-southwest.  This 
difference  between  the  Kittatinny  valley  and  the  southern  interior 
amounts  to  nearly  one  month  in  the  early  spring,  i.  e.  the  temperature 
of  February  in  the  latter  is  nearly  as  high  as  that  of  March  in  the 
former.  The  differences  of  the  seasons  in  the  several  provinces  are  not 
so  great  as  in  individual  months.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  there 
is  a difference  of  nearly  one  month  in  the  spring,  and  a half  month 
in  the  late  autumn  or  at  the  beginning  of  the  winter.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  ranges  from  47°. 41  in  the  north  to  52°. 6 at  the 
southwest,  a difference  of  about  5°,  corresponding  to  3°  of  latitude, 
or  slightly  more  than  the  difference  between  the  extreme  north  and 
south  ends  of  the  State.*  New  Jersey  stands  at  the  eastern  end 
and  near  the  south  limit  of  the  populous  belt  of  our  country,  lying 
between  the  annual  means  of  45°  and  55°  of  heat,  and  comprising 
the  New  England  States,  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  and  the  northern 
half  of  the  great  Mississippi  valley. 

A graphical  representation  of  the  table  is  given  in  Plate  1.  The 
figures  at  the  side  express  the  mean  temperature  in  degrees.  These 
are  connected  by  horizontal  lines.  The  months  are  represented  by 
vertical  lines.  The  several  divisions  are  represented  by  curved  lines, 
and  where  these  latter  cross  the  monthly  lines  we  have  the  temper- 
ature for  months.  The  curves  show  the  rapid  increase  of  heat  in  the 
spring,  particularly  in  April  and  May,  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  The 
more  gradual  rise  to  the  July  maximum,  and  the  varying  rate  of 
decline  to  August,  are  plainly  shown.  October  and  November  bring 

*The  latitude  of  Carpenter’s  Point  is  41°  21/  22.63//.  That  of  Cape  May  light- 
house is  38°  55'  50",  a difference  of  2°  25'  32",  equivalent  to  167.4  miles. 


Pl-f\TE  /. 


330  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


the  curves  nearer  together,  as  the  heat  decreases.  The  greatest  diver- 
gence appears  in  the  winter  months. 

The  difference  in  mean  temperature  in  the  spring  months  has  a 
marked  effect  upon  vegetation,  and  the  flowering  of  fruit  trees  is 
about  three  weeks  earlier  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State 
than  on  the  Highlands.  The  small  fruits  also  come  earlier,  and  are 
marketed  before  the  picking  begins  in  the  central  and  northern 
counties.  Early  vegetables  are  produced  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  as  early  as  in  Virginia.  Melons,  sweet  potatoes  and  other 
semi-tropical  products,  which  thrive  so  well  in  the  central  and  southern 
counties,  are  scarcely  attempted  in  the  extreme  north.  There  appears 
to  be  a difference  of  a week  or  so  between  Lambertville  and  the  im- 
mediate Delaware  River  valley,  and  places  in  the  interior  and  eastern 
side  of  the  State,  on  the  same  parallels  of  latitude,  in  the  earlier 
blossoming  of  certain  plants  and  fruit  trees.*  But  further  observa- 
tions are  needed  to  indicate  the  extent  of  these  differences  of  locality 
within  our  borders.  The  floras  of  the  northern  and  southern  counties 
differ  widely,  but  how  much  is  due  to  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  to 
proximity  to  the  ocean  water,  and  what  is  strictly  owing  to  differences 
in  heat,  cannot  be  determined  as  yet  with  accuracy. 

Following  the  isothermal  lines  of  our  State  westward  they  diverge 
widely.  The  lines  for  the  summers  on  our  coast  correspond  with 
those  for  Northern  and  Central  New  York,  and  the  region  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  while  those  of  the  southern  interior  correspond  with  the  valley 
of  the  Ohio  and  Southern  Missouri.  The  isocheimal  or  winter  lines 
of  the  coast  and  of  the  southern  end  of  the  State  also  bend  southward, 
and  follow  the  same  general  direction  as  the  isotherals,  or  lines  of 
equal  heat,  for  the  summer.  They  show  a milder  climate  than  that 
of  the  same  belt  of  latitude  west  of  the  State,  and  beyond  the  Appala- 
chians. This  ameliorating  influence  is  due  to  the  proximity  to  the 
ocean ; and  the  same  cause  acts  in  summer  to  lessen  the  heat,  partic- 
ularly on  the  seashore. 

* According  to  13  years’  observations  at  Perth  Amboy  (1819-1831),  the  mean  date 
of  blossoming  of  peach  was  April  21st,  and  of  apple  May  2d.  Thirteen  years  observed 
at  Lambertville  (1840-1855),  gave  the  mean  dates  of  April  14th  for  peach,  and  April 
26th  for  apple. — Blodgett's  Climatology,  p.  507. 

Observations  for  same  years  (1844-1857,  inclusive,)  at  both  places  show  similar 
differences  of  0 to  13  days  in  blossoming  of  peach,  cherry  and  apple. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


331 


I.  HIGHLANDS  AND  KITTATINNY  VALLEY. 

This  division  of  the  State  is  peculiarly  the  mountainous  one,  and 
outside  of  it,  to  the  south,  there  are  no  elevations  of  900  feet  above 
tide-level.  It  includes  the  Kittatinny  or  Blue  mountain  on  the  north- 
west, which  rises  to  a maximum  height  of  1,800  feet  near  the  New 
York  State  line.  It  comprises  the  Highland  ridges  and  the  included 
valleys.  And,  in  short,  it  may  be  said  to  be  that  part  of  the  great 
Appalachian  chain  which  is  comprised  between  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania,  within  the  bounds  of  New  Jersey.  The  Ringwood, 
Rockaway  and  Longwood  valleys,  the  Succasunna  plains,  German 
valley,  Musconetcong,  Pohatcong  and  Pequest  valleys  are  the  princi- 
pal depressions  in  the  Highland  plateau  or  table-land.  Their  general 
trend  is  northeast  and  southwest,  conformable  to  that  of  the  ridges. 
The  crests  of  the  mountains  are  from  300  to  600  feet  above  the 
valleys,  and  are  remarkable  for  their  uniform  elevation.  And  the 
average  height  above  the  ocean  is  900  to  1,200  feet  on  the  southeast, 
and  1,000  to  1,400  feet  on  the  northwest.  Budd’s  lake,  Lake 
Hopatcong  and  Wawayanda  lake  lie  in  rather  shallow  depressions  in 
it.  The  whole  district  may  be  viewed  as  a table-land  from  900  to 
1,500  feet  high. 

The  Kittatinny  valley  is  a section  of  the  great  valley  which,  from 
Canada  to  Alabama,  is  known  as  a continuous  valley,  under  various 
local  names.  It  lies  between  the  Highlands  on  the  southeast  and  the 
Kittatinny  mountain  on  the  northwest.  At  the  Wallkill,  on  the  New 
York  line,  its  height  is  only  383  feet ; at  Belvidere,  on  the  Delaware 
river,  it  is  only  235  feet  above  tide,  but  in  some  of  the  slate  ridges  it 
attains  a height  of  about  1,000  feet. 

The  surface  of  the  Highlands  at  the  southwest,  in  Hunterdon  and 
in  parts  of  Warren  and  of  Morris  counties,  is  marked  by  its  smooth 
and  uniform  slopes,  and  it  is  largely  in  farms  and  under  cultivation, 
whereas  to  the  northeast,  in  Sussex  and  in  Passaic,  and,  in  general, 
north  of  the  line  of  the  terminal  moraine,  the  glacial  effect  has  been 
such  as  to  leave  it  much  more  uneven  and  rocky,  and  consequently 
unsuitable  for  easy  cultivation.  And  probably  75  per  cent,  of  its 
area  there  is  still  in  forest.  The  drainage  of  that  portion  lying  to 
the  south  of  the  drift  line  is  rapid,  and  there  are  no  large  tracts  of 
wet  or  swampy  lands  as  are  found  north  of  it.  For  a description  of 
the  marked  differences  of  surface  features  between  these  sections  of 


332  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


the  Highlands,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  last  annual  report  of  the 
Geological  Survey. 

In  the  Kittatinny  valley  the  surface  is  very  generally  cultivated, 
and  three-fourths  of  the  area  is  cleared  and  in  farms. 

The  Kittatinny,  or  Blue  mountain,  remains  an  almost  unbroken 
forest  belt. 

These  diversities  of  surface,  the  differences  in  height  above  the 
ocean,  the  configuration  or  shape  and  the  trend  of  the  valleys  and 
ridges,  all  tend  to  produce  differences  of  climate,  although  so  small  as 
scarcely  to  be  detected  among  our  few  and  short  series  of  observa- 
tions. As  stated  in  the  introduction,  other  things  being  equal,  the 
mean  temperature  decreases  about  1°  for  every  300  feet  of  increase 
in  height.  Applying  this  rule,  we  should  expect  to  find  that 
of  the  Highlands  about  2°  below  that  of  the  Kittatinny  and  other 
valleys,  which  are  included  among  the  Highlands.  And  at  the 
same  rate  of  decrease  the  crest  of  the  Kittatinny  mountain  would 
have  a mean  temperature  of  3°  or  4°  below  the  valleys  on  either 
side.  That  it  is  more  exposed  to  the  wind  and  sensibly  cooler,  is 
well  known  and  observed  by  the  visitors  to  the  Delaware  Water  Gap 
and  to  High  Point.*  But  the  range  is  so  narrow  that  the  warm  cur- 
rents of  the  day  cannot  be  cooled  very  much  in  their  rapid  passage 
up  its  comparatively  short  slopes  and  over  its  crest.  The  westerly 
winds  coming  from  off  the  more  wooded  and  mountainous  country  to 
the  north  and  west  are  probably  less  heated  than  the  same  currents 
are  after  their  passage  across  the  Kittatinny  valley.  The  differences 
are  no  doubt  greater,  as  felt,  than  instruments  would  record.  The 
earlier  snowfalls  on  the  Blue  mountain  at  the  beginning  of  winter 
show  that  the  average  temperature  is  lower.  And  the  snow-covered 
crest  is  a common  phenomenon  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  valley  when 
that  is  yet  bare. 

The  valley  of  the  Delaware,  from  Port  Jervis  to  the  Water  Gap, 
experiences  high  summer  temperatures,  although  we  have  no  records 
excepting  that  of  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y.,  at  the  extreme  northern  end  of 
the  State.  Its  average  monthly  temperature  for  the  summer  months 
is  as  low  as  that  of  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  which  is  in  the  Kittatinny  valley 
and  on  nearly  the  same  parallel  of  latitude.  It  corresponds  closely 

* The  same  range,  as  it  continues  in  New  York  State,  and  is  known  as  Shawangunk 
mountain,  is  found  to  be  somewhat  cooler  than  the  valley  on  the  south.  Observations 
at  the  noted  summer  resorts  of  Lakes  Mohonk  and  Minnewaski,  in  Ulster  county, 
show  it. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


333 


with  that  of  Dover,  in  Morris  county.  The  winter  appears  to  be  2° 
to  3°  colder  than  at  the  latter  place.  Compared  with  Easton,  Pa., 
and  Phillipsburg,  on  the  Delaware,  the  winter  is  colder  and  the  sum- 
mer months  also.  This  valley  is  much  visited  in  summer  and 
autumn  by  tourists  who  seek  comfort,  pleasure  and  health  in  its 
attractive  localities.  The  beautiful  and  wild  scenery,  and  the  fishing 
and  hunting,  for  all  of  which  it  is  noted,  divert  the  attention  so  that 
the  extremes  which  are  sometimes  reported  are  not  felt  seriously. 
The  greater  coolness  of  the  nights,  especially  in  the  summer,  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  our  cities  near  the  sea-board,  enable  one  to  endure 
the  same  extremes  by  day  with  much  more  comfort.  As  compared 
with  Newark,  the  Port  Jervis  record  shows  that  the  winter  is  4°  to  5° 
colder  in  the  monthly  averages,  while  the  summer  is  3°  to  4°  cooler. 
The  extreme  range  of  temperature  is  greater,  reaching  8°  to  10°,  due 
mainly  to  the  lower  minima  in  the  winter. 

No  meteorological  observations  are  known  to  have  been  kept  on  the 
Kittatinny  or  Blue  mountain,  excepting  at  the  U.  S.  C.  S.  station,  at 
Culver’s  Gap,  in  Sussex  county,  where  tri-daily  observations  on  tem- 
perature were  made  from  August  19th  to  September  29th,  1881,  by 
A.  A.  Titsworth,  M.S.  In  that  time  a maximum  of  102°  was  reached 
(the  thermometer  hanging  in  the  shade  in  the  open  air)  on  the  7th  of 
September.  The  minimum  and  the  daily  means  differ  but  little  from 
those  recorded  by  Mr.  Whitehead,  at  Newark.  But  no  conclusions 
about  mean  temperature  can  be  drawn  from  this  record.  The  night 
and  morning  hours  in  still  weather  on  this  crest  would  probably  give 
higher  readings  than  the  valleys  on  each  side,  in  consequence  of  the 
colder  and  denser  strata  of  air  settling  in  these  valleys,  leaving  the 
warmer  air  about  the  mountain  tops. 

In  the  Kittatinny  valley  and  the  Highlands  we  have  records  at  the 
following  localities: 


Deckertown,  Sussex  county 7 months. 

Newton,  Sussex  county 8 months. 

Dodge  Mine,  Morris  county 1 year,  6 months. 

Dover,  Morris  county 5 years,  4 months. 

Mount  Olive,  Morris  county 4 months. 

Phillipsburg,  Warren  county 5 years  (in  part). 


The  periods  covered  by  these  records  are  so  short  that  it  has  seemed 
necessary  to  add  to  them  that  of  Goshen,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  which 
is  11  years  in  length,  and  that  of  Easton,  Pa.,  7 years  long.  Goshen 


334  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


is  12  miles  from  the  State  line,  but  the  valley  there  has  the  same 
general  features  as  in  Sussex  county,  and  hence  it  seems  fair  to  assume 
that  it  is  representative  of  the  northern  part  of  our  Kittatinny  valley. 
Easton  is  at  the  extreme  southwest,  separated  by  the  river  only  from 
our  territory.  It  may  stand  for  the  lower  or  southwest  parts  of  our 
Musconetcong  and  Pohatcong  valleys,  as  well  as  the  Kittatinny  valley. 
These  two  stations  may  represent  that  part  of  the  great  Kittatinny 
valley,  which  is  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  The  Goshen  record 
shows  that  the  winter  minima  fall  5°  to  30°  below  zero;  and  the 
summer  maxima  reach  96°  above  zero.  The  Easton  records  have  the 
extreme  range  from  14J°  below  to  102°  above  zero.  The  mean  tem- 
peratures at  Dodge  Mine  and  at  Dover  have  been  compared  with  the 
Newark  record,  for  the  same  periods,  and  then  reduced  so  as  to  give 
more  fairly  comparable  averages  for  the  Highlands.  As  compared 
with  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  the  observations  at  the  Dodge  Mine  run  nearly 
alike  in  the  winter  months ; the  differences  in  autumn  and  summer 
are  small ; the  spring  months  are  colder  at  the  latter  place.  Possibly 
the  later  melting  of  the  winter's  snows  in  that  wooded,  mountain 
district,  retards  the  advance  of  heat  in  the  spring.  The  record  at 
Dover  shows  an  average  monthly  temperature  of  2°.4  above  that  at 
the  Dodge  Mine.  It  appears  to  represent  a Highland  valley;  and, 
with  Easton,  Pa.,  these  valleys  are  fairly  represented.  It  is  noticeable 
that  these  two  stations  agree  closely  in  the  averages  for  the  colder 
months ; whereas,  during  the  warmer  part  of  the  year,  the  mean 
monthly  temperature  at  Easton  varies  from  2°  to  4°  above  that  of 
Dover.  The  records  are  too  short  to  afford  data  for  the  extreme 
ranges  of  temperature ; and,  in  order  to  get  a longer  series  from  the 
Highlands,  that  of  West  Point,  on  the  Hudson  river,  and  near  tide- 
level,  has  been  inserted  in  the  tables  of  temperature.  Its  wide  range 
agrees  with  that  of  Goshen,  in  the  same  county — our  Kittatinny  Valley 
station.  As  compared  with  Newark,  the  Highlands  have  an  average 
monthly  temperature  2°  to  6°  lower,  being  greatest  in  autumn. 

In  general,  the  climate  of  the  Highlands  is  not  marked  by  excessive 
extremes  of  temperature.  The  spring  opens  a few  days  later  than 
it  does  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  Red  Sandstone  plain,  but  it  advances 
rapidly,  so  that  May  is  nearly  as  warm,  and  vegetation  on  the  first  of 
June  is  quite  as  forward,  as  on  the  lower  lands.*  The  summer  is  not 

* On  Schooley’s  mountain  the  spring  is  five  to  eight  days  later  than  it  is  in  the 
Musconetcong  valley,  and  the  wheat  and  rye  harvests  are  nearly  as  much  later. — Wm. 
W.  Marsh , of  Schooley’s  Mountain. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


i 335 


marked  by  so  great  extremes  of  heat,  and  hence  the  hot  weather  is 
much  more  endurable.  The  attractiveness  of  Schooley’s  mountain, 
Budd’s  lake,  Lake  Hopatcong,  Newfoundland  and  Chester,  is  no 
doubt  greatly  owing  to  the  absence  of  excessively  high  temperature 
in  midsummer.  But  more  marked  are  the  lower  night  temperatures, 
and  all  travelers  and  tourists  going  from  our  cities  into  the  Highlands 
notice  the  cooler  and  more  refreshing  nights,  and  thereby  experience 
the  relief  which  comes  from  such  a delightful  change.  In  the  winter 
the  lowest  temperatures  are  but  little  below  those  observed  in  Newark 
and  the  central  part  of  the  State,  although  the  average  minimum  may 
run  uniformly  lower  than  in  the  latter.  It  is  said  by  observers  of 
the  weather  that  the  extremely  low  winter  temperatures  on  the  hills 
are  often  several  degrees  above  what  is  recorded  at  such  times  in  the 
adjacent  valleys.  This  striking  phenomenon  has  been  particularly 
observed  on  Schooley’s  mountain,  which  has  the  deep  German  and 
Musconetcong  valleys  on  its  sides.  Such  phenomena  accord  with 
what  has  been  observed  elsewhere  in  mountainous  countries,  and  they 
harmonize  with  the  explanation  given  on  a preceding  page  in  refer- 
ence to  the  Kittatinny  mountain.  The  frosts  come  later  in  autumn 
on  the  hills  and  ridges  of  the  Highlands  than  they  do  in  the  valleys. 
But  the  low  aud  wet,  swampy  depressions  among  the  hills,  especially 
north  of  the  terminal  moraine,  are  not  thus  favored.  In  some  of  the 
wet  localities  in  Sussex  county  frosts  have  been  known  to  occur  in 
August.  This  exemption  from  frost  is  more  marked  to  the  south- 
west, in  Hunterdon  and  Warren  counties  and  the  southern  part  of 
Morris  county.  Generally  there  are  no  frosts  which  injure  vegetation 
much  before  October,  and  in  some  years  none  are  severe  before  the 
first  of  November.  The  most  remarkable  and  striking  difference 
between  the  Highlands  and  the  Red  Sandstone  plain,  to  the  south  and 
east  of  them,  is  the  earlier  appearance  of  snow  in  the  late  autumn  or 
at  the  beginning  of  winter.  The  same  storm  bringing  rain  to  the 
latter,  covers  the  higher  mountain  ranges  with  snow.  This  first  coming 
of  snow  is  often  a fortnight  earlier ; and  the  sleighing  season  begins 
earlier  and  continues  later  than  it  does  in  the  central  or  eastern  parts 
of  the  State.  Even  between  Schooley’s  mountain  and  Hackettstown 
there  is  often  all  the  difference  between  good  sleighing  and  roads  bare 
of  snow.  From  New  Brunswick  a like  difference  between  the  red 
shales  of  the  Raritan  valley,  and  the  snow-covered  Chester  and  Fox 
hills  ranges  in  the  northwestern  horizon,  is  often  observed.  As  the 


336  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


weather  grows  colder  this  distinctive  mark  is  obliterated  by  the  winter 
storms,  which  sweep  over  the  whole  country  and  envelope  all  alike 
in  snow. 

In  the  winter  the  cold  is  not  sensibly  greater  than  in  the  lowlands, 
although  the  minima  recorded  at  Goshen  and  Easton  and  West  Point 
run  several  degrees  below  those  of  Newark,  New  Brunswick  and 
Trenton.  And  this  is  true  in  the  face  of  much  longer  periods  at  the 
latter  places,  giving  opportunity  for  lower  extremes.  The  West  Point 
series,  so  much  longer,  appears  to  confirm  the  occurrence  of  low  winter 
temperatures  in  the  valleys.  The  northeast  and  southwest  courses  of 
these  valleys  in  a measure  protect  them  and  permit  the  free  movement 
of  warm,  southwest  currents  of  air  through  them,  far  into  the  High- 
lands. The  northwest  sides  of  the  valleys  are  sheltered,  as  it  were, 
by  the  steep  hills  and  mountains  to  the  west  of  them.  The  southern 
slopes  are  more  nearly  exposed  to  the  perpendicular  action  of  the  sun's 
rays,  and  thereby  more  quickly  warmed  than  those  to  the  north.  The 
greater  depth  of  the  snow  in  the  spring,  on  the  northerly  mountain 
slopes,  shows  the  less  active  melting  influence  of  the  sun  on  that  side 
of  the  hills  generally. 

The  well-drained  surface  of  the  more  southern  part  of  the  High- 
lands, and  the  more  porous  and  drier  gneissic  soils  must  have  some 
influence  upon  the  humidity  and  the  temperature  of  the  air,  and  upon 
the  general  healthfulness  of  the  country.  Then,  again,  the  greater 
proportion  of  cultivated  area,  as  compared  with  forest,  makes  the  sur- 
face drier  and  so  affects,  indirectly,  the  climate.  To  the  north  of  the 
terminal  moraine  line  there  is  much  more  wet  and  swampy  land  and 
a much  greater  area  covered  by  forest.  These  unite  in  making  the 
air  more  damp,  and  their  effect  is,  as  has  been  stated  in  the  introduc- 
tion, to  lower  the  temperature  slightly. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  we  have  so  few  meteorological  stations  in  this 
part  of  the  State,  since  it  would  be  of  great  interest  and  of  public 
importance  to  show  by  figures  the  differences  which  are  here  indicated 
by  general  statements  only.  And  not  only  to  demonstrate  these  posi- 
tions, but  to  exhibit  the  features  of  climate,  which  make  the  High- 
lands so  attractive  for  tourists  and  for  rural  homes  and  retreats,  and 
so  comfortable  and  health-giving  to  both  the  natives  and  also  to  the 
invalids  who  seek  strength  and  health  on  these  hills. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


337 


II.  RED  SANDSTONE  PLAIN. 

Under  this  head  is  placed  the  middle  (or  more  properly,  the  north 
central)  division  of  the  State,  and  which  is  coincident  with  the  limits 
of  the  new  Red  Sandstone  formation.  The  larger  part  of  Passaic, 
Somerset,  Morris,  Hunterdon,  Mercer,  Middlesex,  Union,  Essex, 
Hudson  and  Bergen  counties  are  in  it.  And  it  has  a breadth  of  15 
to  30  miles,  and  stretches  south-southwest  and  west- south  west,  to  the 
Delaware  river.  As  compared  with  the  deeply-furrowed  and  moun- 
tainous Highlands  on  its  northwest  border,  it  seems  as  it  were,  a great 
plain.  But  its  surface  is  diversified  by  gently-swelling  ridges  and 
by  jagged  and  steeply-sloping  trap-rock  hills  and  mountains.  They 
divide  it  into  subordinate  valleys.  The  Upper  Passaic  valley  is  one 
of  them  thus  shut  in  by  trap- rock  ranges.  In  the  central  part  of 
Hunterdon  county,  between  the  South  Branch  and  the  Delaware, 
there  is  an  elevated  district  or  kind  of  table-land.  The  Round  val- 
ley, near  White  House,  is  a small  but  notable  example  of  another  of 
these  valleys.  At  present  it  is  impossible  to  show  any  differences  in 
temperature,  or  climate,  which  these  natural  divisions  suggest. 

The  general  slope  of  the  plain  is  southward,  from  the  border  of 
the  Highlands,  where  the  height  is  300  to  400  feet,  to  tide-level  on 
southeast  and  east. 

The  trap-rock  ridges  rise  200  to  500  feet  above  the  adjacent  Red 
Sandstone  country,  culminating  in  High  mountain,  at  879  feet,  and  in 
the  Watchung  mountains,  at  691  feet.  The  Palisade  mountain  range 
is  300  to  522  feet  high..  These  mountains  are  nearly  all  still  in 
forest,  whereas  the  plain  has  scarcely  any  forests  left,  excepting  in 
Bergen  and  Morris  counties.  In  the  absence  of  comparative  records, 
it  is  not  possible  to  show  what  the  differences  in  temperature  are 
between  the  Palisades  and  the  low-lying  country  on  the  west.  The 
valley  of  the  Upper  Passaic  also  ought  to  have  a slightly  different 
range  in  temperature  and  rainfall,  as  well  as  in  other  climatic  ele- 
ments. No  doubt  there  are  differences,  corresponding  to  what  is 
known  to  exist  between  the  Highlands  and  its  included  valleys.  A 
difference  is  noticed  in  the  frosts  and  in  the  early  winter  snows  which 
whiten  the  hills,  when  the  plain  to  the  east  is  still  bare.  Certain  it  is 
that  the  residents  of  Madison,  Caldwell  and  Orange  mountain  believe 
that  their  rural  homes  are  more  comfortable  during  the  hot  weather 
than  residences  in  Newark  or  New  York.  But  the  more  open  situa- 

w 


338  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


tions  in  the  country,  which  allow  a free  circulation  of  the  air,  are  an 
advantage  which  may  offset  mere  temperature.  The  measurement  of 
the  total  air  movement,  or  the  winds,  would  show  a great  difference 
in  favor  of  these  hills.  The  greater  percentage  of  area  in  forest  on 
the  trap-rock  ridges  also  exerts  an  ameliorating  effect  in  the  warmer 
months.  The  hot,  southerly  winds,  striking  the  mountain  tops  and 
passing  over  woodland  whose  soil  is  not  parched  and  dried  up  by 
long-continued  drought  and  heat,  are  sensibly  cooled. 

The  country  to  the  west  and  southwest  of  the  Watchung  mountain 
ranges,  and  which  is  drained  by  the  Raritan,  is  a low-lying  plain, 
almost  bare  of  timber,  and  it  is,  consequently,  exposed  to  both  the 
full  sweep  of  the  winds,  and  to  the  heating  effect  of  the  sun’s  rays. 
It  is  subject  to  the  extreme  temperatures  of  the  summer,  whilst  the 
greater  part  of  it  is  too  far  from  the  ocean  to  enjoy  its  equalizing 
influences.  The  records  of  New  Brunswick  and  Trenton  give  high 
summer  temperatures,  not  exceeded  by  any  other  records  in  our  table. 
The  remarkably  large  area  almost  entirely  destitute  of  forest,  and  the 
quick-drying  shale  and  sandstone  soils,  allow  of  an  accumulation  of 
heat  in  them.  And  it  seems  as  if  there  was  some  connection  between 
the  soil  and  the  lateness  of  the  frosts  in  autumn,  which  keep  off 
longer  than  they  do  in  the  Highlands  and  the  Kittatinny  valley. 
The  mean  difference  in  temperature  due  to  this  bared  condition  of 
the  country  can  amount  to  1°.3,  as  mentioned  above. 

West  of  the  South  Branch  and  north  of  Flemington  there  is  a table- 
land 500  to  800  feet  high,  and  occupying  an  area  of  nearly  150  square 
miles.  The  Delaware  flows  along  its  southwest  border,  or,  more 
properly,  it  may  be  said  to  flow  through  it,  as  the  elevated  country 
•continues  westward  into  Pennsylvania,  and  the  river  has  eroded  a 
deep  canon-like  valley  through  it  from  above  Milford  to  Lambert- 
ville.  Such  an  average  height  must  reduce  the  mean  temperature  at 
least  1°,  as  compared  with  Lambertville  and  Trenton,  or  other  locali- 
ties in  the  lower  surrounding  country.  But  we  possess  no  meteoro- 
logical records  from  it. 

The  Red  Sandstone  plain  has  a well-drained  and  naturally  dry  soil, 
excepting  in  the  Upper  Passaic  valley,  where  there  are  extensive 
tracts  of  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  and  some  smaller  areas  of  wet 
lands  in  Union  county.  These  are  all  north  of  the  terminal  moraine 
line.  There  is  also  more  forest,  in  proportion  to  the  whole  surface,  in 
the  country  to  the  north  of  the  same  line  than  in  the  central  or 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


339 


western  parts.  The  trap-rock  soils  are  all  cold,  and  generally  wet, 
even  when  cleared  and  cultivated.  The  effect  of  these  variations  in 
the  soil,  though  slight,  cannot  be  wholly  ignored.  They  are  capable 
of  measurement  in  the  Upper  Passaic  valley,  and  on  the  Watchung 
mountains,  if  not  elsewhere. 

The  varying  distances  from  the  ocean  also  have  their  influence. 
The  records  of  Bloomfield,  Newark  and  South  Orange,  when  com- 
pared month  by  month  with  New  Brunswick,  Somerville  and  New 
Germantown,  show  the  more  even  temperatures  at  the  former, 
amounting  to  a little  over  1°  for  the  autumn  and  winter,  whereas  in 
the  spring  and  summer  the  variation  is  reduced  to  a minimum. 

These  disturbing  or  modifying  elements  in  the  several  parts  of 
this  province  or  division  of  the  State  are  not  so  marked  in  their 
results  that  we  can  do  more  than  indicate  a probable  further  sub- 
division, according  to  the  well-marked  natural  lines  mentioned  above. 

For  the  list  of  stations,  with  their  elevation  and  length  of  observ- 
ing period,  as  also  names  of  the  observers,  reference  must  be  had  to 
the  folded  table  of  temperature.  The  greater  number  of  stations 
and  their  long  series,  as  compared  with  the  scanty  records  of  the 
Highlands,  are  noteworthy.  But  this  is  the  densely-populated  belt 
of  the  State,  and  there  are  living  on  it  650,000  inhabitants,  or  more 
than  half  of  the  people  of  our  State.  Its  climate  affects  tbe  majority 
of  our  population,  and  hence  the  importance  of  records  from  so  many 
localities. 

The  mean  temperature,  by  months  and  seasons,  at  the  several 
stations,  together  with  the  maximum  and  minimum  for  the  months 
and  year,  are  given  in  Table  of  Temperature.  And  the  mean  tem- 
perature for  the  five  principal  stations,  which  represent  fairly  this 
part  of  the  State, Is  given  in  the  first  table  on  page  327.  The  annual 
mean  temperature  is  50°. 6,  or  about  the  average  for  the  whole  State. 
The  figures  from  the  several  station  records  vary  from  one  another 
to  the  extent  of  2°  in  the  averages  for  the  months.  Thus, 
New  Germantown,  near  the  northwest  border,  has  the  lowest  tem- 
perature of  these  stations  of  longer  records.  And  the  difference  is 
mainly  in  the  autumn  and  winter  months.  Readington,  with  a 
shorter  record,  is  marked  by  higher  temperature  than  New  Brunswick, 
but  a further  and  longer  term  of  observing  may  show  less  contrast 
between  these  places.  The  closer  correspondence  between  Somerville 
and  New  Brunswick,  seems  to  indicate  that  the  record  for  Reading- 


340  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


ton  is  abnormally  high  in  its  averages  for  the  months.  Comparing 
Lambertville,  on  the  Delaware  river,  with  Newark,  both  of  which 
are  long  series,  the  monthly  and  seasonal  averages  agree  quite  closely. 
The  only  notable  difference  is  in  the  autumn,  which,  at  Newark,  is 
nearly  2°  warmer  than  the  same  season  at  Lambertville.  The  cor- 
respondence throughout  all  the  monthly  averages  for  Newark  and 
Paterson,  is  remarkable,  especially  in  view  of  the  wide  margin  in  the 
rainfall  comparison  of  these  cities.  The  long  records  at  Morrisville, 
Pennsylvania,  opposite  Trenton,  and  at  Fallsington,  in  Bucks  county, 
also  in  Pennsylvania,  are  inserted  in  the  long  table  on  temperature. 
And  they  may  be  taken  to  represent  the  southwestern  end  of  this 
division  better  than  the  Trenton  observations.  They  indicate  about 
a degree  warmer  average  winter  temperature  than  that  of  New 
Brunswick.  And  the  more  luxuriant  growth  of  the  common  ivy  at 
Trenton  than  at  the  latter  city  also  proves  a milder  winter.  The 
range  of  temperature  for  the  year  at  these  stations  near  the  Delaware 
and  at  New  Brunswick,  is  slightly  greater  than  it  is  at  Newark  or  at 
points  on  the  waters  of  New  York  and  Raritan  bays. 

The  climate  of  this  belt,  so  far  as  temperature  is  concerned,  ap- 
proaches nearest  to  what  may  be  considered  an  average  of  the  State. 
There  is  greater  uniformity  of  surface  than  in  that  of  the  Highlands, 
and  there  is  less  forest  in  proportion  to  the  whole  area,  than  in  any 
other  division  of  the  State.  The  range  of  temperature  for  the  year 
is,  however,  larger  than  in  the  other  climatic  provinces,  stretching 
from  22°  below  zero  to  103°  above,  or  125°  for  the  year.  These 
figures  are  the  results  derived  from  long  series  of  observations 
stretching  over  half  a century,  whilst  in  the  other  parts  of  the  State 
we  are  confined  to  much  shorter  periods.  The  monthly  variations 
also  are  wide,  and  ranges  of  70°  in  a given  month  have  been  recorded. 
March  generally  affords  the  greatest  extremes,  owing  to  sudden  warm 
periods  of  short  duration,  when  the  thermometer  reaches  an  unusually 
high  maximum.  The  winter  months  also  have  wide  ranges,  due  to 
extremes  in  both  directions  from  the  mean  temperature.  While  there 
are  these  high  monthly  ranges,  the  climate  is  not  excessive.  The 
winters  are  less  severe  than  they  are  in  the  Highlands,  and  are  not 
quite  so  long.  And  occasionally  they  are  very  mild,  and  the  ground 
is  unfrozen  and  the  streams  are  free  from  ice,  even  in  midwinter. 
The  cold  weather  usually  comes  about  the  holidays,  and  is  accom- 
panied with  the  formation  of  thick  ice  and  snow.  A common  phe- 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


341 


nomenon  is  the  “ January  thaw,”  which  may  be  termed  a period  of  a 
week  or  ten  days  of  mild  weather,  when  the  frost  disappears  almost 
entirely  from  the  ground  and  ice  breaks  up  in  the  streams,  giving  rise 
to  freshets.  The  examination  of  long-continued  observations  has  so 
far  failed  to  detect  any  regularity  in  the  occurrence  of  such  a warm 
spell.  All  that  can  be  said  of  it  is  that  it  is  not  uncommon. 

The  coldest  weather  occurs  most  generally  in  January  and  the 
middle  of  the  month,  but  to  this  rule  there  are  many  exceptions. 

In  the  winter  of  1880-1881  the  cold  day  was  the  last  of  December. 
The  winter  may  be  said  to  continue  until  the  middle  of  March.  The 
advance  of  the  spring  is  generally  slow  until  the  latter  part  of  April 
or  first  of  May ; but  from  that  time  onward  it  is  rapid.  Both  the 
spring  and  autumn  are  shorter  than  our  calendar  seasons ; and  the 
more  natural  divisions  of  the  year  for  all  the  central  part  of  the  State 
would  be,  winter  until  the  vernal  equinox,  three  and  a half  months ; 
spring  until  June,  two  and  a half  months;  summer  until  near  the 
autumnal  equinox,  or  to  the  middle  of  September,  three  and  a half 
months;  then  autumn  until  first  of  December.  The  cold  and  hot 
seasons  cover  more  than  one-half  of  the  year.  A reference  to  the 
diagram,  Plate  1,  will  illustrate  this  statement.  The  period  free  from 
frosts,  or  what  may  be  termed  the  growing  season,  often  continues 
quite  into  October,  and  sometimes  to  November.  Frosts  have  been 
known  earlier,  as  in  such  an  exceptional  year  as  that  of  1816.  But 
the  three  summer  months  are,  practically,  exempt  from  any  frost. 

The  winter  usually  begins  about  the  first  of  December,  when  the 
ground  begins  to  freeze  and  ice  is  formed.  In  November  there  is  a 
variable  period  of  warm  and  smoky  weather,  which  is  known  as 
“ Indian  Summer/’  apparently  due  to  smoke  from  forest  fires  in  the 
more  wooded  districts  to  the  north  and  northwest.  The  subject  of  its 
occurrence  has  been  studied  elsewhere,  and  at  Toronto,  in  Canada,  a 
long  series  of  observations  appears  to  show  that  its  occurrence  is 
limited  to  the  period  of  October  5th  to  November  23d,  generally 
coming  October  27th  tq  November  2d,  and  lasting  six  and  a half  days. 
Here  in  this  belt,  as  in  the  northern  and  also  in  the  southern  interior 
belts  or  provinces,  the  so-called  “ Indian  Summer  ” is  always  antici- 
pated, although  the  cold  preceding  it  may  have  the  semblance  of  early 
winter.  Snow  sufficient  for  sleighing,  for  a short  period  at  least, 
occurs  every  winter.  In  this  particular  the  belt  marks  a transition 
from  the  Highlands,  where  sleighing  snows  mark  every  winter,  to  the 


342  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


southern  interior,  where  there  may  pass  a winter  without  sleighing. 
That  of  1879  and  ’80  was  remarkable  for  its  slight  depth  of  snow, 
and  its  generally  warm  weather.  Reference  to  the  historical  notes 
and  to  chronological  notes  of  the  weather  on  succeeding  pages  will 
afford  examples. 

III.  SOUTHERN  INTERIOR. 

In  the  northern  half  of  the  State  the  geological  structure  is  the 
basis  for  our  climatic  divisions.  In  the  southern  part  the  nearness 
to  the  waters  of  the  ocean  on  the  east,  and  to  the  Delaware  bay  on 
the  west  and  southwest,  exerts  a modifying  influence ; the  elevations 
above  ocean  level  are  comparatively  so  inconsiderable  that  they  may 
be  disregarded  altogether.  The  nature  of  the  surface  and  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  the  forest  disturb  but  slightly  the  climate,  as 
determined  by  latitude,  by  proximity  to  the  sea  and  by  prevailing 
winds. 

Under  this  head  all  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  is  included, 
except  the  narrow  belt  bordering  the  ocean  and  a part  of  Cape  May, 
which  make  the  fourth  climatic  province  of  this  description.  The 
limits  on  the  north  cannot  be  indicated  or  traced  except  in  an  approxi- 
mate way.  But  the  line  may  be  said  to  follow  the  Raritan  bay  and 
river  and  then  Lawrence’s  brook,  and  thence  a southwest  course  to  the 
Delaware  near  Trenton.  Of  course,  it  is  understood  that  all  of  these 
divisions  merge  gradually  into  one  another,  and  that  no  sharp  lines  of 
demarcation  are  possible. 

The  southern  part  of  the  State  has  an  average  height  of  200  feet 
along  the  divide  between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Delaware  river. 
The  surface  slopes  gently  each  way  to  these  waters  and  to  the  Dela- 
ware bay  at  the  southwest.  There  are  no  rocky  outcrops  nor  any 
steep  slopes,  as  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The  surface  is 
gently-rolling  to  hilly,  and  the  elevations  have  no  measurable  effect 
upon  the  temperature,  so  far  as  our  records  show.  In  regard  to  the 
nature  of  the  soil,  it  is  in  general  comparatively  sandy.  And  the 
pine-land  belts  have  broad  expanses  of  glistening  white  sand  surface, 
on  which  there  is  a very  scanty  growth  of  pitch-pine  (P.  rigido),  and 
scattering,  scrubby  oaks.  They  are  parts  of  the  so-called  “ pine 
barrens 99  of  older  writers.  The  general  influence  of  soil  and  forests 
has  been  mentioned  in  the  introduction  and  referred  to  in  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  Highlands  and  of  the  Red  Sandstone  plain.  In  this 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


343 


province  their  influence  is  more  marked  than  to  the  northward,  on 
account  of  their  striking  peculiarities.  And  it  is  most  evident  in  the 
temperature  of  localities.  The  conductive  power  of  such  soils  and 
land  surfaces  is  such  that  they  become  intensely  heated  by  the  sun’s 
rays  falling  directly  upon  them,  both  more  rapidly  and  to  a greater 
depth  than  more  clayey  and  grass-covered  soils.  In  short,  they  are 
warm  soils.  They  often  become  so  hot  in  the  heat  of  the  day  as  to  be 
almost  unbearable  to  the  touch  of  the  bare  foot  or  hand.  The  stratum 
of  air  in  contact  wTith  so  hot  a surface  is  also  heated,  and  in  this 
way  the  lower  atmosphere  is  raised  to  a higher  temperature  than  it 
would  be  over  a cold,  wet  soil,  or  over  water.  The  influence  of  such 
a sandy  soil  is  both  heating  and  drying,  and  somewhat  like  that  of  a 
desert,  making  the  days  hot  and  the  nights,  owing  to  rapid  radiation 
of  the  heat,  cool,  and  producing  a wide  daily  range.  Hence,  also, 
the  occurrence  of  frosts  late  in  the  spring  and  early  in  the  autumn 
also.  The  heat  of  the  day  forces  vegetation  forward  early  in  the 
spring  and  then  the  cold  of  the  night  may  bring  frost  to  kill  it.* 
While  the  influence  of  so  sandy  a surface  is  greatest  in  the  pine-land 
belts,  it  is  felt  throughout  this  whole  division  to  some  extent.  The 
observations  at  Atco  and  Vineland  show  something  of  the  extremes 
of  temperature,  although  the  averages  of  the  daily  range  woqld  be 
more  expressive  of  their  extent.  As  it  is,  the  range  of  temperature 
during  the  year  varies  from  98°  to  116°  at  given  localities,  or  to  121° 
for  the  whole  of  South  Jersey.  And  a range  of  84°  within  a month’s 
time  has  occurred. 

The  mean  temperature  also  runs  high  in  the  summer,  particularly 
at  Atco  and  Vineland.  That  of  the  winter  is  not  correspondingly  so 
much  higher  than  like  months  or  seasons  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State. 

The  climate  of  this  large  division  varies  a little  from  north  to 
south,  being  warmer  at  the  southwest,  and  also  from  east  to  west, 
but  these  variations  are  confined  within  narrow  limits.  The  observa- 
tions at  Freehold  show  in  general  a lower  temperature  for  all  the 
months  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  stations.  It  is  possible  that 
the  difference  is  that  corresponding  to  that  of  latitude  alone.  Along 
the  Delaware  river  from  Bordentown  down,  there  is  a very  narrow 

* A remarkable  instance  of  late  frost  occurred  in  the  beginning  of  summer,  June  6th, 
1878,  which  was  felt  in  Ocean  and  Burlington  counties  severely.  The  tender  oak 
leaves  were  killed  and  fell  off  and  were  succeeded  by  a second  growth,  giving  to  the 
forests  a strangely  unseasonable  appearance. 


344  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


strip  of  country  which  is  influenced  by  the  proximity  of  the  river. 
The  prevailing  west  and  southwest  winds,  as  they  sweep  across  it,  are 
no  doubt  slightly  cooled  by  it,  in  the  summer  and  autumn  months, 
while  later  in  the  season  the  presence  of  such  a body  of  water  tends 
to  raise  the  temperature.  On  account  of  its  soil  it  is  noted  for  its 
adaptation  to  the  production  of  early  vegetables  and  small  fruits.  And 
truck  farmers  say  that  within  a short  distance  of  the  river  the  frosts 
are  not  so  late  in  spring,  and  keep  off  later  in  the  autumn  than  they 
do  further  from  it.  In  general,  the  climate  differs  little  from  that  of 
the  Red  Sandstone  plain,  described  above.  The  seasons  are  all  from 
one  to  three  degrees  warmer,  with  the  greater  difference  in  the  winter, 
owing  to  the  equalizing  effect  of  the  greater  nearness  to  the  ocean. 
There  is  less  snow,  on  the  average,  and  the  ground  is  bared  sooner  by 
the  more  rapid  melting.  The  winter  of  1880-81  was,  however,  an 
exception,  and  the  snowfall  in  Monmouth  county  was  nearly  twice 
the  depth  of  that  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  For  the  details 
of  localities  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  table  on  temperature,  which 
gives  the  mean  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures,  monthly  at  the 
stations. 

The  following  tables,  from  the  records  of  Thomas  J.  Beans,  at 
Moorestown,  in  Burlington  county,  and  of  Dr.  John  Ingram,  at  Vine- 
land,  in  Cumberland  county,  showing  the  late  and  early  frost  dates 
and  the  periods  between  frosts,  are  here  inserted  as  bearing  upon 
these  important  phenomena  of  climate.  The  observations  at  Moores- 
town are  from  1865  to  1887,  inclusive;  those  of  Dr.  Ingram  extend 
over  fifteen  years — from  1866  to  end  of  1880.  They  fairly  represent 
the  southern  interior.  The  average  length  of  the  season  at  Moores- 
town is  179.6  days,  or  about  six  months.  The  Vineland  table  shows 
the  severity  of  the  winter  also.  And  both  indicate  June,  July, 
August  and  September  as  the  warmer  months,  free  from  all  frosts. 


CLIMATOLOGY 


345 


Table  of  Frosts. 


By  Thomas  J.  Beans,  Observer,  Moorestown,  N.  J. 


YEAR. 

FROSTS  INJURING  TENDER  VEGETATION. 

Latest  j Earliest 

in  in 

Spring.  j Autumn. 

Length 

of 

Season. 

Date. 

Date. 

Days. 

1865 

April  14 

October  14 

186 

1866 

May  15 

October  5 

143 

1867 

May  14 

October  25 

174 

1868 

April  24 

October  17 

176 

1869 

April  15 

October  21 

189 

1870 

April  20 

November  8 

202 

1871 

April  18 

October  21 

186 

1872 

April  23 

October  29 

189 

1873 

April  13 

October  26 

196 

1874 

April  30 

October  15 

168 

1875 

April  25 

October  13 

171 

1876 

April  26 

October  12 

169 

1877 

April  15 

November  4 

203 

1878 

April  17 

October  22 

188 

1879 

May  10 

October  29 

164 

1880 

May  1 

October  19 

170 

1881 

April  27 

October  6 

162 

1882 

May  3 

November  3 

184 

1883 

April  30 

October  17 

180 

1884 

April  22 

October  26 

188 

1885 

May  12 

October  23 

164 

1886 

April  9 

October  17 

191 

1887 

April  21 

October  1 6 

178 

f 

April  9 

October  5 

203 

Range < 

i 

May  15 

November  8 

143 

Average  lencth  of  season.... 

179.6 

346  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Table  of  Frosts. 

By  Dr.  J.  Ingram,  Observer,  Vineland,  N.  J. 


YEAB. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

OCT. 

NOV. 

DEC. 

YEAR. 

Days. 

Days. 

Days. 

Days. 

Days. 

Daj 

re. 

Days. 

m 

O 

£ 

<33 

o 

GO 

All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

| All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

| All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

1 All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

1 All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

All  Frost. 

Some  Frost. 

| All  Frost.  | 

Some  Frost 

All  Frost. 

1866 

21 

5 

20 

4 

15 

... 

3 

1 

10 

23 

13 

93 

22 

1867 

29 

22 

10 

2 

14 

3 

3 

9 

26 

11 

91 

38 

1868 

26 

13 

28 

17 

14 

4! 

5 

4 

10 

26 

11 

113 

45 

1869 

22 

4 

17 

4 

19 

5 

5 

16 

22 

3 

101 

16 

1870 

12 

2 

23 

4 

16 

3 

1 

7 

18 

7 

77 

16 

1871 

23 

12 

18 

5 

4 

... 

1 

12 

3 

20 

10 

78 

30 

1872 

24 

11 

25 

5 

22 

'I 

2 

13 

2 

27 

12 

113 

35 

1873 

23 

8 

22 

10 

15 

2 

16 

14 

1 

92 

19 

1874 

16 

6 

21 

8 

13 

1 

4 

2 

15 

1 

21 

3 

92 

19 

1875 

28 

15 

23 

15 

17 

3 

2 

! 

1 

13 

1 

15 

5 

99 

39 

1876 

17 

5 

16 

5 

17 

2 

1 

3 

7 

30 

17 

91 

29 

1877 

27 

n 

17 

2 

13 

4 

1 

1 

7 

1 

14 

80 

18 

1878 

21 

10 

17 

3 

5 

1 

8 

23 

11 

75 

24 

1879 

26 

10 

25 

7 

15 

2 

12 

1 

12 

3 

92 

21 

1880 

12 

17 

3 

12 

5 

6 

21 

7 

27 

16 

100 

26 

f 

29 

22l28 

17 

22 

5 

5 

6 

21 

7 

30 

17 

113 

35 

Bange ■{ 

' 

{ 

12 

5 

10 

2 

4 

0 

0 

1 

7 

0 

12 

0 

75 

16 

Means 

22 

9 

20 

6 

14 

2 

1.4  ... 

2 ... 

12 

1 

21 

8 

92 

26 

Note. — “ Some  Frost”  means  any  degree  of  frost,  and  includes  whole  frosty  period, 
recorded  by  days.  “All  Frost”  indicates  days  when  temperature  throughout  is  below 
32°,  or  freezing. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


347 


At  the  southwest,  bordering  the  Delaware  bay  and  the  lower  part 
of  the  Delaware  river,  there  is  a belt  of  low,  alluvial  necks  and  tidal 
meadows,  whose  proximity  to  these  waters  and  whose  more  clayey , 
cultivated  soil,  mark  it  as  almost  a subdivision  or  subordinate  part 
of  this  climatic  province.  In  the  absence  of  long  records  at  well- 
located  stations  of  observation,  it  is  not  possible  to  define  the  limits 
of  this  belt,  or  to  prove  the  existence  of  any  marked  peculiarities  in 
climate. 

The  results  of  a comparison  of  Greenwich  and  Newark  for  a like 
period  are:  2°. 7 warmer,  spring ; 2°  warmer,  summer j 2°. 5 warmer, 
autumn,  and  4°  warmer,  winter  season.  And  in  comparison  with 
other  places  in  South  Jersey,  the  records  show  that  at  Greenwich  the 
winter  is  from  1°  to  2°  warmer.  Compared  with  Atlantic  City, 
which  is  on  the  same  parallel  of  latitude,  Greenwich  for  the  year  is 
2°  warmer;  the  winter  temperatures  practically  agree,  both  being 
made  more  even  by  the  presence  of  bodies  of  water  near  them,  but 
the  summer  at  Greenwich  is  5°  warmer  than  at  the  seaside.  As 
already  remarked,  there  is  about  a month’s  difference  between  this 
part  of  the  State  and  the  extreme  north  end  in  the  spring,  and  nearly 
as  much  in  the  autumn,  making  the  season  nearly  two  months  longer.* 
The  winter  is  not  only  mild,  but  is  not  accompanied  by  much  snow. 
The  account  given  in  De  Vries’  Journal,  in  1631,  is  true  of  some  of 
the  winters  of  the  present  time.f 


IV.  ATLANTIC  COAST,  OR  SEASHORE  BELT. 

That  part  of  the  State  which  borders  the  ocean,  and  is  near  enough 
to  be  more  directly  exposed  to  the  ameliorating  influence  of  its  waters, 
is  here  designated  as  the  Atlantic  Coast  Belt.  It  is  difficult  to  define 
its  limits,  as  it  merges  into  that  of  the  southern  interior  on  the  west 
and  northwest.  The  influence  of  the  ocean’s  waters  is  felt  very 
decidedly  to  a distance  of  four  to  eight  miles  from  the  line  of  beach 
or  outer  coast  line,  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape  May.  In  Monmouth 
county  it  is  thought  to  be  four  or  five  miles;  in  Ocean  county  it  fol- 
lows closely  the  line  of  clearings  or  settlements,  not  going  beyond  the 

* The  spring  at  Greenwich  is  about  two  weeks  earlier,  as  shown  in  blossoming  of 
the  peach,  the  cherry  and  the  apple,  than  it  is  at  Perth  Amboy,  and  10  days  in 
advance  of  Trenton. 

fSee  Chronological  Notes  of  Weather  at  end  of  this  paper — year  1631. 


348  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


line  of  woods  or  into  the  forest  belt.  It  is  here  from  four  to  seven 
miles  wide.  In  Burlington,  Atlantic  and  Cape  May  the  breadth  is 
five  to  eight  miles.  Open  bays  and  tide-marshes,  as  along  the  Little 
Egg  Harbor  river  and  Great  Egg  Harbor,  allow  the  winds  of  the 
ocean  and  the  tidal  waters  to  carry  these  influences  further  inland. 
In  severe  storms  the  salt  spray  is  felt  for  several  miles  back  from  the 
shore.*  The  effect  of  the  prevailing  sea  winds  is  not,  however,  noticed 
far  from  the  shore  in  the  pine  districts.  But  the  isolated  and  scattered 
trees  of  fields,  and  the  woods  on  the  beaches,  all  show  it  in  their 
westerly  and  unsymmetrical  growths.  The  western  limit  of  the 
summer  sea  breezes  is  variable,  depending  on  the  season.  They  may 
be  said  to  prevail  during  the  summer  season  over  a belt  four  to  five 
miles  wide.  But  in  very  dry  seasons,  and  in  the  spring  sometimes, 
the  peculiarly  moist  and  refreshing  sea  air  is  noticeable  ten  to  twenty 
miles  back  from  the  water,  and  occasionally  the  sea  wind  sweeps  across 
the  State.f  But  its  arrival  at  these  more  distant  points  is  at  a later 
hour  in  the  day ; and  it  is  not  a daily,  but  an  exceptional  phenomenon. 

The  records  of  observations  by  the  United  States  Signal  Office  at 
Sandy  Hook,  Barnegat,  Atlantic  City  and  Cape  May,  with  those  of 
voluntary  observers  at  Middletown,  Long  Branch,  Squan  Beach, 
Oceanic,  Toms  River,  Peck’s  Beach  and  Ocean  City,  are  the  data  for 
this  seashore  belt.  And  the  mean  seasonal  temperatures,  as  derived 
from  the  longer  series,  are  : 


* According  to  statement  of  Eli  Collins,  of  Barnegat,  a dry  storm , September  3d, 
1821,  carried  spray  of  salt  water  three  miles  inland,  upsetting  stacks,  &c.  It  lasted 
from  9 A.  m.  to  3 P.  m.  For  two  hours  it  was  cloudy  and  dark — a hurricane.  It  killed 
the  leaves  of  the  trees,  and  after  they  fell  new  buds  and  flowers  were  developed  the 
same  year.  Trees  were  not,  however,  killed. — [From  notes  taken  by  Prof.  Cook , in  1856.'] 

The  same  gale  was  felt  with  great  violence  on  the  Long  Island  coast,  and  in  a recent 
published  account  of  it,  Col.  B.  Aycrigg,  of  Passaic,  who  was  staying  at  Jerusalem, 
on  the  south  side,  says : “ Its  violence  may  be  estimated  from  the  fact  that  where  I was 
staying,  at  two  miles  from  the  bay  and  six  miles  from  the  sea,  the  salt  water  was  blown 
against  the  windows  and  left  a crust  of  salt,  which  had  the  effect  of  ground  glass,  and 
the  leaves  on  the  southeast  sides  of  the  trees  were  killed,  turned  brown  and  dropped 
off.” 

f Mr.  Thomas  J.  Beans,  of  Moorestown,  Burlington  county,  writes : “ Our  house  is 
on  a gentle  eminence,  and  in  hot,  close  and  quiet  summer  days  I have  been  observing 
frequently  that  at  about  4 p.  m.  a refreshing  breeze  from  the  southeast  springs  up  and 
continues  steadily  until  evening,  producing  a sensation  so  unlike  that  caused  by  winds 
from  other  quarters  that  I often  find  myself  wondering  if,  under  favoring  conditions, 
our  sea  breezes  almost  cross  the  State.” — Letter  to  Dr.  Cook , April  10th , 1888. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


349 


Spring 47°.4 

Summer...  70°.8 

Autumn 56°. 5 

Winter 33°.9 


Year 52°.l 


These  figures  show  the  milder  winter,  the  warmer  autumn  and  the 
cooler  spring  and  summer  than  are  observed  in  the  same  latitude  in 
the  southern  interior  or  even  the  Red  Sandstone  plain.  The  diagram 
(Plate  1)  exhibits  these  contrasts  more  clearly  than  the  figures  of  the 
table.  As  compared  with  interior  stations,  the  difference  appears  to 
reach  the  maximum  in  July.  The  highest  temperature  is  usually  in 
August,  and  the  decline  is  then  slower  than  at  places  further  inland. 
The  observations  at  Sandy  Hook,  Barnegat  and  Atlantic  City  agree 
closely  in  the  average  monthly  temperatures,  through  the  autumn  and 
in  the  winter.  Sandy  Hook  is  colder,  as  would  be  expected,  but  after 
March  its  average  is  1°  to  2°  warmer  through  the  summer.  The 
annual  mean  temperature  is  52°. 1,  or  a little  less  than  that  of  the  in- 
terior of  South  Jersey.  The  comparison  between  the  seashore  and 
the  inland  is  well  exhibited  graphically  by  the  curves  in  Plate  1.  At 
the  former,  the  mean  temperature  for  the  months  from  March  to 
August,  inclusive,  is  from  1°  to  4°  lower;  whereas,  from  September 
to  February,  inclusive,  it  ranges  from  half  a degree  to  two  and  a half 
degrees  higher  than  at  the  interior  stations.  The  equalizing  effect  of 
the  water  is  thus  seen  in  the  more  even  temperature.  The  extremes 
of  the  year  as  brought  out  in  these  longer  periods  of  observation,  are 
99°  above  and  10°  below  zero,  or  109°  as  against  121°  for  the  like 
range  of  the  southern  interior.  The  winds  from  the  sea  are  warmer 
in  winter  and  cooler  in  summer,  than  those  blowing  off  shore.  The 
sea  breezes  of  the  hot  season  spring  up  generally  about  noon,  so  that 
the  maximum  for  the  day  is  before  noon,  or  at  noon,  just  before  the 
incoming  of  the  cool,  sea  air.  The  influence  of  these  sea  winds  is  to 
temper  the  extreme  heat,  to  reduce  both  the  range  and  the  mean  tem- 
perature in  the  warmer  months,  and  to  give  a more  humid  character 
to  the  air.  During  the  cold  weather  the  storms  which  bring  snow  in 
the  interior  are  accompanied  by  rain  along  the  coast.  The  snow  dis- 
appears more  quickly  at  these  localities.  Sleighing  is  possible  for 
very  brief  periods  only.  At  Atlantic  City  it  is  unknown  some  win- 
ters. These  sea  beaches,  situated  as  they  are,  with  the  ocean  on  one 
side  and  the  tidal  waters  on  the  other,  have  a climate  partaking 


350  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


slightly  of  the  insular  type.  Barnegat  station  is  separated  from  the 
mainland  by  the  Barnegat  bay,  which  is  four  miles  wide.  Atlantic 
City  is  at  least  five  miles  in  a direct  line  from  the  nearest  mainland. 
But  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  at  each  of  these  places 
show  that  the  range  in  the  year  may  be  nearly  as  much  as  it  is  in  the 
interior  of  the  State.  The  average  daily  variation  is  less.  The 
average  maximal  and  minimal  curves  also  are  unlike  those  represent- 
ing places  in  the  interior.  Thus,  comparing  the  temperatures  day  by 
day  at  Philadelphia  and  Atlantic  City  for  1886  and  1887,  the  follow- 
ing differences  are  notable : In  the  four  colder  months  the  highest 

daily  readings  differed  on  the  average  only  0°.5  to  3°.  From  April 
to  June,  inclusive,  the  average  maximum  at  Atlantic  City  was  from 
6°  to  12°  lower  than  at  Philadelphia,  whereas  for  the  same  months 
the  average  minimum  was  only  1°  to  4°  lower.  There  are  not  such 
extremes  of  heat,  and  the  average  cold  is  little  greater.  For  July  to 
September,  inclusive,  the  maximum  is  2°  to  6°,  and  the  minimum  1° 
to  3°  lower  at  Atlantic  City.  In  October  and  November  the  differ- 
ences are  all  less  than  2°.  The  influence  of  the  ocean  appears  to  be 
to  reduce  or  lower  the  maxima  in  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn 
more  than  it  does  the  minima. 

This  moderating  influence  is,  therefore,  greater  in  summer  than  it 
is  in  the  winter  months.  And  what  is  true  of  Atlantic  City  applies 
generally  to  the  seaside.  The  milder  winter  of  our  coast  is,  however,  a 
well-known  fact,  although  the  records  of  observed  winter  temperatures, 
when  thus  compared,  do  not  exhibit  the  differences  which  have  been 
said  to  exist.  That  the  Gulf  Stream  tends  to  raise  the  average  tem- 
perature is  evident  from  its  nearness  to  our  coast.  The  general  in- 
fluence of  the  Gulf  Stream,  as  given  by  Chas.  A.  Schott,  of  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  in  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowl- 
edge, No.  277,  p.  105,  may  be  thus  summarized : “ In  the  winter 
months  the  proximity  of  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the  Atlantic  sea-board 
has  the  effect  of  elevating  the  temperature  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean, 
the  amount  being  0°  in  Florida,  about  4°  in  North  Carolina,  and 
about  8°  or  10°  in  Massachusetts ; in  the  summer  months  the  effect  is 
reversed,  as  shown  by  the  isotherals  curving  southward  ; this  is  due  to 
the  cold  current  running  southward,  between  the  coast  and  the  Gulf 
Stream,  and  the  depression  produced  would  be  still  greater,  but  for  the 
circumstances  of  the  prevalence  of  the  westerly  winds,  which  carry  the 
heated  air  to  seaward.  The  depressing  effect,  however,  in  amount,  is 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


351 


less  than  one-half  that  given  for  the  opposite  season.”  Of  course  this 
influence  is  not  materially  more  ameliorating  at  one  point  than  another, 
and  it  is  a common  factor  in  the  climate  of  the  whole  coast  belt.  The 
delightfully  warm  weather  of  some  of  the  late  winter  and  early  spring 
days,  when  the  wind  is  from  the  southeast  quarter,  is  due  probably  to 
the  nearness  of  the  Gulf  Stream.  On  the  contrary,  the  south  winds, 
which  blow  over  a long  belt  of  the  colder  shore  current,  are  chilling, 
especially  on  the  beaches  south  of  Barnegat. 

There  is  a noteworthy  difference  in  the  winter  season,  between  Cape 
May  and  the  other  coast  stations.  It  is  seen  in  the  difference  in  the 
average  daily  minimum,  which,  at  Barnegat  and  Atlantic  City,  is  four 
to  five  degrees  lower  than  it  is  at  Cape  May.  The  extreme  tempera- 
tures at  these  places  also  run  lower — from  four  to  nine  degrees.  The 
more  southern  situation  of  Cape  May  has  something  to  do  with  this 
higher  average  minimum  of  the  winter.  But  the  Delaware  bav  on 
the  west  explains  a part  of  it.  The  winter  winds  from  west  and  west- 
northwest  points  of  the  compass  are  tempered  by  the  latter,  and  are 
not  so  cold  as  land  winds  generally.  The  position  of  Cape  May  is 
more  insular  than  that  of  Atlantic  City  or  Barnegat.  The  evenness 
of  its  temperature  is  quite  remarkable  for  its  latitude,  and  for  our 
Middle  Atlantic  coast.  In  its  slight  daily  range  it  compares  favorably 
with  more  southern  stations  in  our  country.  It  is  warmer  in  winter 
than  Washington,  and  its  mean  daily  range  of  temperature  is  four 
degrees  less  than  that  of  Norfolk,  Va.  The  Monthly  Weather  Review 
of  the  United  States  Signal  Office,  nearly  every  month,  gives  Cape 
May  as  having  the  least  daily  range  of  temperature  among  its  Middle 
States  stations.  And  the  range  is  nearly  as  low  as  that  of  Cape  Look- 
out, in  North  Carolina,  and  Key  West,  New  Orleans  and  Galveston, 
in  the  Gulf  States.  The  average,  as  there  stated,  for  three  years  is, 
for  Cape  May,  19°;  while  that  of  Key  West  is  16°.  These  figures 
show  that  in  the  daily  range  of  temperature  Cape  May  compares 
favorably  with  our  most  southern  localities.  Of  course  the  monthly 
range  exceeds  that  of  the  more  southern  stations  here  mentioned.  The 
changes  are  not  generally  sudden. 

It  is  interesting  here  to  observe  that  the  isothermal  line  of  36°, 
the  mean  temperature,  runs,  according  to  the  charts  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  through  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Northern 
Georgia,  Eastern  Tennessee  and  Southern  Missouri,  near  the  paral- 
lels of  36°  and  37°  north  latitude.  The  effect  of  so  high  a mean 


352  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


temperature  in  the  spring  is  to  produce  crops  of  vegetables  and 
small  fruits  quite  as  early  as  Portsmouth  and  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
And  the  season  is  generally  about  a month  in  advance  of  it  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  But  in  late  springs  the  difference  is  not 
quite  so  much.  The  summer  is  warm  enough  and  the  season  long 
enough  to  produce  cotton.  According  to  Blodgett’s  “ Climatology 
of  the  United  States,”  pp.  436-7,  Huntsville,  Alabama,  represents 
one  of  the  best  cotton  districts  near  the  limit  of  its  northern  exten- 
sion. Now,  the  mean  temperature  of  Huntsville,  in  the  winter,  is, 
on  the  average,  7°  higher  than  it  is  at  Cape  May,  but  the  thermome- 
ter often  falls  to  zero,  and  occasionally  several  degrees  below  zero, 
extremes  unknown  in  Cape  May.  The  following  popular  description 
of  the  climate  of  Cape  May,  by  Dr.  S.  S.  Marcy,  appeared  in  the 
“ Geology  of  the  County  of  Cape  May,”  Trenton,  1857,  p.  89 : 

“ Our  winters  embrace  every  variety  of  cold  and  temperate  weather. 
Ice  is  rarely  obtained  in  this  neighborhood  more  than  four  inches 
thick,  and  frequently  but  three  inches ; often  it  is  but  a short  time 
that  it  can  be  obtained  of  this  thickness.  It  is  cut  from  still  water, 
in  artificial  ponds,  which  are  only  one  or  two  feet  deep.  So  great  is 
the  uncertainty  of  obtaining  a supply  of  ice,  that  we  commence  fill- 
ing our  ice-houses  with  ice  f rom  two  and  a half  to  three  inches  thick ; 
and  every  team  within  a distance  of  six  miles  is  put  in  requisition  for 
that  purpose,  with  retaining  fee , some  weeks  before  the  appearance  of 
the  ice. 

“ The  lowest  temperature  observed  here  for  the  last  30  years  was 
2°  above  zero.  This  was  on  the  9th  of  January,  1856.  On  the  10th 
it  was  4°,  and  for  several  days  the  thermometer  was  as  low  as  8°  or 
10°.  This  will  long  be  remembered  as  the  cold  winter  of  1855-6. 
In  our  winters  generally,  the  thermometer  does  not  fall  below  14°  to 
18°,  though  it  has  been  known  as  low  as  8°  above.  Up  to  last  win- 
ter the  latter  was  thought  to  be  the  extreme  of  cold  weather  here. 

“ The  mildness  of  our  winters  admits  of  large  numbers  of  cattle 
being  wintered  on  Seven,  Five  and  Two-Mile  beaches,  without  any 
provisions  being  made  for  them  by  their  owners.  In  cold  weather 
they  find  shelter  in  the  thickets  on  the  beach.” 

That  the  seaside  is  more  comfortable  in  the  extreme  hot  weather  of 
our  summers  is  attested  by  the  throngs  of  thousands  of  visitors  who 
seek  comfort  and  relief  from  the  heat  at  the  many  localities,  long  and 
justly  famous  for  their  attractiveness.  From  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape 
May  the  whole  length  of  beach  will  probably  be  all  taken  up  very 
soon  for  summer  homes  and  seaside  resorts.  The  new  places  which 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


353 


have  sprung  up  since  the  Geological  Survey’s  first  maps  appeared, 
form  an  almost  continuous  line  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Point  Pleasant. 
And  the  maps  accompanying  the  annual  reports  indicate  how  rapid  and 
extensive  the  changes  are  to  suit  the  increasing  patronage  of  our  coast. 
The  records  of  meteorological  stations,  like  figures  in  so  many  places, 
cannot  express  all  the  peculiarities  of  climate,  and  they  often  fail  to 
indicate  the  nicer  and  more  delicate  distinctions  in  the  quality  or  tone 
of  the  atmosphere,  which,  especially  at  the  seaside,  impart  to  it  its  won- 
drous properties  in  building  up  the  system.  Thus,  a high  temperature, 
if  not  long  continued,  may  uot  give  great  discomfort.  The  cool  and 
pleasant  afternoons  and  nights  carry  one  over  the  heat  of  the  forenoon. 
Again,  the  denser  air,  the  presence  of  ozone,  and  the  absence  of 
impurities  or  poisonous  exhalations,  all  tend  to  produce  an  effect 
which  thermometers  and  rain-gauges  do  not  measure. 

As  winter  resorts,  there  are  several  places  on  and  near  the  Atlantic 
coast  which  have  acquired  some  notoriety,  and  Lakewood  and  Atlan- 
tic City  have  attracted  many  visitors,  particularly  in  the  months  of 
February  and  March.  But  no  part  of  this  coast  belt  has  a truly 
mild  winter  climate,  such  as  that  of  the  Bahamas  and  the  West 
Indies,  the  southern  part  of  California  and  Florida.  It  is  not  exempt 

Note. — The  milder  climate  of  Cape  May  appears  in  the  character  of  its  flora.  In 
reference  to  the  existence  of  plants  of  a more  southern  range,  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  of 
the  Columbia  College  School  of  Mines,  and  author  of  “A  Preliminary  Catalogue  of 
the  Flora  of  New  Jersey,”  gives  the  following  points,  viz. : 

(1.)  “All  the  southern  counties  of  New  Jersey  have  a somewhat  southern  flora,  and 
it  seems  true  that  the  further  south  we  go  the  more  pronounced  does  this  become. 

(2.)  “Although  Cape  May  county  has  never  been  botanically  explored  to  the  extent 
that  discoveries  already  made  should  warrant,  yet  it  has  already  yielded  a number  of 
species  of  more  southern  distribution,  and,  so  far  as  known,  is  the  northern  limit  of  the 
following  six  : (Enothera  humifusa,  Nutt ; Galium  hispidulum,  Michx ; Diodia  Vir- 

ginia, L. ; Conoclinum  coelestinum,  DC. ; Pleuchea  bifrons,  DC. ; Paspalum  Walter- 
ianum,  Schultes.  These  are  all  the  southern  species  of  the  New  Jersey  flora  at 
present  known  to  occur  only  on  Cape  May,  but  I have  no  doubt  that  further  explora- 
tion will  add  others  to  this  list. 

“ Besides  these  species  the  following  have  been  found  on  Cape  May,  but  also  in  one 
©r  two  other  localities  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State:  Kosteletzkya  Virginia, 

Presl ; Lobelia  puberula,  Michx  ; Smilax  Walteri,  Pursh;  Fuirena  squarrosa,  Michx  ; 
Panicum  viscidum,  Ell. 

(3.)  “ In  addition  to  the  above  lists  it  may  be  stated  that  there  are  other  species  of 
a southern  character  which  probably  occur  in  greater  abundance  in  Cape  May  county 
than  in  any  other  part  of  New  Jersey.” 

The  Euonymus  Japonica,  commonly  known  as  the  Chinese  Box,  is  cultivated  in 
gardens  and  door-yards  at  Cape  May  City  as  an  ornamental  shrub,  and  appears  to 
thrive  out  of  doors,  although  it  is  not  hardy  north.  In  the  Southern  States  it  is 


common. 


X 


354  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


from  sudden  changes  of  temperature  and  cold,  freezing  weather, 
although  for  short  periods,  generally.  And  it  has  its  fair  proportion 
of  cloudy  and  wet  days  and  chilly  northeasterly  winds,  which  are 
features  of  the  climate  of  all  of  our  Middle  Atlantic  slope.  And  so 
far  as  climate  is  influenced  by  the  percentage  of  relative  humidity, 
the  records  of  the  United  States  Signal  Service  show  that  it  is  more 
damp  or  moist  than  the  more  inland  belts  or  localities.*  The  tonic 
nature  of  the  pure  air  and  much  outdoor  exercise  has,  probably,  more 
effect  than  the  slight  differences  in  temperature,  which  instrumental 
observation  detects.  Still  it  must  be  stated  that  as  yet  our  meteoro- 
logical observatories  cannot  analyze,  as  it  were,  the  air,  and  note  the 
small  fractional  percentage  of  constituents  which  may  be  in  the  air, 
and  of  which  the  consumption  in  the  course  of  a seaside  visit  is,  in 
the  aggregate,  comparatively  potent  in  its  effect  upon  the  human 
system.  These  unmeasurable  or  rarely-noted  factors  may  enhance 
the  influence  of  a slightly  milder  and  more  equable  temperature  in 
the  winter.  To  persons  coming  from  New  England  and  New  York, 
or  from  the  colder  northwest,  these  seashore  places  appear  warm 
and  pleasant,  and  the  change  for  that  class  of  visitors  is  both  agree- 
ably pleasant  and  beneficial.  And  even  to  the  residents  of  our  large 
cities,  whose  winter  temperatures  are  not  much  lower  and  whose  cli- 
mates are  not  greatly  different,  the  effect  of  out-of-door  air  at  the 
seaside  is  tonic. 

WINDS. 

The  prevailing  winds  in  the  State  are  from  the  west.  In  the 
warmer  months  they  are  more  southwest  or  south  of  west;  in  the 
colder  months,  more  north  of  west  and  northwest.  The  unequal 
pressure  and  the  differences  in  temperature  on  land  and  sea  give  rise 
to  more  northern  winds  in  the  winter  season,  and  southern  currents 
in  the  summer.  In  the  winter  the  areas  of  high  pressure,  or  anti- 
cyclones, over  the  northwest,  cause  the  air  to  flow  south  or  southeast 
towards  the  ocean  for  longer  periods  than  in  the  summer  or  warm 
weather,  when  the  reverse  conditions  prevail,  and  the  winds  from  the 
sea  flow  landwards  and  from  south  quarters. f 

*The  relative  humidity  on  the  coast  is  greater  in  summer  and  less  in  the  winter 
months,  or  the  reverse  of  what  prevails  in  the  interior,  and  hence,  comparatively 
speaking,  the  winter  in  that  belt  is  not  more  moist  than  it  is  in  the  interior. 

fThe  winds  in  storms  are  referred  to  under  the  head  of  Atmospheric  Precipitation. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


355 


The  mean  direction  of  the  winds  for  each  month,  as  deduced  by 
Prof.  Coffin,  from  observations  at  40  different  places  in  Delaware, 
Southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  Southern  New  Jersey,  is  given  in  the 
following  table : 


January  .. 
February ... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August  — 
September 
October..  . 
November 
December 


N.  81°  W. 
.N.  78°  W. 
.N.  83°  W. 
.8.  89°  W. 
,S.  89°  W. 
.8.  84°  W. 
.8.  83°  W. 
S.  64°  W. 
.N.  89°  W. 
.N.  88°  W. 
.N.  79°  W. 
,.N.  79°  W. 


Here,  as  generally,  on  the  middle  Atlantic  coast,  the  change  in  the 
mean  direction  is  slight,  the  wind  being  westerly  in  all  months,  and  the 
difference  but  38°  between  February,  when  the  winds  incline  most  to 
the  north,  and  August,  when  the  most  southerly  direction  is  reached.* 
The  mean  direction  of  the  winds  in  the  four  seasons  in  Southeast 
New  York,  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  North  and  Central  New  Jer- 
sey, are  given  in  Prof.  Coffin's  tables. 


Spring. 

Summer. 

Autumn,  j 

Winter. 

Southeastern  New  York 

N.  80°  W. 

S.  43°  W. 

’ 

N.  77°  W. 

N.  60°  W. 

North  and  Central  New  Jersey 

N.  55°  W. 

S.  69°  W. 

N.  69°  W. 

N.  58°  W. 

Eastern  Pennsylvania 

N.  68°  W. 

S.  75°  W. 

N.  72°  W. 

N.  55°  W. 

1 

In  this  table  Eastern  Pennsylvania  may  be  said  to  represent  the 
western  part  of  New  Jersey. 

The  relative  frequency  of  the  winds  blowing  from  the  several 
quarters  is  exhibited  by  statistics  of  records  at  various  stations  in  the 
State.  From  a large  number  of  observations  made  at  Easton,  Pa., 
Newark,  Lambertville  and  Burlington  in  1854-9,  the  percentage  has 
been  found  to  be — 

*“  Discussion  and  Analysis  of  Prof.  Coffin’s  Tables  and  Charts  of  the  Winds  of  the 
Globe,”  by  Dr.  Alexander  J.  Woeikoff,  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  No. 
268.  Washington,  1876. 


356  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


North 

North  and  east. 

East 

East  and  south. 

South 

South  and  west 

West 

West  and  north. 


6.46  per  cent. 
14.17  “ 

3.29  “ 

9.72  “ 

6.20  “ 
20.57  “ 

13.77  “ 

25.82  “ 


100.00 


Observations  in  different  parts  of  the  State  show  variations  in  the 
relative  frequency  and  in  the  velocity  also.  And,  in  general,  there  is 
a gradual  increase  in  the  frequency  or  percentage  of  southerly  winds, 
going  from  the  Highlands  or  North  Jersey  to  the  south.  At  the  sea- 
side there  are  more  frequent  easterly  winds.  The  sea  breezes  account 
for  much  of  this  excess. 

The  observations  do  not,  however,  show  fully  the  relative  preva- 
lence of  the  west  winds,  unless  we  take  into  account  the  distance 
traveled  by  them.  The  mean  velocity  of  the  northwest  winds  exceeds 
that  of  the  west,  southwest,  or  winds  from  other  quarters.  Observa- 
tions ought  not  to  be  limited  to  direction  only,  but  should  include 
velocity  and  measure  the  distance  traveled,  also. 

In  mountainous  regions  the  winds  are  generally  controlled  in  their 
directions  by  the  courses  of  the  valleys  and  of  the  mountain  ranges. 
The  prevailing  winds  take  the  valleys,  and  they  are  said  to  blow  up 
or  down  them.  In  New  Jersey  our  mountains  are  too  low,  and  the 
valleys  are  not  deep  enough,  to  have  much  effect  in  diverting  the 
course  of  the  winds,  excepting  in  some  of  the  very  narrow  depressions 
and  over  very  limited  areas.  The  southeastern  slopes  of  some  of  the 
Highland  ranges  are  thus  shielded  from  the  cold  and  northwest  winds 
of  winter.  But  the  aggregate  area  of  such  sheltered  localities  is  small, 
compared  with  that  of  the  whole  Highlands. 

The  proximity  of  the  ocean  gives  rise  to  another  disturbing  agency, 
which  is  due  to  the  different  heating  capacities  of  land  and  water,  and 
it  appears  in  the 


/ SEA  BREEZES. 

Along  our  coast  there  is  a belt  of  varying  breadth  in  which  the 
general^direction  of  the  wind  is  interrupted,  during  the  warmer  part 
of  the  year,  by  the  inflowing  currents  of  sea  air,  which  are  known  as 
sea  breezes.  They  are  periodic,  coming  daily,  with  rare  exceptions. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


357 


They  are  caused  by  the  unequal  heating  of  the  land  and  water  sur- 
faces. The  air  over  the  land  is  heated  and  expands,  giving  rise  to 
ascending  currents.  To  restore  the  average  density  and  to  maintain 
an  equilibrium,  the  cooler  air  over  the  water  flows  toward  the  land, 
producing  an  on-shore  wind.  This  movement  begins  usually  near 
midday,  or  sometimes  about  11  o’clock,  gradually  increasing  in  force, 
until  it  attains  a maximum  velocity  about  2 o’clock  in  the  afternoon. 
Jt  then  lessens  (as  the  land  cools  more  rapidly)  and  ceases  about 
nightfall,  when  the  land  or  off-shore  wind  takes  its  place.  This 
daily  recurrence  of  the  sea  breeze  is  the  peculiar  feature  of  our  shore, 
which  moderates  the  heat,  and  by  its  invigorating  sea  air  makes  the 
seaside  so  attractive  both  to  the  pleasure-seeker  and  the  invalid.  It 
affects  the  temperature,  and  hence  the  maximum  for  the  day  at  the 
seaside  is  not  about  2 to  3 o’clock,  as  in  the  interior,  but  about  noon 
or  just  before  its  arrival.  Occasionally  there  is  a summer  day  when 
the  land  wind  prevails  and  there  is  no  sea  breeze.  They  are  known 
as  hot  days  at  the  shore,  and  probably  because  of  the  contrast  with 
the  cooler  days  when  the  sea  breeze  prevails.  The  influence  of  the 
sea  breeze  upon  average  temperatures  of  the  summer  months,  and 
in  depressing  the  maximum  at  the  coast  stations,  is  evident  in  the 
lower  means  and  maxima  at  them. 

The  extent  or  limit  to  which  sea  breezes  are  felt  from  the  coast 
line,  varies  considerably,  according  to  the  direction  of  the  shore  line 
and  the  contour  of  the  surface.  There  is  a variation  in  the  same 
season  and  in  different  seasons,  according  to  the  character  of  the 
same.  Generally  the  distance  is  less  than  ten  miles,  and  often  not 
more  than  four  or  five  miles.*  Its  regular  recurrence  is  limited  to 
the  shorter  distance,  or  to  a narrow  shore  belt.  Cleared  land  surfaces 
which  are  readily  heated  and  where  there  are  no  obstructions  in  the 
form  of  timber  belts,  allow  of  a further  indraught  of  the  sea  breeze. 
The  absence  of  hills  along  our  coast  favors  its  progress.  Long-con- 
tinued hot  weather,  as  in  summer  droughts,  which  allow  an  accumu- 
lation of  heat  in  the  surface  soil  and  the  lower  air  stratum,  seems  to 
widen  the  belt  considerably,  and  for  many  days  together  the  breeze 
is  observed  at  places  further  inland,  beyond  its  ordinary  limit,  coming, 
however,  later  in  the  afternoon  than  it  does  on  the  shore. 

The  height  to  which  the  sea  breeze  reaches  has  been  determined 
very  recently  by  balloon  ascensions  and  observations  made  at  Coney 


* See  page  348  for  observations  on  sea  breezes  at  greater  distances  from  the  ocean. 


358  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Island,  N.  Y.,  in  August,  1879,  and  reported  with  notes  by  O.  T. 
Sherman,  in  the  “ American  Journal  of  Science,”  Vol.  XIX.,  pp. 
300-302.  The  surface  breeze  was  found  to  cease  at  a height  of 
about  650  feet,  and  at  700  feet  a land  current  deflected  the  breeze 
towards  the  northwest.  At  800,  900,  1,000,  1,100  and  1,200  feet, 
the  observations,  with  one  exception,  indicated  winds  from  the  north- 
west quarter.  Under  700  feet  the  prevailing  directions  were  south- 
erly, and  from  both  the  southeast  and  southwest  quarters.  The 
extension  of  observations  of  this  kind  to  points  on  the  New  Jersey 
coast,  would  be  interesting  and  add  to  our  knowledge  of  this 
phenomenon. 

The  total  movement  of  the  air,  or  distance  traveled,  varies  with 
the  velocity  and  duration  of  the  wind. 

In  the  interior  of  the  State  the  winds  are  not  often  high,  nor  do 
they  blow  steadily  at  a given  rate  for  a long  time.  Everywhere  our 
winds  may  be  termed  variable,  shifting  slightly  from  point  to  point, 
and  varying  in  their  velocity.  In  the  summer  they  are  more  gentle 
than  in  the  other  seasons  of  the  year.  And  short  seasons  of  calms 
are  not  uncommon.  The  more  violent  and  high  winds  come  with 
thunder  storms.  The  spring  and  winter  are  marked  by  more  windy 
weather,  and  by  a greater  total  movement  of  the  air.  Hurricanes  are 
unknown,  and  there  are  very  few  records  of  what  may  be  termed 
tornadoes.  That  of  June  13th,  1835,  at  New  Brunswick,  was  prob- 
ably the  most  destructive  one  ever  felt  in  the  State  since  records  of 
such  phenomena  have  been  made.*  Generally,  the  damaging  effects 
of  high  winds  are  confined  to  narrow  limits,  and  rarely  do  more  than 
throw  down  crops  and  partially  decayed  trees,  or  occasionally  unroof 
a building.  Destructive  winds,  such  as  are  reported  from  the  South- 
ern and  Western  States,  are  here  unknown. 

On  the  shores  of  our  Atlantic  coast  and  Delaware  bay  divisions  the 
winds  blow  more  steadily,  and  the  velocity  is  generally  greater  than 
it  is  inland,  where  the  mountains  and  wood  serve  to  retard  the  air 
movement.  The  more  isolated  high  peaks  or  crests  of  the  Highlands 
are,  possibly,  more  exposed  than  the  coast  stations,  but  we  have  no 
records  from  them.  Observations  and  measurements  elsewhere  indi- 
cate this  to  be  a fact.  But  at  Cape  May  the  United  States  Signal  Office 
Station  records  frequently  give  a greater  total  movement  than  that  of 
any  other  of  their  stations  in  the  country,  excepting  Mount  Washing- 


* Blodgett’s  Climatology  of  the  United  States,  page  403. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


359 


ton  and  Pike’s  Peak.  The  total  movement  of  the  air  at  Cape  May 
for  one  month  (December,  1878,)  has  amounted  to  16,567  miles,  or 
an  average  of  22  miles  per  hour  for  every  hour  of  that  month.  In 
the  winter  and  spring  months  the  totals  are  from  9,000  to  13,000 
miles,  whereas  in  the  summer  months  they  are  under  10,000  miles, 
and  rarely  exceed  9,000.  The  autumn  months  give  a wider  range. 

At  Sandy  Hook,  16,954  miles  were  measured  in  December,  1876, 
a slight  excess  over  Cape  May.  Generally,  the  totals  for  Sandy  Hook 
are  a few  hundreds  or  a thousand  miles  below  those  of  Cape  May. 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore  and  New  York  rarely  report  more  than  9,000 
miles  for  any  month.  From  the  “Monthly  Weather  Review”  it 
appears  that  Cape  May  is  the  most  windy  of  all  the  United  States 
Signal  Office  Stations,  except  Mount  Washington  and  Pike’s  Peak. 
Its  position  between  the  ocean  and  the  bay  may  explain  this  large  total 
air  movement. 

High  velocities  also  are  frequently  reported  from  these  coast  stations. 
Rates  over  50  miles  per  hour  are  quite  common.  At  Sandy  Hook, 
December  9th,  1876,  the  rate  of  84  miles  was  observed.  At  Cape 
May,  83  miles  were  recorded  of  a northwest  wind  in  November,  1879; 
72  miles  of  a west  wind,  December  9th,  1876,  and  65  miles  of  a 
wind  in  September,  1876.  The  duration  of  high  winds,  having  these 
velocities,  is  short.  They  are  the  peculiar  features  of  severe  storms 
which  move  northeastward  along  our  coast,  and  generally  belong  to 
the  clearing-up  period  of  the  storm  as  it  is  moving  away. 

No  records  of  movements  or  velocities  from  the  northern  or  central 
parts  of  the  State  are  known,  but  it  is  not  likely  that  any  such  figures 
as  are  given  here  would  be  measured,  unless  on  mountain  tops. 


BAROMETRIC  PRESSURE.  WEIGHT  OF  THE  ATMOSPHERE. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  collect  the  records  of  barometric 
observations.  The  diurnal,  annual  and  secular  movements  are  so 
slight  as  not  to  be  taken  into  account  in  this  connection,  and  their 
discussion  belongs  to  the  department  of  physics  rather  than  to  a 
popular  notice  of  climate.  The  variation  between  localities,  due  to 
differences  of  elevation,  is  according  to  a general  law,  and  the 
amount  of  this  variation  does  not  exceed  two  inches  in  our  State. 
The  barometer  falls  as  the  height  increases.  The  rate  varies  a little 
according  to  temperatures,  but  at  ordinary  summer  heat,  say  72°, 


360  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


the  fall  is  one-tenth  of  an  inch  for  95  feet  rise ; at  32°,  a fall  of  a 
tenth  corresponds  to  87  feet ; but,  in  round  numbers,  the  difference 
is  about  one  inch  for  900  feet  rise.  Hence,  on  our  highest  ridges  the 
difference  would  be  about  two  inches,  and  throughout  our  Highlands 
the  depression  would  range  from  1 to  1.5  inches.  In  recording 
barometric  observations,  corrections  are  generally  made  so  as  to  reduce 
them  to  a common  datum,  which  is  that  of  the  ocean  level. 

The  most  important  barometric  observations  are  those  made  during 
the  passage  of  low  pressures  or  storm-centers  across  our  territory. 
These  areas  of  low  pressure  are  accompanied  in  nearly  all  cases  by 
either  rain  or  snow.  And  very  low  depressions  are  marked  by  high 
winds,  which  blow  down  steep  gradients  towards  the  center  of  the 
cyclonic  storm.  In  the  colder  months  the  low  barometric  pressures 
are  marked  by  moisture  and  precipitation,  and  a rise  in  temperature. 
In  the  summer  season  they  are  associated  with  a lowering  of  the  tem- 
perature and  rainfall.  The  high  barometric  pressure  is  characterized 
by  reverse  conditions — in  the  summer  by  great  heat,  and  in  the 
winter  by  severe  cold.  These  anti-cyclones  appear  to  move  more 
slowly  and  to  be  of  great  extent,  and  to  continue  longer  than  the  low 
pressure  or  cyclonic  conditions.  The  long  and  very  warm  summer 
spells , or  periods  of  weather,  and  the  cold  waves  of  the  winter,  are 
coincident,  nearly  with  high  barometric  pressure. 

The  differences  between  the  mean  barometric  measurements  in  the 
several  parts  of  the  State,  excepting  as  modified  by  altitude,  which 
has  been  referred  to  above,  are  too  inconsiderable  to  affect  us  sensi- 
bly, and  scarcely  enter  into  the  subject  of  our  climatology.  Careful 
observations,  and  long  continued,  may  prove  the  existence  of  differ- 
ences, and  they  may  be  found  to  affect  the  human  organism ; and 
the  study  of  the  sanitary  relations  of  climate  must  include  them. 


RELATIVE  HUMIDITY. 

Atmospheric  air  always  contains  some  vapor  of  water  or  moisture, 
in  addition  to  its  oxygen,  nitrogen  and  carbonic  acid  gas. 

When  fully  saturated,  each  cubic  foot  of 

air,  at  80°  temperature,  holds 10.81  grains  of  vapor  of  water. 

One  cubic  foot,  at  60°,  holds 5.87  “ “ “ 


Difference. 


4.94 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


361 


Therefore,  when  cooled  from  80°  to  60°,  4.94  grains  will  be  thrown 
down  or  deposited  in  a liquid  form  as  rain,  or,  if  colder,  as  snow  or 
hail.  The  height  of  the  mercurial  column,  which  is  sustained  by  the 
vapor  of  water  in  the  air,  when  saturated,  at  different  temperatures, 
varies  as  follows : 

At  32° .....0.181  inch. 

At  60° 0.518  “ 

At  80° 1.023  “ 

At  100° 1.918  “ 

The  capacity  is,  therefore,  about  doubled  for  each  rise  of  about  20°. 
Using  the  saturated  condition  or  state  as  the  standard  of  comparison 
(100),  the  relative  quantity  of  moisture  is  expressed  by  percentage. 
The  drier  the  air,  the  lower  the  percentage,  and  conversely.  It  is 
possible  to  make  comparisons  between  localities,  or  between  the  dif- 
ferent states  of  the  air  at  any  given  place,  expressing  the  differences 
in  such  terms  of  percentage.  It  is  in  such  comparisons  that  the  term 
relative  humidity  is  employed.  The  instrument  to  measure  the  quan- 
tity of  vapor  of  water  is  a hygrometer,  and  from  its  readings  the 
relative  humidity  is  calculated. 

In  consequence  of  the  ever-varying  rates  at  which  the  processes  of 
evaporation  and  condensation  go  forward,  the  quantity  of  moisture 
in  the  air  is  subject  to  continual  change.  The  extent  of  water  sur- 
face, the  elevation  above  ocean  level,  the  direction  of  the  prevailing 
winds,  and  the  temperature,  all  combine  to  modify  these  processes 
and  to  increase  or  diminish  the  quantity  of  moisture.  Oceanic  and 
insular  climates  are  generally  moist  or  humid , whereas  continental 
climates  are  dry.  The  mean  relative  humidity  is  greater  on  the  sea- 
shore than  inland. 

The  influence  of  great  humidity  upon  vegetable  growth,  upon 
temperature  and  on  the  healthfulness  of  localities,  is  such  that  the 
determination  is  necessary  to  a full  understanding  of  their  climates. 
The  luxuriance  of  tropical  vegetation  is  generally  associated  with 
moist  climates.  The  effect  upon  temperature  is  to  make  it  more 
even,  and  moist  climates  are  more  equable.  The  moisture  in  the 
air,  when  it  approaches  saturation,  tends  like  a screen  to  prevent 
excessive  radiation  at  night,  and  to  protect  from  the  sun’s  rays  during 
the  day.  The  air  itself  is  thereby  warmed.  k 

Although  so  important,  the  accurate  determination  of  this  element 


362  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


is  somewhat  involved  in  uncertainty,  since  variations  are  found  to  be 
considerable  within  comparatively  short  distances. 

The  absence  of  records  giving  the  relative  humidity  of  the  air  at 
localities  in  the  State,  excepting  the  United  States  Signal  Service 
stations,  which  are  all  on  the  coast,  or  near  it,  prevents  any  accurate 
comparison  of  the  different  districts  of  the  State.  In  general,  the 
relative  humidity  is  greater  at  the  seaside  than  inland,  and  in  the 
southern  than  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The  average  per- 
centage of  humidity  at  the  seaside  localities,  as  reported  by  the  United 
States  Signal  Office,  is  from  75  to  83  per  cent.,  whereas  at  Philadel- 
phia and  New  York  the  average  for  the  year  is  only  about  70  per 
cent.  A notable  difference  in  the  seasons  is  that  in  the  interior  the 
four  coldest  months  are  the  moist  ones  of  the  year,  whereas  on  the 
coast  the  humidity  is  greatest  in  the  summer,  or  from  June  to  Septem- 
ber, inclusive.  And  August  has,  generally,  the  highest  percentage. 
The  relatively  drier  spring  and  winter  at  the  seaside  is  one  reason  for 
the  apparently  more  pleasant  and  milder  climate  of  Atlantic  City, 
Cape  May  and  other  localities  on  the  coast,  in  the  winter,  and  which 
has  attracted  attention  to  them  as  winter  resorts.  The  oppressiveness 
of  the  humid  atmosphere  is  not  as  great  at  that  season,  as  in  a hot 
summer  day,  when  the  absolute  amount  of  moisture  in  the  air  is  much 
greater. 

ATMOSPHERIC  PRECIPITATION. 

RAIN  AND  SNOW. 

The  average  amount  of  rain  and  snow  falling  on  any  part  of  the 
earth’s  surface  is  determined  by  its  situation,  the  prevailing  winds, 
the  configuration  of  its  surface  and  the  nature  of  the  surface  covering. 
And  the  amount  of  such  precipitation  is  one  of  the  measures  of  its 
climate.  And,  further,  as  it  is  distributed  throughout  the  seasons 
and  the  year,  and  is  in  excess  or  is  deficient,  climates  are,  relatively, 
wet  and  rainy,  or  they  are  dry  and  parched.  As  factors  of  climate, 
the  amount  and  the  distribution  of  the  rain  and  snow  are  the  most 
important  after  that  of  temperature.  They  exercise  a controlling 
influence  in  agriculture,  and  determine  largely  the  kinds  of  crops  and 
the  modes  of  cultivation  of  the  soil.  They  indicate  the  lines  of 
internal  navigation  and  of  water-supply.  And  in  their  indirect 
influence  upon  the  human  system,  the  health  and  activities  of  the 
inhabitants  are  mightily  affected. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


363 


The  limits,  areas  and  surface  features  of  the  climatic  divisions  of 
the  State  have  been  referred  to  under  the  head  of  Temperature.  The 
direction  and  relative  frequency  of  the  winds  also  have  been  given. 
(See  Winds.) 

The  larger  part  of  the  annual  precipitation  is  in  the  form  of  rain 
and  snow,  falling  during  the  passage  of  cyclonic  storms  across  the 
State.  These  storms,  marked  by  low  barometric  pressure,  move  over 
the  country  in  a general  northeast  course,  entering  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  passing  northward  and  north-northeast  to  New  England, 
the  St.  Lawrence  region  and  Newfoundland.  Others  come  from  the 
northwest  and  west,  going  in  a general  east  or  east-northeast  course 
to  the  ocean.  Occasionally  these  low  centers  meet  or  coalesce,  and 
the  intensity  and  duration  of  the  storm  are  then  increased.  The  tracks 
of  these  centers  of  low  barometric  pressure  are  charted  by  the  United 
States  Signal  Office,  and  their  maps  indicate  the  direction,  rate  of 
movement  and  the  rainfall  in  their  progress.  Prof.  E.  Loomis,  of 
Yale  University,  has  studied  with  great  care  and  in  detail  these  areas 
of  low  pressure,  traversing  the  eastern  part  of  our  continent,  and 
has  divided  them  into  three  classes : 

“I.  Those  whose  course  was  for  some  days  towards  the  west.  II. 
Those  whose  course  was  towards  some  point  between  the  south  and 
east.  III.  Those  whose  course  was  towards  some  point  between 
north  and  east.”  The  dates  of  beginning  and  end,  latitudes,  longi- 
tudes, course  and  velocity  in  miles  per  hour  are  all  tabulated.  The 
storms  of  the  II.  and  III.  are  the  ones  which  cross  our  territory. 
Those  of  the  second  class  occur  more  frequently  during  the  colder 
months  of  the  year.  Their  average  velocity  is  24  miles  per  hour. 
Their  course  is  seldom  maintained  as  far  south  as  30°  north  latitude, 
after  which  it  frequently  changes  to  the  northeast,  so  that  they  cross 
our  territory  as  northeast  storms  also.  Of  the  storms  which  cross  the 
United  States  north  of  38°,  nearly  all  pursue  a course  a little  east  of 
north ; those  coming  from  south  of  latitude  38°  generally  pursue  a 
nearly  northeast  course.  The  storms  of  this  class  occur  most  fre- 
quently in  autumn  and  least  frequently  in  summer.  The  rate  of 
movement  of  the  storms  in  this  class  varies  from  12.4  to  60.4  miles 
per  hour,  averaging  28.4  miles.  At  these  rates  such  storms  would 
move  from  Cape  May  or  Delaware  bay  entirely  across  the  State  in 
two  and  a half  to  thirteen  hours,  or  at  the  average  rate,  in  about  five 


364  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


hours.  Or  from  Delaware  bay  to  Sandy  Hook  the  passage  would  be 
made  in  nearly  four  hours.* 

The  duration  of  the  storm,  or  of  actual  precipitation,  varies  from 
a few  hours,  as  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  summer  storms,  to  two  or 
even  four  days,  in  the  longer  and  more  slowly-moving  areas  of  low 
pressure.  And,  generally,  the  rain  or  snow  comes  after  the  fall  of 
the  barometer,  and  is  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  center  of  low  press- 
ure, the  prevailing  winds  being  from  an  easterly  quarter.f  In  the 
colder  months  of  the  year,  from  the  first  of  December  to  the  end  of 
March,  the  precipitation  is,  in  part,  in  the  form  of  snow,  especially 
in  the  northern  and  mountainous  districts  of  the  State.  In  the  ex- 
treme south  there  is  more  rain,  even  in  the  winter  months,  than  snow. 
And  in  some  years  the  proportionate  quantity  of  rain  exceeds  largely 
that  of  snow  throughout  the  whole  State  for  all  the  months.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  is  no  record  of  a winter  season  passing  without  some 
precipitation  as  snow,  though  it  may  be  scarcely  more  than  deep 
enough  to  cover  the  earth. 

The  warm  season  or  months  of  the  year  are  marked  all  over  the 
State  by  the  occurrence  of  thunder  storms,  which  move  rapidly  and 
in  a general  easterly  course,  and  are  local  in  their  extent.  They  are 
more  frequent  in  the  latter  part  of  the  summer,  or  during  the  months 
of  July,  August  and  September.  And  they  are  more  common  in  the 
afternoon  or  early  evening  than  in  the  morning  hours  of  the  day. 
The  relative  amounts  of  rain  falling  in  the  course  of  thunder  storms 
and  that  which  comes  with  the  longer  cyclonic  storms  cannot  be  given 
in  figures,  as  there  are  no  statistics  or  records  of  long  periods  and  at 
stations  distributed  over  the  State ; but  from  the  observations  made 
at  Newark  and  at  a few  other  localities,  it  is  evident  that  in  many 
years  the  summer  rainfall  is,  to  a considerable  extent,  due  to  thunder 
storms.  It  must  be  understood  that  in  some  instances  these  summer 
thunder  storms  are  of  wide  range  and  mark  the  movement  of  a 
cyclonic  storm  or  disturbance  which  traverses  the  whole  Atlantic 
States.  They  are  hardly  classifiable  with  the  local  thunder  storms 
characteristic  of  our  summers. 

The  amount  of  precipitation  in  any  given  storm  has  a wide  varia- 
tion. It  rarely  exceeds  four  inches  in  depth,  and  three  inches  is  a 

*“  Contributions  to  Meteorology,”  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  XXI., 
pp.  1-8;  also  Vol.  XXX.,  pp.  7-11. 

f Prof.  E.  Loomis,  in  American  Journal  of  Science,  Vol.  XXV.  (1883),  pp.  9,  10. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


365 


heavy  rain.  In  the  Newark  record  the  number  of  rains  over  three 
inches  in  thirty-seven  years  and  eight  months  was  thirty-six.  Eight 
of  them  occurred  in  July;  eight  in  August;  five  in  October;  three 
in  November ; two  each  in  December  and  May ; and  one  in  each  of 
the  other  months.  These  observations  indicate  the  greater  frequency 
of  heavy  rains  in  the  late  summer  and  in  autumn.  Of  special  heavy 
rains  the  storm  of  March  19th  and  20th,  1881,  at  Paterson,  is  worthy 
of  mention,  when  5.44  inches  fell  in  eleven  hours.  Another  still 
heavier  rainfall  was  that  of  March,  1875,  at  Parsippany,  Morris 
county.  F.  A.  Wilber  (now  of  Butgers  College  Faculty)  kept  a 
record  at  that  time,  and  measured  seven  inches  of  rain  and  melted 
snow  coming  in  a single  storm.  The  greatest  freshet  ever  known  in 
parts  of  eastern  Monmouth  county,  July  11th,  1871,  was  caused  by 
a shower  which  did  not  last  more  than  three  hours.  The  fall  during 
the  extraordinary  shower  between  Trenton  and  Bordentown,  on 
August  24th,  1877,  was  thought  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  to  be  about 
nine  inches.*  No  doubt  other  equally  great  and  sudden  rainfalls 
could  be  included  in  this  list  if  records  were  more  generally  kept. 

* Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  of  Trenton,  furnishes  the  following  graphic  account  of  this  rain, 
written  at  the  time,  while  every  feature  of  it  was  still  fresh  in  memory  : “ Previously 
to  1:30  p.  m.  the  day  offered  no  peculiar  meteorological  features.  The  temperature 
was  78°  Fahrenheit  at  noon,  wind  southeast.  About  1:30  p.  m.  the  wind  shifted  to 
the  southwest,  and  a heavy  bank  of  blue-black  clouds  formed  in  the  northwest.  The 
appearance  at  this  time  was  that  of  an  ordinary  summer  shower.  I did  not  notice 
any  lightning  or  hear  any  distant  thunder.  While  standing  on  the  brow  of  the  hill 
near  where  my  house  stands,  and  facing  the  southwest,  I noticed  that  a somewhat 
similar  bank  of  clouds  to  that  in  the  southwest  was  also  rapidly  forming,  and  the 
two  appeared  to  be  approaching  each  other,  although  not  from  opposite  direc- 
tions, of  course.  * * * In  a few  moments  there  was  a sudden  change  in  the 
several  conditions  then  obtaining.  The  stiff,  northwest  breeze  suddenly  ceased.  A 
remarkable  stillness  pervaded  the  atmosphere  and  a feeling  of  oppression  was  very 
noticeable.  * * * Just  at  this  time  the  two  masses  of  clouds  came  in  contact, 
apparently,  (and  really,  I think,)  directly  over  the  extensive  stretch  of  meadows  lying 
north  of  Bordentown,  along  the  Delaware  river.  At  the  moment  of  contact  of  these 
cloud  masses  there  was  a loud,  humming  sound,  clearly  audible,  but  not  caused  by  a 
wind , the  leaves  were  motionless.  The  two  masses  formed  one,  but  retained  their  peculiar 
coloring,  and  in  less  than  a minute,  I should  think,  a huge  water-spout  formed — or,  at 
least,  the  olouds  became  a single  conical  mass,  with  the  apex  downwards.  As  suddenly 
as  it  formed  it  broke,  and,  in  ten  minutes,  at  most,  thereafter,  the  meadows  were 
flooded.  The  storm  now  took  the  form  of  a general  rain  and  extended  over  a con- 
siderable area.  Such  a rain,  however,  I never  previously  or  since  have  witnessed.  I 
found  by  experiment  that  it  was  impossible  to  breathe  while  facing  it,  unless  by  pro- 
tecting my  nose  and  mouth  with  my  hand.  At  a distance  of  100  feet  objects  were 
wholly  obscured  from  view.  This  fearful  rainfall  continued  for  about  forty  minutes 


366  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


As  has  been  said  of  the  larger  area  of  the  eastern  United  States, 
“ the  distinguishing  feature  of  the  distribution *  * * * is  its  sym- 

metry and  uniformity  in  amount  over  larger  areas.”  * It  is  possible 
to  construct  rain  charts,  using  the  longer  records  only.  And  such 
charts  of  the  United  States  have  been  published  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  and  the  United  States  Signal  Office.  The  mean  annual 
rainfall  for  that  portion  of  the  Atlantic  slope  occupied  by  New  Jer- 
sey, ranges  from  42  to  46  inches.  These  figures  correspond  with 
those  for  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.  In  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States  the  yearly  amount  is  somewhat  greater ; whereas,  in  the 
New  England  States  and  in  the  lake  districts  the  average  is  a little 
less  than  in  New  Jersey.  The  excess  in  the  former  and  the  deficiency 
in  the  latter,  as  compared  with  New  Jersey,  are  in  the  rainfall  during 
the  warm  months  rather  than  in  the  colder  part  of  the  year;  and 
they  are  owing  to  the  more  severe  and  heavy  summer  thunder  storms 
of  more  southern  districts  and  States. 

The  table  of  rainfall  appended  gives  the  amount  of  rain  and 
melted  snow  in  inches  at  the  stations  where  records  have  been  kept. 
These  stations  or  localities  are  distributed  irregularly,  and  they  leave 
wide  gaps,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  where  no  ob- 
servations have  been  made,  and  which  leave  some  doubts  about  the 
local  differences  in  amount.  For  the  Highlands,  there  is  a valuable 
record  at  Lake  Hopatcong.  It  was  kept  by  the  Morris  Canal  Com- 
pany, and  for  24  years  (1846-1869).  West  Point  and  Goshen,  N. 
Y .,  and  Easton,  Pa.,  have  been  added  to  represent  the  Highlands 
valleys  and  the  Kittatinny  valley.  New  York  City  and  Fort  Colum- 
bus give  long  records  for  comparisons.  In  the  Red  Sandstone  plain 
there  are  comparatively  long  records  at  Newark,  New  Brunswick  and 
Lambertville.  The  Morrisville  and  Philadelphia  records  are  used,  as 
they  are  so  near  our  borders,  and  are  of  great  length.  In  the  south- 
ern interior,  we  have  good  records  from  Moorestown  and  Vineland. 
Dover,  Del.,  and  Baltimore,  Md.,  have  been  added  for  comparisons 
with  the  Greenwich  record,  which  is  short.  For  the  seacoast  the 
records  at  Sandy  Hook,  Barnegat,  Atlantic  City  and  Cape  May,  rang- 
ing from  twelve  to  fourteen  years,  give  a fair  average  and  permit 
comparisons,  as  they  cover  nearly  the  same  years  of  the  period,  from 

and  then  began  to  abate,  but  it  was  not  until  5 p.  m.  that  the  rain  ceased  and  the  sky 
became  comparatively  clear.  This  storm  was  remarkable  for  one  feature  other  than 
that  of  the  quantity  of  water  that  fell ; this  was  the  absence  of  lightning.” 

* Blodgett’s  “Climatology  of  the  United  States,”  p.  317. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


367 


1874  to  1888.  The  difference  of  latitude  between  the  extreme  north- 
ern and  southern  stations  is  2°  28',  or  170  miles. 

The  records  for  short  periods  of  observation  are  less  valuable  than 
the  longer  series  of  the  'table,  on  account  of  the  probable  error,  or 
variation  from  the  true  average  or  normal  quantity.  According  to 
Schott’s  tables,*  this  limit  of  error  amounts  to  1.4  inches  in  a series 
30  years  long  at  New  York  ; 0.6  inches  in  a forty-three-year  series  at 
Philadelphia,  and  in  case  of  a single  year  to  12  per  cent.  Hence  the 
difficulty  in  comparing  places  having  short  series  of  observations.! 

For  comparison  of  the  broader  features  the  following  tables  of 
stations,  selected  as  representative  of  the  north  and  south  and  the 
east  and  west  sides  of  the  State,  are  inserted.  In  the  first  table  the 
stations  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  have  records  ranging  in 
length  from  that  of  New  Germantown,  7 years  and  10  months,  to 
that  of  Newark,  45  years  and  8 months.  For  the  southern  part  of 
the  State,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  Dover,  Del.,  are  inserted.  And  the 
records  vary  from  periods  of  9 years  and  8 months  at  Dover,  to  63 
years  at  Philadelphia.  The  comparison  of  the  eastern  and  western 
sides  of  the  State  is  made  in  the  second  table.  The  selected  stations 
have  periods  ranging  from  8 to  63  years  in  length. 

These  comparative  figures  show  that  there  is  more  rain  and  snow 
(total  precipitation)  in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
State,  and  that  the  excess  is  greater  in  the  summer  than  in  the  winter 
months.  As  none  of  the  stations  are  either  on  the  ocean  or  in  the 
mountainous  districts  of  the  State,  they  may  be  considered  as  repre- 
senting fairly  the  differences  due  to  the  two  sections,  irrespective  of 
local  influences  arising  from  surface  features  and  peculiar  situation. 

The  difference  in  the  quantity  of  rain  and  snow  on  the  eastern  and 
western  sides  of  the  State,  respectively,  leaving  out  of  the  comparison 
the  shore  stations,  is  more  marked  than  that  between  the  north  and 
south.  It  amounts  to  an  excess  of  1.3  inches  for  the  four  colder 
months,  1.7  inches  for  the  four  warmer  months,  and  3.7  inches  for 
the  year  at  the  stations  in  East  Jersey.  If  the  shore  stations  were 
included  in  the  table,  the  difference  would  be  greater  than  it  is  here 
shown  to  be.  Hence  the  normal  lines  of  equal  precipitation,  if  drawn 

* “ Tables  and  Results  of  the  Precipitation  in  Rain  and  Snow  in  the  United  States.” — 
Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge , Washington , 1872 , No.  228 , p.  144- 

f The  errors  from  gauges  inaccurate  and  not  properly  located  are  evident  in  some 
of  the  discrepancies  of  the  shorter  series  ; but  it  is  impossible  to  eliminate  all  of  them. 
Some  obviously  incorrect  records  have  been  omitted. 


Rain  and  Melted  Snow,  for  Comparison  of  North  and  South.  Expressed  in  Inches. 


368  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


45.95 

43.34 

44.09 

44.31 

43.92 

44.32 

•J9qnioo0(j 

3.81 

4.03 

2.44 

3.47 

4.08 

iO 

co 

M0qni8AOj^; 

3.63 
3.27 
3.67 

3.64 
3.11 

CO 

CO 

\T0qopo 

3.58 

3.30 

5.01 

3.33 

3.33 

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New  Brunswick 

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Means.  

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Philadelphia,  Pa 

Atco 

Vineland-  

Dover,  Del 

Means  

and  Melted  Snow,  for  Comparison  of  East  and  West.  Expressed  in  Inches. 


CLIMATOLOGY, 


369 


55.05 

45.95 

44.31 

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Y 


370  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


on  a State  map,  would  have  a course  which  is  a resultant  between 
north  and  east,  or  a northeasterly  trend,  and  approximately  parallel 
to  the  coast  line.  That  is,  there  is  an  increasing  rainfall  in  going 
from  northwest  to  southeast.  But  this  generalization,  or  law,  has 
many  exceptions.  The  elevation  above  tide-level,  the  relative  posi- 
tion of  land  and  water,  of  mountains  and  valleys,  and  the  surface 
covering,  or  forests,  all  modify  the  effect  of  position.  And  the 
records  are  so  incomplete  that  a few  only  of  the  exceptions  and  the 
characteristics  of  the  several  great  natural  divisions  of  the  State  can 
be  given  at  this  time.  The  discussion  is  here  of  the  deductive  type, 
from  the  natural  features  and  topography  as  guides,  rather  than  one 
wholly  from  meteorological  data.  The  Highlands  are  best  repre- 
sented by  the  record  of  Lake  Hopatcong.  Its  average  annual  rain- 
fall is  42.5  inches,  or  3.4  inches  less  than  that  of  Newark.  And  this 
difference  corresponds  with  the  decreasing  quantity  on  going  north- 
west into  New  York.  Goshen,  in  the  valley  west  of  the  Highlands, 
appears  to  have  a considerably  lower  quantity — an  average  of  33.82 
inches  in  eight  years’  observations.  Easton’s  ten-year  record  gives  a 
mean  of  46.1  inches.  From  the  shape  of  the  country  it  appears 
reasonable  to  believe  that  both  of  these  records  are  not  far  from  the 
correct  means,  and  that  there  is  a difference  of  at  least  seven  inches 
between  them  in  the  year.  But  a further  examination  of  the  two  by 
months  shows  that  the  difference  is  due  to  the  relatively  greater  rain- 
fall in  the  summer  and  autumn  months.  It  would  be  expected  that 
in  the  Highland  valleys  the  larger  rainfall  would  be  in  the  warmer 
seasons,  whereas  in  the  broader  Kittatinny  valley  the  more  uniform 
surface,  and  the  greater  area  bared  of  forest,  would  show  a deficiency. 
The  five-year  record  at  Dover,  Morris  county,  in  a narrow  and  rather 
deep  valley,  also  shows  a large  summer  rainfall,  while  the  other  sea- 
sonal averages  agree  closely  with  those  of  Easton,  Pa.  The  single 
record  in  the  Delaware  river  valley,  beyond  the  Kittatinny  mountain, 
is  that  kept  at  Port  Jervis,  New  York.  Although  outside  of  the 
Highlands  proper,  it  represents  a deep  valley  in  the  mountainous 
belt,  west  of  the  great  Kittatinny  valley,  and  the  extreme  northwest 
section  of  the  State.  Its  annual  average  rainfall,  from  a five-year 
record,  is  39.2  inches,  or  9 inches  less  than  that  of  Dover,  and  7 inches 
below  that  of  Easton,  Pa.  In  the  absence  of  longer  records  it  is  not 
possible  to  express  in  figures  the  full  influence  of  our  mountains  upon 
the  rainfall.  Their  elevation  and  generally  wooded  slopes,  as  com- 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


371 


pared  with  the  deep,  low-lying  and  cultivated  valleys,  must  tend  to 
condense  the  moisture  of  passing  clouds  and  thereby  produce  an 
increase  in  the  mean  quantity  precipitated  upon  their  crests  above 
what  falls  upon  the  adjacent  valleys  or  plains.  And  the  variation  is 
most  likely  to  be  greatest  at  the  southwest  and  south,  on  the  border 
near  the  Red  Sandstone  plain.  As  stated  on  a preceding  page,  the 
precipitation  on  the  hills  is  frequently  in  the  form  of  snow,  when  it 
is  rain  in  the  valleys.  The  depth  of  snow  is  known  to  be  greater  on 
the  higher  grounds  than  in  the  valleys.  But  we  have  no  records  of 
any  measurements. 

In  the  Red  Sandstone  plain  the  two  long  series  of  Newark  and 
New  Brunswick  differ  by  1.6  inches  in  the  average  for  the  year. 
New  Germantown,  near  the  Highlands  border,  agrees  closely  with 
that  of  New  Brunswick.  There  appears  to  be  a greater  quantity  at 
Newark  in  the  winter  and  the  early  spring  months.  In  this  particu- 
lar, Newark  corresponds  with  all  the  stations  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  State  in  their  greater  average  rainfall.  The  Lambertville  seven- 
teen-year record  agrees  with  that  of  New  Brunswick  very  closely  by 
seasons  and  by  the  year.  And  the  general  correspondence  between 
New  Brunswick,  New  Germantown  and  Lambertville  yields  a very 
fair  average  for  the  central  and  western  part  of  this  division  of  the 
State.  The  forty-four-inch  line  would  include  it  all.  The  South 
Orange  record  corresponds  quite  closely  with  that  of  Newark  in  all 
the  yearly  divisions. 

The  record  at  Paterson  shows  an  apparent  excess  of  nearly  nine 
inches  a year  above  that  of  Newark,  and  which  is  distributed  through 
the  winter,  spring  and  summer  months.  Some  of  the  monthly  totals 
are  abnormally  large.*  The  situation  of  Paterson,  in  the  gap  in  the 
First  mountain,  where  the  Passaic  river  crosses  the  trap-rock  ranges, 
falling  over  this  barrier,  to  the  plain  country  on  the  east  and  north- 
east, may  account  for  this  apparent  exception. 

For  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  the  Moorestown  record  is  one 
of  the  best,  running  nearly  a quarter  of  a century.  Its  yearly  average 
is  43.2  inches,  and  it  corresponds  closely  with  the  sixty- three-year 
period  observed  at  Philadelphia,  whose  mean  is  43.0  inches.  The 
close  agreement  between  these  places  for  months,  seasons  and  year  is 
noteworthy,  and  they  may  be  taken  as  approximately  correct  averages 

-That  of  March,  1881,  was  16.1  inches,  of  September  1882, 25.98  inches , or  greatest 
in  all  of  our  records  for  a single  month.  The  rainfall  at  Newark  for  the  same  month 
was  17.66  inches. 


372  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


for  these  divisions  of  time.  Going  south,  the  Atco  record  does  not 
differ  much  from  that  of  Moorestown,  excepting  in  the  summer  and 
September,  when  there  seems  to  be  a greater  fall  at  Atco.  The  yearly 
average  is  3.5  inches  greater  than  at  Moorestown.  At  Vineland  the 
average  is  5 inches  greater,  and  this  excess  appears  to  be  distributed, 
not  through  the  warmer  months,  but  through  the  winter  and  spring 
months.  Thus,  from  December  to  March,  inclusive,  the  excess 
amounts  to  3.8  inches.  Further  observations  are  wanted  to  establish 
these  differences.* 

The  seashore  is  represented  by  the  four  United  States  Signal  Ser- 
vice stations,  Sandy  Hook,  Barnegat,  Atlantic  City  and  Cape  May. 
Inasmuch  as  the  periods  of  observation  are  nearly  identical,  their 
comparative  figures  are  suggestive  of  local  peculiarities.  The  yearly 
average  precipitation  at  these  places  is  as  follows  : 


Year. 

Spring. 

Summer. 

Autumn. 

Winter. 

Sandy  Hook 

51.1 

13.8 

13.1 

12.0 

12.2 

Barnegat 

48.3 

10.8 

12.3 

12.5 

12.7 

Atlantic  City 

42.5 

9.6 

11.2 

10.0 

11.7 

Cape  May 

47.1 

10.8 

12.9 

10.9 

12.5 

Average  for  three  stations 

48.8 

11.8 

12.8 

11.8 

12.4 

The  average,  exclusive  of  Atlantic  City,  which  appears  to  be  phe- 
nomenally low,  is  nearly  49  inches,  or  from  three  to  six  inches  above 
what  falls  at  the  southern  interior  stations  of  Freehold,  Moorestown 
and  Atco.  Even  with  Atlantic  City  included,  the  yearly  average  for 
the  shore  is  47.5  inches,  indicating  still  an  excess  of  2.5  inches  above 
the  average  given  for  the  southern  stations  in  table  on  page  368.  As 
to  the  monthly  and  seasonal  distribution  of  this  excess  for  the  seashore, 
it  is  mainly  in  the  winter  and  spring  months.  The  summer  and 
autumn  averages  compare  closely  with  the  same  seasons  at  Philadelphia. 

To  show  the  annual  fluctuation  or  distribution  of  rain  among  the 
months,  the  mean  monthly  values  of  twenty  stations,  each  of  whose 
periods  exceeds  five  years  in  length,  were  charted  in  five  groups.  The 

* The  common  errors  in  placing  rain-gauges,  or  the  differences  in  their  form,  or 
inaccurate  measurements  of  the  fall,  may  account  for  these  figures. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


373 


curves  representing  the  several  stations  were  assumed  as  types  of  their 
respective  localities.  The  stations  of  the  northern  and  central  parts 
of  the  State  all  agree  in  a maximum  rainfall  in  August,  the  curves 
reaching  their  highest  point  in  that  month.  In  nearly  all  of  them 
were  three  depressions  or  minima,  viz.,  the  first  in  February,  a second 
in  May  or  June,  and  a third  in  October.  A second  but  lower  maxi- 
mum was  noted  in  the  spring,  in  March  and  in  May.  The  average 
of  all  corresponds  somewhat  with  that  expressing  the  annual  fluctua- 
tion for  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  Portland,  Me.,  to  Washington.* 
According  to  this  more  general  curve,  May  and  August  are  the  wettest 
months,  then  come  November  and  December,  while  February,  June, 
September  and  October  are  relatively  drier.  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Lake 
Hopatcong,  Fort  Columbus,  Newark,  New  Brunswick,  Lambertville 
and  Trenton  are  expressed  by  this  curve.  Goshen  shows  exceptions 
in  depressions  for  April  and  November.  The  stations  of  the  southern 
interior,  and  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Cape  May  'provinces , yield  curves 
which  vary  somewhat  from  the  above  in  the  spring  maximum,  coming 
two  months  earlier  in  the  year,  and  the  succeeding  minimum  is  in  May 
instead  of  June.  The  October  minimum  is  also  more  pronounced. 
And  in  these  respects  the  type  for  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
approaches  that  for  the  Atlantic  coast  (Virginia  to  Florida).!  The 
wet  months  are,  first,  August,  then  March,  and  the  drier  months  are 
May,  second,  October,  and  then  February.  The  southern  part  of  the 
State  has  its  first  dry  period  earlier  in  the  year,  and  the  second  is  one 
month  later.  These  correspond  with  the  longer  season  at  the  South. 
Greenwich  appears  exceptional  in  having  a wet  May,  but  longer 
observations  may  remove  this  apparent  exception. 

EXTREME  PRECIPITATION  AND  DROUGHTS. 

The  following  tabular  statement  of  extreme  rainfalls  by  months 
and  years,  at  stations  having  long  records,  shows  the  extreme  variation 
in  amount,  and  the  wide  range  even  for  a period  of  one  year  in  length  : 

*“  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge/’  No.  288,  p.  129. 

fThe  rainfall  of  the  coast  stations  of  the  United  States  Signal  Service  in  Virginia, 
North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina  is  greater  than  in  New  Jersey — the  average  annual 
precipitation  at  Cape  Henry,  Norfolk,  Hatteras,  Kitty  Hawk  and  Charleston  being 
59.8  inches.  Examined  by  months,  the  greater  fall  is  in  July- September,  and,  second, 
in  December- January ; the  dry  months  are  May-June  and  October-November. 
This  greater  fall  corresponds  with  the  greater  amount  at  the  coast  stations,  Sandy 
Hook,  Barnegat  and  Cape  May. 


Table  of  Extreme  Monthly  Rainfall,  in  Inches  and  Hundredths. 


374  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


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CLIMATOLOGY. 


375 


This  table  gives  the  extreme  monthly  precipitation  from  none  (no 
measurable  quantity)  to  22.5  inches,  and  for  the  years  the  least  and 
the  greatest  are  30.1  inches  and  65.5  inches  respectively.  The  extreme 
annual  variation  at  Newark  amounts  to  23.2  inches ; at  New  Bruns- 
wick to  29.6  inches,  or  about  as  much  as  the  lowest  annual  fall.  As 
the  dry  months  or  years  do  not  generally  occur  consecutively,  the 
severity  of  the  droughts  thus  occasioned  is  not  so  great  as  it  might 
be.  But  droughts  running  over  three  to  four  months  occur.  One  of 
the  most  severe  droughts  felt  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  was 
that  of  1881.  The  following  account  of  it  is  taken  from  the  report 
for  October,  at  Newark  : “The  year  1881  will  ever  be  remembered 

for  its  remarkable  drought.  The  fall  of  rain  in  July  was  1.34  inches, 
the  fall  in  August  only  0.28,  the  fall  in  September  0.87,  and  the  fall 
in  October  2.23  inches,  making  a total  for  four  months  of  only  5.22 
inches.  The  least  quantity  for  the  corresponding  months  of  any  year 
since  1843,  inclusive,  was  10.08  inches,  in  1848;  the  greatest,  34.28 
inches,  in  1843  (the  quantity  in  August  of  that  year,  22.485  inches, 
being  unprecedented),  and  the  mean  of  the  38  years  17.028  inches.”* 
At  Paterson  the  total  rainfall  for  July  to  October,  inclusive,  that  year, 
amounted  to  only  7.8  inches,  or  only  45  per  cent,  of  the  average  fall 
for  these  months. 

The  rainfall  in  the  southern  and  on  the  western  sides  of  the  State 
was  heavier  than  at  the  northeast,  but  the  severity  of  the  drought 
was  distressing  to  farmers,  and  water  was  very  low  in  the  streams. 
The  effect  upon  the  Delaware  river  was  noticed  in  the  very  low  stage 
of  the  water.  “In  the  fall  of  1831,  and  before  the  feeder  of  the 
Delaware  and  Baritan  canal  was  located,  the  water  of  the  Delaware 
was  lower  than  it  had  been  for  many  years.  Conrad  White,  at  that 
time  engineer  of  the  canal  company,  requested  Col.  Simpson  Torbert 
to  make  permanent  recording  marks  along  the  river  shore,  which  he 
did,  assisted  by  Martin  Coryell.  One  of  these  marks  was  made  upon 
the  New  Jersey  abutment  of  Centre  bridge,  on  the  lower  or  down- 
stream side,  being  twelve  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water  at  the 
bridge.  Mr.  George  Van  Camp,  supervisor  of  the  canal  feeder,  had 
levels  taken  in  November,  1879,  and  also  in  September,  1881,  to  com- 
pare the  elevations  of  low-water  mark  one  with  the  other,  and  found 
them  as  follows : 


* Sentinel  of  Freedom. 


376  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


1831 12  feet  below  mark. 

1879 12.5  “ “ 

1881 13.215  “ “ 


At  Vineland  the  rainfall  for  July,  August  and  September  amounted 
to  6 inches,  as  compared  with  the  average  of  14.2  inches.  And  there 
were  two  periods  of  21  and  22  days  respectively  when  no  rain  fell. 

At  New  Brunswick  the  drought  continued  until  November,  and  the 
rain  in  123  days  was  in  all  only  2.9  inches. 

The  following  table  of  droughts  or  dry  periods , kept  at  Lake 
Hopatcong,  by  W.  H.  Talcott,  C.E.,  is  here  pertinent : 


Of  Droughts  shown  by  Records  kept  at  Lake  Hopatcong, 
January,  1846,  to  December,  1869. 


YEAR. 

FIRST  DAY. 

LAST 

DAY. 

LENGTH. 

RAINFALL 

IN  TIME. 

1847 

Mar.  27. 

May 

30. 

65  days. 

1.53  inches. 

1848 

“ 12. 

u 

2. 

52 

ii 

1.95 

ii 

a 

July  4. 

Sept. 

13. 

72 

a 

1.84 

a 

1849 

Dec.  31  (’48.) 

Mar. 

20. 

80 

a 

2.37 

a 

ii 

May  31. 

July 

20. 

51 

a 

1.57 

a 

1851 

July  25. 

Oct. 

29. 

98 

ii 

4.79 

a 

1855 

Jan.  29. 

Mar. 

16. 

47 

a 

0.65 

a 

1856 

“ 6. 

Apr. 

19. 

105 

a 

2.66 

ii 

U 

June  19. 

Aug. 

3. 

47 

a 

0.95 

ii 

ii 

Sept.  29. 

Nov. 

21. 

53 

a 

1.70 

ii 

1858 

Feb.  21. 

Apr. 

8. 

47 

a 

0.40 

ii 

1864 

Dec.  30  (’63.) 

Mar. 

1. 

63 

a 

1.44 

ii 

1867 

Aug.  29. 

Nov. 

30. 

92 

a 

5.01 

ii 

1868 

Nov.  30  (’67.) 

Apr. 

4. 

127 

a 

4.49 

ii 

The  most  severe  and  long-sustained  droughts  in  this  record  were 
those  of  1856,  105  days,  with  but  2.66  inches  of  rain,  and  those  of 
1867  and  1868,  the  latter  covering  219  days,  or  equivalent  to  seven 
months,  and  receiving  9.5  inches  of  rain  and  snow  over  the  cold  half 
of  the  year. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


377 


For  notes  of  droughts  in  the  earlier  period  of  the  State’s  history, 
see  appended  Chronological  Notes  of  the  Weather. 

SNOW. 

The  depth  of  snow  is  not  indicated  in  the  above  tables  and  state- 
ments of  rainfall,  since  it  is  measured  melted,  as  so  much  water  or 
rain.  The  depth  varies  greatly  from  winter  to  winter,  and  in  the 
same  winter  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  The  quantity  in  the 
Highlands  is  much  greater  than  it  is  in  the  extreme  southern  counties, 
and  it  lies  for  a much  longer  time,  and  later  in  the  spring.  We  have 
no  records  of  the  depth  in  the  more  northern  parts  of  the  State.  The 
measurements  of  Mr.  Whitehead,  at  Newark,  range  between  6 feet  3 
inches  in  the  winter  of  1867-8,  and  1 foot  2 inches  in  that  of  1877-8  ; 
and  they  give  an  average  depth  for  thirty-seven  winters  of  40  inches. 
The  average  depth  measured  at  Lambertville  during  the  years  1839- 
1859,  inclusive,  was  29.5  inches.  It  is  probable  that  the  average  for 
the  Highlands  corresponds  nearly  with  that  of  Northern  Pennsylvania, 
which  is  put  at  60  inches  for  the  winter  season.  The  sleighing  season 
continues  for  several  weeks  every  winter  in  the  Kittatinny  valley  and 
the  Highlands.  In  the  Red  Sandstone  plain  it  is  shorter ; and  in  the 
central  and  southern  part  of  the  State  a winter  may  pass  with  only  a 
few  days  of  snow  depth  sufficient  for  sleighing. 

The  variation  between  localities  is  illustrated  in  the  differences 
between  Paterson  and  Freehold  during  the  winter  of  1880-1.  At 
the  former  place  the  total  fall  of  snow  was  48  inches ; at  the  latter  it 
amounted  to  77  inches,  exceeding  the  greatest  depth  at  Newark  by  2 
inches. 

The  snow  melts  much  more  rapidly  near  the  coast  than  in  the 
interior,  and  although  the  depth  of  fall  may  amount  to  nearly  as 
much,  sleighing  is  rarely  possible  beyond  a few  days  at  a time ; and 
on  the  beaches,  as  at  Atlantic  City,  sometimes  for  a single  day  only. 
And  frequently  the  storms  which  begin  with  snow,  end  in  rain.  But 
the  sea  wind  appears  to  have  a very  powerful  effect  in  causing  it  to 
melt  rapidly. 

Snow  is  confined  to  the  three  winter  months,  and  to  November, 
March  and  April.  April  snows  are  generally  light  and  infrequent. 
And  the  November  falls  often  do  little  more  than  whiten  the 
ground.  In  the  Highlands  snow  may  be  expected  about  the  first  of 


378  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


December;  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  snow  deep  enough  to 
lie  for  several  days  rarely  comes  before  Christmas.  According  to  the 
Hazard  “ Register  of  Pennsylvania  ” there  was  a snowfall  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  8th,  1803,  which  broke  down  trees  which  were  in  leaf. 
But  that  occurrence  is  the  sole  one  of  a century  or  more.* 


SANITARY  RELATIONS. 

The  climate  of  New  Jersey,  as  a whole,  is  salubrious.  It  is  more 
equable  than  that  of  the  same  parallels  further  west.  And  yet  it  is 
not  the  equability  accompanied  by  great  moisture  and  dampness,  or 
cold,  which  may  make  an  even  temperature  undesirable  and  un- 
healthy. The  extremes  of  temperature,  or  the  range,  are  not  so  great 
as  in  the  northern  part  of  New  York  and  New  England  generally. 
The  lowest  temperatures  of  our  winters  are  not  so  low  by  10°  to  20° 
as  in  these  States  to  the  north.  And  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
organs  are  neither  so  prevalent  nor  so  acute  and  fatal.  Persons  from 
New  England  and  New  York  find  the  climate  of  the  southern  part 
of  the  State  more  comfortable  and  beneficial  in  the  case  of  any  pre- 
disposition to  lung  diseases.  Lakewood,  Vineland  and  Atlantic  City 
have  become  winter  resorts  for  this  class  of  patients,  who  escape  the 
rigors  of  a more  northern  climate.  For  evenness  of  temperature, 
Cape  May  has  already  been  indicated  as  a remarkable  locality,  and 
the  advantages  of  so  equable  a climate  within  our  borders  deserve  the 
attention  of  all  interested  in  the  study  of  medical  geography,  or  in 
exemption  from  the  extreme  cold  and  sudden  changes  of  our  winters. 
In  general,  our  seaside  is  so  accessible,  and  so  well  provided  with 
comfortable  and  luxurious  accommodations,  that  many  prefer  to  go 
there  rather  than  further  south,  and  find  it  quite  as  beneficial.  The 
growth  and  prosperity  of  Atlantic  City  are  largely  owing  to  its  winter 
homes  and  its  patronage  throughout  the  year.  These  seaside  towns 
are  so  easily  and  quickly  reached  that  they  are  becoming  the  homes 
for  many  invalids  and  delicate  people,  who  cannot  live  further  in- 
land, where  the  extremes  of  both  heat  and  cold  are  more  intense  and 
trying. 

On  the  other  hand,  our  climate  is  not  like  that  of  the  Southwest 
and  South  Atlantic  Coast  States,  in  the  heavier  summer  rainfall  and 

*The  storm  of  March  llth-14th,  1888,  was  remarkable  for  its  severity  and  the 
depth  of  snow.  (See  Chronological  Notes  appended.) 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


379 


prolonged  heat  periods.  The  heated  terms  are  shorter,  and  the  nights 
are  cooler  than  at  the  South,  and,  consequently,  they  are  not  so  ener- 
vating or  exhausting.  There  is  less  malarial  fever,  so  prevalent  and 
fatal  along  the  more  southern  Atlantic  coast  and  in  the  Gulf  States. 
Our  seaside  offers  the  escape  from  the  extremes  of  heat  also,  and  it  is 
thronged  during  the  whole  summer  by  a large  population  seeking 
comfort  and  health. 

Taking  the  year  through,  our  situation  is  favorable  so  far  as  climate 
is  concerned,  and  the  records  of  longevity  are  evidence  of  the  general 
healthfulness  of  our  State. 

The  diversities  of  climate  within  the  limits  of  the  State  must  have 
their  effect,  and  the  general  healthfulness  is  modified  more  or  less  by 
these  varying  conditions.  The  equable  character  of  the  coast  and  its 
sanitary  advantages  have  been  mentioned  above.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  the  Highlands  offer  many  locations  where  the  air  is 
very  bracing  and  dry,  and  where  there  are  no  swampy  tracts  or  wet 
lands  to  give  rise  to  any  dampness  or  malarious  exhalations.  It 
would  be  beyond  the  scope  of  this  article  to  mention  localities.  The 
general  statements  of  the  preceding  pages  indicate  the  districts. 

In  the  southern  interior,  the  dry,  sandy  soil,  and  the  extensive 
pine  forests,  appear  to  conduce  to  healthfulness,  and  a few  localities 
were  noted  long  ago  as  sanitai'iums  for  persons  with  weak  lungs. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  the  study  of  climate  in  its  sani- 
tary relations  is  still  in  its  infancy.  This  is  largely  due  to  the 
absence  of  accurate  meteorological  data  and  a general  ignorance  of 
the  peculiarities  of  our  climate.  The  study  of  disease  and  of  clima- 
tological conditions  must  go  together.  The  claims  of  a suffering 
humanity  call  for  all  the  aid  which  science  can  give.  And  it  may 
be  found  that  in  our  own  borders  there  are  many  of  the  peculiar 
conditions  and  local  features  which  can  be  of  service  not  only  in 
prolonging  life,  but  also  in  restoring  health,  quite  as  well  as  the 
famous  resorts  of  the  South  or  far  West.  The  field  is  an  inviting 
one,  and  encouraging  of  success. 


PERMANENCY  OF  CLIMATE. 

There  is  a prevalent  impression  that  the  climates  of  the  globe  have 
undergone  material  changes  within  the  historic  period,  or  since 
records  of  observations  on  temperature  and  rainfall  have  been  kept; 


380  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


and  that  changes  are  still  in  progress.  It  is  generally  believed  that 
in  our  country  the  alternations  of  temperature  are  more  sudden  and 
the  extremes  greater ; that  the  springs  are  earlier  and  the  seasons,  in 
general,  more  variable ; that  the  rainfall  is  less  and  more  unequally 
distributed  through  the  year,  and,  consequently,  that  the  river  floods 
are  higher  and  the  variations  in  springs  and  streams  more  irregular 
than  formerly.  In  Europe,  the  changes  in  climate  have  been 
thoroughly  discussed  by  Humboldt,  Dove,  Glaisher,  and  other 
eminent  meteorologists.  Both  the  fluctuations  in  temperature  and 
those  of  rainfall  have  been  investigated.  The  results  do  not  indicate 
any  changes,  or  any  regular  variations,  or  cycles  of  definite  length, 
although  there  are  found  to  be  comparatively  short  rainfall  periods, 
which  correspond  somewhat  with  observed  sun-spot  periods.  It  is 
doubtful  if  even  these  will  prove  coincident  throughout  when  tested 
by  longer  series  of  observations.  The  fluctuations  of  temperature 
do  not  appear  capable  of  resolution  into  any  orderly  arrangement. 
Warm  and  cold  terms  of  years,  of  varying  lengths,  alternate  irregu- 
larly. The  weather  records  of  our  country  do  not  go  back  so  far  as 
some  of  the  European  series,  but  they  also  exhibit  the  same  apparent 
irregularity  in  the  sequence  of  warm  and  cold  years  and  a lack  of 
any  periodicity  in  the  annual  rainfall.  Our  temperature  records  are 
mostly  confined  to  the  present  century.  Those  of  New  Haven  date 
from  1780;  those  of  Philadelphia  from  1758  (with  some  gaps  in  the 
eighteenth  century);  those  of  New  York  from  1821.  In  the  investi- 
gation of  the  secular  variation  in  temperature,  the  annual  means  for 
the  stations  having  long  records,  have  been  plotted,  and  their  curves 
presented  in  plate  facing  page  310  of  Schott’s  Tables  of  Atmos- 
pheric Temperature.  Two  of  the  curves,  those  for  Philadelphia 
and  New  York,  are  reproduced  in  Plate  2,  and  with  them  that 
of  Newark  for  its  term  (1843-1887).  The  general  curve  and  also 
the  yearly  irregularities  or  departures  from  it  are  shown,  the  former 
by  a continuous,  the  latter  by  a broken  line.  The  vertical  lines  repre- 
sent two-year  periods,  and  the  decades  are  indicated  by  figures  at  the 
top,  beginning  with  1790.  The  horizontal  lines  are  for  temperature, 
the  figures  for  which  are  at  the  sides  of  the  diagram.  They  stand 
for  mean  annual  temperature.  We  note  a depression  about  1794,  in 
the  Philadelphia  curve,  then  a rise  to  a maximum  in  1802.  From 
that  year  to  1816  there  was  a general  decline.  Thence,  onward,  for 
ten  years,  the  mean  temperature  increased  quite  rapidly,  and  here  the 


PLATE  2. 


CURVES  OF  SECULAR  CHANGE  /N  THE  MEAN  ANNUAL  TEMPERATURE 


382  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


New  York  curve  begins ; both  then  as  rapidly  fall,  and  reach  a very 
decided  minimum  in  1836.  From  that  depression  the  Philadelphia 
curve  rises  irregularly  to  a maximum  about  1853.  Both  cities  show 
a depression  about  1856-7 ; and  the  same  appears  in  that  of  New- 
ark, also.  From  that  forward  the  undulations,  as  shown  in  Newark, 
are  shorter,  and  there  are  notable  depressions  for  the  years  1867-8, 
and  again  in  1875.  The  rise  thence  to  1877-80  and  the  decline  from 
1882  to  1885  are  also  remarkable.  The  cold  epochs  were  therefore 
1794,  1816,  1836,  1856-7,  1867-8,  1875  and  1884,  or  at  intervals 
of  about  22,  20,  21,  11,  7 and  9 years.  But  the  subject  of  change 
of  climate  is  best  stated  in  Schott’s  conclusion : “ There  is  nothing  in 
these  curves  to  countenance  the  idea  of  any  permanent  change  in  the 
climate  having  taken  place  or  being  about  to  take  place;  in  the  last 
90  years  of  thermometric  records,  the  mean  temperatures  showing  no 
indication  whatever  of  a sustained  rise  or  fall.  The  same  conclusion 
was  reached  in  the  discussion  of  the  secular  change  in  the  rainfall, 
which  appears  also  to  have  remained  permanent  in  amount  as  well  as 
in  annual  distribution.”* 

Going  back  quite  as  far  as  any  of  our  temperature  observations, 
are  the  records  of  seasons  of  navigation  and  ice  in  rivers  and  harbors. 
One  of  the  best  is  that  of  the  season  of  navigation  in  the  Hudson 
river.  The  dates  of  opening  and  closing  of  the  river  at  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  indicate  the  severity  of  the  winter,  by  the  longer  periods,  or  the 
mildness,  by  the  shorter  time,  between  the  closing  by  ice  in  fall  or 
winter,  and  the  spring  date  when  the  river  was  again  free  from  ice.f 
This  table  will  be  found  appended  to  this  article. 

None  of  the  records  indicate  any  diminution  in  rainfall  in  the 
mean  quantity  for  year  or  seasons,  nor  does  there  appear  to  be  an 
increased  number  of  dry  periods.  In  severity  the  drought  of  1881 
was  certainly  extreme.  From  the  clearing  away  of  forests,  particu- 
larly in  the  Red  Sandstone  plain,  and  the  general  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  drainage  of  wet  tracts,  etc.,  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the 
rainfall  might  be  slightly  diminished  in  quantity,  judging  by  the 
well-known  comparative  observations  on  rainfall  in  forests  and  in 

*“ Tables  of  Atmospheric  Temperature:  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowl- 
edge,” No.  277,  p.  311.  Washington,  1876. 

f Although  Albany  is  100  miles  north  of  our  boundary  on  the  north,  the  condition 
of  the  ice  in  the  Hudson  marks  our  winters— of  Northern  New  Jersey — quite  as  well 
as  any  other  record  which  we  could  have,  and  hence  it  is  here  inserted  as  applicable 
to  our  State. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


383 


cleared  areas,  in  Germany,  France  and  Switzerland.  But  the 
records  do  not  show  any  such  desiccation  in  the  climate,  nor  will 
measurements,  as  usually  made,  exhibit  the  probable  changes.  The 
distribution  of  the  rains  through  the  months  and  seasons  is  probably 
less  uniform  since  the  settlement  and  clearing  of  the  country.  That 
is,  they  are  more  irregular,  and  heavy  rainfalls  are  probably  more 
common.  Of  course  the  rains  run  away  more  quickly,  and  that 
the  streams,  especially  the  larger  rivers  and  creeks,  are  more  sub- 
ject to  very  high  freshets,  appears  to  be  generally  conceded,  and 
reasonably  so,  since  there  is  a vastly  diminished  area  of  swamp  and 
woodland  to  retain  in  the  surface  the  rains,  and  to  allow  their  more 
gentle  flowing  away.  The  drying  up  of  springs,  supposed  to  be 
lasting,  and  of  streams  which  formerly  carried  water  even  in  very 
dry  seasons,  are  evidences  of  the  greater  desiccation  of  the  soil  at 
times,  if  not  of  the  climate.  (See  Marsh’s  “ Earth  as  Modified  by 
Human  Action.”) 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  OF  CLIMATE  AND  WEATHER  PHENOMENA. 

The  earliest  printed  notice  of  the  climate  of  New  Jersey  is  in  aA 
Description  of  the  Province  of  New  Albion,  etc.,  published  in  1648.” 
The  following  extract  from  it  is  here  given  : “ Whereas  that  part  of 

America,  or  North  Virginia,  lying  about  39  degrees  on  Delaware  bay, 
called  the  province  of  New  Albion,  is  situate  in  the  best  and  same 
temper  as  Italy,  between  too  cold  Germany,  and  too  hot  Barbary ; so 
this  lying  just  midway  between  New  England  200  miles  and  Vir- 
ginia 150  miles  south,  where  now  are  settled  8,000  English,  and  140 
ships  in  trade,  is  freed  from  the  extreme  cold  and  barrenesse  of  the 
one,  and  heat  and  aguish  marshes  of  the  other,  and  is  like  Lumbardy, 
and  a rich  fat  soil,  plain,  and  having  34  rivers  on  the  mainland,  17 
great  Isles,  and  partaketh  of  the  healthiest  aire  and  most  excellent 
commodities  of  Europe,  and  replenished  with  the  goodliest  woods  of 
oaks  and  all  timber  for  ships  and  masts,  mulberries,  sweet  cypresse, 
cedars,  pines  and  firres,  4 sorts  of  grapes  for  wine,  and  raisins,  and 
with  the  greatest  variety  of  choice  fruits,  fish  and  fowl,  stored  with 
all  sorts  of  corn,  yeelding  5,  7 and  10  quarters  an  acre.”  * 

*That  the  name  New  Albion  was  then  applied  to  New  Jersey  appears  in  a letter  of 
Robert  Evelin,  which  was  included  in  the  same  pamphlet.  We  extract:  f‘ But  never- 
theless to  satisfie  you  of  the  truth,  I thought  good  to  write  unto  you  my  knowledge, 
and  first  to  describe  you  from  the  north  side  of  Delaware  unto  Hudson’s  river  in  Sir 


384  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


From  the  account  of  Thomas  Rudyard,  Deputy  Governor  of  East 
Jersey,  written  in  1683,  we  extract  the  following  paragraph,  descrip- 
tive of  that  Province : “As  for  the  temperature  of  the  air,  it  is  won- 
derfully situated  to  the  humors  of  mankind ; the  wind  and  weather 
rarely  holding  one  point,  or  one  kind,  for  ten  days  together ; it  is  a 
rare  thing  for  a vessel  to  be  wind-bound  for  a week  together,  the  wind 
seldom  holding  in  a point  more  than  48  hours;  and  in  a short  time 
we  have  wet  and  dry,  warm  and  cold  weather/7  This  description  is 
as  pertinent  to-day  as  it  could  have  been  in  1683. 

In  Thomas  Budd7s  “ Good  Order  Established  in  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey  in  America,77  printed  in  1685,  there  is  the  following: 
“The  dayes  in  the  winter  are  about  two  hours  longer,  and  in  the 
summer  two  hours  shorter  than  in  England ; the  summer  somewhat 
hotter,  which  causeth  the  fruits  and  corn  somewhat  to  ripen  faster 
than  in  England , and  the  harvest  for  Wheat,  Rye  and  Barley,  being 
about  the  latter  end  of  June.  In  the  winter  season  it  is  cold  and 
freezing  weather,  and  sometimes  Snow,  but  commonly  very  clear  and 
Sun-shine,  which  soon  dissolves  it.77 

Peter  Kalm,  a celebrated  Swedish  traveler  and  natural  philosopher, 
who  spent  the  winter  of  1748-9  in  West  Jersey,  and  afterwards,  in 
1750,  traveled  through  the  State,  writes  as  follows  of  the  snow  at 
Penn7s  Neck,  February  23d,  1749:  “Snow  lay  yet  in  several  parts 
of  the  woods,  especially  where  the  trees  stood  very  thick,  and  the  sun 
could  not  make  its  way ; however,  it  was  not  above  four  inches  deep. 
All  along  the  roads  was  ice,  especially  in  the  woods,  and,  therefore,  it 
was  very  difficult  to  ride  horses  which  were  not  sharp-shoed.  The 
people  who  are  settled  here  know  little  of  sledges,  but  ride  on  horse- 
back to  church  in  winter,  though  the  snow  is  sometimes  near  a foot 
deep.  It  lays  seldom  above  a week  before  it  melts,  and  then  some 
fresh  snow  falls.77  * 

While  residing  at  Raccoon , a locality  in  Gloucester  county,  this 
traveler  collected  notes  about  the  effects  of  severe  cold  upon  trees  and 
of  late  frosts  in  spring  in  killing  blossoms  and  leaves.  We  extract 
the  following: 

“ I often  inquired  among  the  old  Englishmen  and  Swedes  whether 
they  had  found  that  any  trees  were  killed  in  very  severe  winters,  or 

Edmunds’  patent,  called  New  Albion,  which  lieth  just  between  New  England  and 
Maryland,  and  that  ocean  sea,  I take  it  to  be  about  160  miles.” — Smith’s  History,  of 
New  Jersey,  pp.  27,  28. 

*“  Travels  into  North  America,”  by  Peter  Kalm,  London,  1771,  Vol.  II.,  p.  73. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


385 


had  received  much  hurt.  I was  answered  that  youug  hickory  trees 
are  commonly  killed  in  very  cold  weather,  and  the  young  black  oaks 
likewise  suffer  in  the  same  manner.  Nay,  sometimes  black  oaks  five 
inches  in  diameter  were  killed  by  the  frost  in  a severe  winter,  and 
sometimes,  though  very  seldom,  a single  mulberry  tree  was  killed. 
Peach  trees  very  frequently  die  in  a cold  winter,  and  often  all  the  peach 
trees  in  a whole  district  are  killed  by  a severe  frost.  It  has  been  found 
repeatedly,  with  regard  to  these  trees,  that  they  can  stand  the  frost 
much  better  on  hills  than  in  valleys ; insomuch  that  when  the  trees  in 
a valley  were  killed  by  frost,  those  on  a hill  were  not  hurt  at  all. 
They  assured  me  that  they  had  never  observed  that  the  black  walnut 
tree,  the  sassafras,  and  other  trees,  had  been  hurt  in  winter.  In  regard 
to  a frost  in  spring,  they  had  observed  at  different  times  that  a cold 
night  or  two  happened  often  after  the  trees  were  furnished  with  pretty 
large  leaves,  and  that  by  this  most  of  the  leaves  were  killed.  But  the 
leaves  thus  killed  have  always  been  supplied  by  fresh  ones.  It  is 
remarkable  that  in  such  cold  nights  the  frost  acts  chiefly  upon  the 
more  delicate  trees,  and  in  such  a manner  that  all  the  leaves,  to  the 
height  of  seven  and  even  of  ten  feet  from  the  ground,  were  killed  by 
the  frost,  and  all  the  top  remained  unhurt.  Several  old  Swedes  and 
Englishmen  assured  me  they  had  made  this  observation,  and  the  atten- 
tive engineer,  Mr.  Lewis  Evans,  has  shown  it  me  among  his  notes. 
Such  a cold  night  happened  here  in  the  year  1746,  in  the  night,  between 
the  14th  and  15th  of  June,  new  style,  attended  with  the  same  effect  as 
appears  from  Mr.  Evans’  observations.  The  trees  which  were  then  in 
blossom,  had  lost  both  their  leaves  and  their  flowers  in  those  parts 
which  were  nearest  the  ground  ; some  time  after  they  got  fresh  leaves, 
but  no  new  flowers.  Further,  it  is  observable  that  the  cold  nights 
which  happen  in  spring  and  summer  never  do  any  hurt  to  high 
grounds,  damaging  only  the  low  and  moist  ones.  They  are  likewise 
very  perceptible  in  such  places  where  limestone  is  to  be  met  with,  and 
though  all  the  other  parts  of  the  country  be  not  visited  by  such  cold 
nights  in  a summer,  yet  those  where  limestone  lies  have  commonly 
one  or  two  every  summer.  Frequently  the  places  where  the  limestone 
lies  are  situated  on  a high  ground ; but  they  suffer,  notwithstanding 
their  situation ; whilst  a little  way  off,  in  a lower  ground,  where  no 
limestone  is  to  be  found,  the  effects  of  the  cold  nights  are  not  felt. 
Mr.  Evans  was  the  first  who  made  this  observation,  and  I have  had 
occasion  at  different  times  to  see  the  truth  of  it  on  my  travels,  as  I shall 
mention  in  the  sequel.  The  young  hickory  trees  have  their  leaves 
killed  sooner  than  other  trees  in  such  a cold  night,  and  the  young  oaks 
next ; this  has  been  observed  by  other  people,  and  I have  found  it  to 
be  true  in  the  years  1749  and  1750.”  * 

The  occurrence  of  a frost  in  June,  having  a like  effect  upon  tender 
leaves  of  trees,  has  been  referred  to  on  another  page. 


* Kalm,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  83-85. 


z 


386  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  his  inquiries  was  in  regard  to  the 
weather  and  its  changes  and  the  permanency  of  climate.  The  answers 
of  that  day  were  substantially  what  might  be  obtained  now.  We 
quote : 

“ The  following  account  the  old  man  gave  me,  in  answer  to  my 
questions  with  regard  to  the  weather  and  its  changes;  it  was  his 
opinion  that  the  weather  had  always  been  pretty  uniform  ever  since 
his  childhood  ; that  there  happen  as  great  storms  at  present  as  for- 
merly ; that  the  summers  now  are  sometimes  hotter,  sometimes  colder, 
than  they  were  at  that  time;  that  the  winters  were  often  as  cold  and 
as  long  as  formerly ; and  that  still  there  often  falls  as  great  a quantity 
of  snow  as  in  former  times.  However,  he  thought  that  no  cold  win- 
ter came  up  to  that  which  happened  in  the  year  1697,  and  which  is 
often  mentioned  in  the  almanacks  of  this  country ; and  I have  men- 
tioned it  in  the  preceding  volume.  For  in  that  winter  the  river 
Delaware  was  so  strongly  covered  with  ice  that  the  old  man  brought 
many  waggons  full  of  hay  over  it  near  Christina , and  that  it  was 
passable  in  sledges  even  lower.  No  cattle,  as  far  as  he  could  recollect, 
were  starved  to  death  in  cold  winters,  except  in  later  years,  such  cattle 
as  were  lean,  and  had  no  stables  to  retire  into.  It  commonly  does 
not  rain,  neither  more  nor  less,  in  summer  than  it  did  formerly,  ex- 
cepting that,  during  the  last  years,  the  summers  have  been  more  dry. 
Nor  could  the  old  Swede  find  a diminution  of  water  in  brooks,  rivers 
and  swamps.  He  allowed,  as  a very  common  and  certain  fact,  that 
wherever  you  dig  wells  you  meet  with  oyster  shells  in  the  ground. 

“ The  winter  came  sooner  formerly  than  it  does  now.  Mr.  Isaac 
Norris,  a wealthy  merchant,  who  has  a considerable  share  in  the 
government  of  Pennsylvania , confirmed  this  by  a particular  account. 
His  father,  one  of  the  first  English  merchants  in  this  country,  observed, 
that  in  his  younger  years,  the  river  Delaware  was  commonly  covered 
with  ice,  about  the  middle  of  November , old  style,  so  that  the  mer- 
chants were  obliged  to  bring  down  their  ships  in  great  haste  before 
that  time,  for  fear  of  their  being  obliged  to  lie  all  winter.  On  the 
contrary,  this  river  seldom  freezes  over  at  present,  before  the  middle 
of  December , old  style. 

“ It  snowed  much  more  in  winter,  formerly,  than  it  does  now ; but 
the  weather  in  general  was  likewise  more  constant  and  uniform,  and 
when  the  cold  set  in,  it  continued  to  the  end  of  February , or  till 
March,  old  style,  when  it  commonly  began  to  grow  warm.  At  pres- 
ent it  is  warm,  even  the  very  next  day  after  a severe  cold,  and  some- 
times the  weather  changes  several  times  a day. 

“ Most  of  the  old  people  here  were  of  opinion,  that  spring  came 
much  later  at  present  than  formerly,  and  that  it  was  now  much 
colder  in  the  latter  end  of  February  and  the  whole  month  of  May 
than  when  they  were  young.  Formerly  the  fields  were  as  green,  and 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


387 


the  air  as  warm,  towards  the  end  of  February , as  it  is  now  in  March , 
or  in  the  beginning  of  April,  old  style.  The  Swedes  at  that  time 
made  use  of  this  phrase,  Pash  bitida,  Pash  sent,  altid  Gras , that  is, 
we  have  always  grass  at  Easter,  whether  it  be  soon  or  late  in  the  year. 
But  perhaps  we  can  account  as  follows,  for  the  opinion  which  the 
people  here  have,  that  vegetation  appeared  formerly  more  forward 
than  it  does  now.  Formerly  the  cattle  were  not  so  numerous  as  now  ; 
however,  the  woods  were  full  of  grass  and  herbs,  which,  according  to 
the  testimony  of  all  the  old  people  here,  grew  to  the  height  of  a man. 
At  present  a great  part  of  the  annual  grasses  and  plants  have  been 
entirely  extirpated  by  the  continual  grazing  of  numbers  of  cattle. 
These  annual  grasses  were  probably  green  very  early  in  the  spring, 
and  (being  extirpated)  might  lead  the  people  to  believe,  that  every- 
thing came  on  sooner  formerly  than  it  does  at  present.  It  used  to 
rain  more  abundantly  than  it  does  now  ; during  the  harvest  especially 
the  rains  fell  in  such  plenty  that  it  was  very  difficult  to  bring  home 
the  hay  and  corn.  Some  of  the  last  years  had  been  extremely  dry. 
However,  a few  people  were  of  opinion  that  it  rained  as  plentifully 
at  present  as  formerly. 

“All  the  people  agreed  that  the  weather  was  not  by  far  so  incon- 
stant when  they  were  young  as  it  is  now.  For  at  present  it  happens 
at  all  times  of  the  year,  that  when  a day  has  been  warm,  the  next  is 
very  cold,  and  vice  versa.  It  frequently  happens  that  the  weather 
alters  several  times  in  one  day,  so  that  when  it  has  been  a pretty 
warm  morning,  the  wind  blows  from  northwest  about  ten  o’clock  and 
brings  a cold  air  with  it ; yet  a little  after  noon  it  may  be  warm 
again.  My  meteorological  observations  sufficiently  confirm  the 
reality  of  these  sudden  changes  of  weather,  which  are  said  to  cause, 
in  a great  measure,  the  people  to  be  more  unhealthy  at  present  than 
they  were  formerly. 

“ I likewise  found  everybody  agree  in  asserting  that  the  winter 
betwixt  the  autumn  of  the  year  1697,  and  the  spring  of  the  year 
1698,  was  the  coldest  and  the  severest  which  they  ever  felt.”  * 


*Kalm,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  119,  120,  and  127-130. 


388  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


EXPLANATION  OF  TABLE  OF  TEMPERATURE. 

The  table  of  temperature  has  been  modeled  after  those  of  Chas.  A. 
Schott  (of  United  States  Coast  Survey),  as  published  in  “ Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge,”  No.  277.  It  contains  the  name  of 
station,  geographical  position,  elevation,  mean,  maximum  and  mini- 
mum temperatures  by  months,  mean  temperatures  by  seasons,  and  for 
the  year  and  length  of  period  of  observation. 

The  arrangement  of  the  localities,  or  meteorological  stations,  is 
geographical,  beginning  with  those  furthest  north  and  going  south- 
ward. And  they  appear  in  groups,  corresponding  in  general  to  the 
divisions  of  the  State,  designated  as  climatological  provinces. 

The  geographical  positions  are  given  to  the  nearest  minute  of 
latitude  and  longitude.  The  longitude  is  that  west  of  Greenwich. 

The  elevations  are  expressed  in  feet  above  mean  tide  level,  so  far  as 
they  could  be  ascertained  from  railroad  surveys,  and  from  the  topo- 
graphical maps  of  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  “ Tables  of  Atmospheric  Temperature  ” in  “ Smithsonian  Con- 
tributions to  Knowledge,”  furnish  heights  for  several  stations. 

The  temperature  is  given  in  columns  arranged  by  months,  by  the 
year  and  by  seasons.  In  the  monthly  columns,  the  first  of  each  gives 
the  maximum  or  highest  temperature  observed  for  that  month  during 
the  period  covered  by  the  record.  The  second  column  gives  the 
minimum  or  lowest  observed  temperature  for  the  month.  And  the 
third  gives  the  mean  daily  temperature.  The  range  for  any  given 
month  is,  therefore,  apparent  in  the  difference  between  the  maximum 
and  the  minimum  temperatures,  as  shown  in  the  first  and  second 
columns.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  the  mean  obtained  from 
the  several  mean  monthly  temperatures.  Following  this  column  for 
the  mean,  are  three  columns  giving  the  maximum,  the  minimum  and 
the  range  of  temperature  for  the  year.  Then  follow  the  mean 
temperatures  for  the  four  seasons,  consisting  of  the  calendar  months 
as  commonly  placed  in  them.  In  the  three  columns  headed  “ Series,” 
the  dates  of  commencement,  of  end  and  the  length  of  the  observing 
period  are  given.  The  length  in  most  cases  consists  of  the  actual 
time  covered  by  the  record,*  and  it  is  not  always  the  same  as  that 

* The  length  of  record  of  observation  in  some  cases  consists  of  the  number  of  months 
and  twelve-months  observed,  but  not  calendar  years.  Hence,  in  a few  cases  the  months, 
are  unequally  represented.  But  in  all  the  longer  series  the  dates  give  the  length- 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


389 


oomprised  between  the  dates  of  beginning  and  end.  The  names  of 
observers,  so  far  as  obtainable,  are  given  in  the  last  column. 

The  authorities  for  the  tables  are  Schott’s  “ Tables  of  Atmospheric 
Temperature,”  in  “ Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,”  No. 
277 ; copies  of  records  furnished  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution ; 
copies  of  the  records  of  the  United  States  Signal  Service  Stations, 
contributed  by  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  United  States  Army; 
u Army  Meteorological  Register,”  Washington,  1851  and  1856;  an- 
nual reports  of  the  Chief  Signal  Officer,  1870  to  1886,  inclusive  ; the 
Monthly  Weather  Review  issued  from  same  office;  New  York 
Meteorology,  by  F.  B.  Hough,  First  and  Second  Series;  the  Ameri- 
can Almanac,  for  1861;  and  original  data  furnished  by  local 
observers.  In  the  case  of  nearly  all  the  existing  stations  the  records 
have  been  submitted  to  the  observers,  and  revised  by  them  wherever 
necessary,  to  correspond  with  their  original  records  of  observations. 
The  mean  temperatures  are  believed  to  be  as  nearly  correct  as  it  is 
possible  to  make  them.  In  the  columns  for  maximum  and  minimum 
temperatures,  the  extremes  do  not  in  all  cases  correspond  to  the  whole 
length  of  periods  covered  by  the  mean  temperatures,  as  the  data  were 
not  accessible.  It  is  possible  that  they  do  not,  therefore,  in  a few 
localities,  represent  the  extremes  or  indicate  so  wide  a range  as  may 
have  been  observed. 

In  order  to  a more  accurate  comparison,  the  records  of  mean 
temperature  of  Newark  and  of  Morrisville,  Pa.,  where  the  observing 
hours  are  not  the  ordinary  ones,  (7  a.  m.,  2 p.  m.  and  9 p.  m.,)  have 
been  corrected  to  correspond  with  observations  made  at  those  hours. 

The  temperatures  are  expressed  in  degrees  and  fractions  of  a degree, 
and  according  to  the  Fahrenheit  scale. 


390  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


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STATIONS. 

Goshen,  N.  Y 

Paterson 

Newark 

New  Brunswick.. 

Lambertville 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Moorestown 

Vineland 

Greenwich 

Atlantic  City 

Baltimore,  Md 

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CLIMATOLOGY.  391 


EXPLANATION  OF  TABLE  OF  RAIN  AND  MELTED  SNOW. 

The  second  column  gives  the  names  of  localities  or  stations.  Their 
more  exact  location  is  given  in  the  columns  of  latitude  and  longitude.* 
The  elevations  are  expressed  in  feet,  above  mean  tide  level,  and  are 
from  the  topographical  maps  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  from 
railroad  surveys. 

The  amount  of  rain  and  melted  snow  is  given  in  inches  and  hun- 
dredths, and  the  figures  stand  for  the  mean  or  average  quantities  for 
each  month  of  the  year.  Following  them  are  the  mean  quantities 
for  the  several  seasons,  and,  lastly,  that  for  the  year.  The  dates  of 
commencement  and  end  of  the  record,  and  the  length,  are  next  given. 
The  last  column  has  the  observers’  names,  or  other  authority  for  the 
records. 

The  mean  quantities  for  the  months  are  obtained  by  adding  together 
the  quantities  for  the  given  months  in  the  several  years  observed,  and 
dividing  by  the  number  of  years.  Inasmuch  as  there  are  often  gaps — 
months  without  any  record — allowance  is  made  for  them.  Conse- 
quently, the  means  at  any  given  station  may  not  represent  any  equal 
number  of  records  for  all  the  months  of  the  year.  The  mean  for  any 
given  month  is  the  quotient  of  the  total  rainfall  of  that  month 
throughout  the  period,  divided  by  the  number  of  months  observed. 
The  averages  for  the  seasons  are  made  by  adding  together  the  monthly 
averages  belonging  to  the  calendar  months  of  the  several  seasons. 
Thus,  spring  covers  the  months  of  March,  April  and  May.  The 
annual  fall  is  the  sum  of  the  months,  or  that  of  the  four  seasons.f 

The  length  of  the  period  includes  the  actual  number  of  years  (or 
twelve-months)  and  months  observed,  and  is  not,  in  many  cases, 
coincident  with  the  length  of  time  between  the  dates  of  beginning 
and  end,  as  they  appear  in  the  preceding  columns.  But  in  all  the 
longer  series  there  are  no  gaps.  The  records  for  short  periods  are  of 
much  less  importance,  and  hence  omissions  in  them  of  single  months 
are  of  less  account. 

*The  longitudes  are  west  from  Greenwich. 

f Slight  discrepancies  between  the  sum  of  months  or  seasons  and  the  year,  in  the 
case  of  two  stations,  are  owing  to  differences  in  the  yearly  means  as  furnished  by 
observers. 


Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches. 


392  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


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Table  Of  Rain ' and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches — Continued. 


CLIMATOLOGY 


393 


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3.56 

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2.17 
2.55 
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2.65 

1.10 

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•J33J—  ?qSt3H 

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STATIONS. 

East  Orange,  Essex  Co 

1 Orange,  Essex  Co 

South  Orange,  Essex  Co 

Elizabeth,  Union  Co 

Union,  Union  Co 

Linden,  Union  Co 

Peouanac.  Morris  Co 

Caldwell,  Essex  Co 

Gillette.  Union  Co 

New  Germantown,  Hunterdon  Co 

Readington,  Hunterdon  Co 

Ringoes,  Hunterdon  Co 

Somerville,  Somerset  Co 

New  Brunswick,  Middlesex  Co 

Princeton,  Mercer  Co 

Locktown,  Hunterdon  Co 

Lambertville,  Hunterdon  Co 

Trenton,  Mercer  Co 

Morrisville,  Bucks  Co.,  Penna 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

/ 


Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredth  of  Inches— Continued. 


394  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


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Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches — Continued. 


CLIMATOLOGY.  395 


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50 
150 
20 
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20 
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STATIONS. 

II  ad  don  field,  Camden  Co 

Atco,  Camden  Co 

Harrisville,  Burlington  Co 

Egg  Harbor  City,  Atlantic  Co 

Clavton,  Gloucester  Co 

Vineland,  Cumberland  Co 

Barnegat,  Ocean  Co 

Little  Egg  Harbor,  Burlington  Co 

Atlantic  City,  Atlantic  Co 

Peeks  Beach,  Cape  May  Co 

Ocean  City,  Cape  May  Co { 

Cape  Mav,  Cape  May  Co 

Salem,  Salem  Co 

AUowaystown,  Salem  Co 

Greenwich,  Cumberland  Co ! 

Dover,  Kent  Co.,  Del 

Baltimore  and  Fort  McHenry 

For  Observers,  see  pages  396-399. 


Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches— Continued. 


396  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


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CLIMATOLOGY 


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Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches— Continued. 


398  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


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Table  of  Rain  and  Melted  Snow.  Inches  and  Hundredths  of  Inches— Continued. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


399 


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Climate  of  Newark,  1843-1887. 

From  Records  kept  by  Wm.  A.  Whitehead  and  Frederick  W.  Ricord. 


400  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


Range  of 
Dry 

Periods. 

qsopioqg 

W ! 

P ! 

Q qsoSuo'q; 

i0^iOCO^M«OK5COMMCO: 

i 

i 

•s^bq;  .iibj  jo  oSb^udo.ioj 

55 

58 

58 

58 

60 

68 

64 

64 

62 

58 

53 

55 

sAb(i 

.iiB^q  jo  .toquin 83B.i0Ay 

17.00 

16.50 

18.00 

17.50 
18.70 

20.50 
19.75 

19.75 

18.75 
18.00 
16.00 
17.00 

Days  of 
Snow. 

Moqum^j  jSBO'q; 

hnh  :::.::::h 

M0q 

-mn^j  ^sojBa.iy) 

(mcci-hoscm  : : : :<noo 

Rainy 

Days. 

M0qum^[  ^SB0q[ 

i— ii— iCsliOiOiO^tfiOCOCO^fG^ 

\ 

M0q 

-Ullt^  ^S0}B0.I£) 

>— irHCOCOt^iOiOiOTt'CMiOCO 

i 

Range  of 
Fair  Days 

\i0qnmjsj  jSBO'q 

: 

M0q 

-umj^  ^s0;B0.if) 

21 

21 

23 

23 

25 

26 

25 

26 

24 
24  ! 
22 
24 

•spxeAvdn  pun  0qg  SBM 
ojipB.iodinoj,  qoiqAY  uo 
sXb(j  jo  .loqiun^;  :}S0jB0.i£) 

. 

: : : :go<-h^oh  : : : 

: : : <-h  oq  <m  --h  . : ; 

•Avopq  puB  0Z2  SBAV 
9.iniB.i0diu0jJ  qoiqM  uo 
SAb(J  jo  .T0qran^j  'jsaiBa.ifj 

<m  oo  i>-  : : : : : «o  oo 

<N  r-i  : • 03  ^ 

Mean 

Temperature. ! 

•JS0AVOr[ 

19.33 

21.86 

30.23 

40.30 
54.72 
60.25 

70.23 

67.30 
59.98 
48.61 
36.12 
23.81 

CO  <M  t-  r— ( 
H H N OO 
HO  GO  © "!iH 
CD  lO  (M 

qsoqSrjj 

37.64 

36.99 

46.17 

55.55 

68.38 

73.70 

79.60 

76.60 
73.72 
59.40 
49.66 
40.31 

53.81 

75.34 

58.77 

35.91 

'POI.I0J  JOJ 

0.miB.i0dui0X  jo  0§ub^j 

77.70 

76.50 

75.25 

69.00 

65.00  i 

58.75 

53.50  | 

52.25 

66.00 

60.75 

65.75 
76.00 

Minimum 

Temperature. 

•JSOAVO'q 

OOOOOLOiOiOOiOOO 

r^oooocacqt^iocqoio 

N M N N OO  (d  Tli  fi  GO  1> 

1-p  | I— 1 CO  CO  ^ ^ M (N  I 

^soqSijj 

16.00 

16.00 

28.00 

40.00 

42.50 

57.50 

66.00 
60.00 
50.70 

36.00 

29.00 
22.75 

Maximum  ! 
Temperature. 

qsoMO'q 

30.60 

44.70 

50.00 

62.25 

71.00 

84.00 

86.25 
83.75 
76.50 

67.00 

57.25 

42.00 

qsoqSijj 

65.00 
68.50 
77.25 

86.00 

96.00 

97.00 

99.75 

99.00 
4 00.50 

83.00 

73.75 
68.50 

January 

February 

March  

April 

May  

June  

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

5 

C 

l CC 

Summer 

> •< 

: a 

5 

j 

Climate  of  Cape  May,  N.  J. 

Period  of  Observation,  June  1st,  1871,  to  December,  1883.  Degrees  Fahrenheit. 

[Taken  from  Dr.  Huntington  Richards’  Article  on  Cape  May,  in  “ Wood’s  Hand-book  of  Reference  to  the  Medical  Sciences.” 


CLIMATOLOGY 


401 


: x 

•jnon  -13d  ‘sail iM  n| 
‘puiAV  JO  Xjiooioa  aSBJaAy 

14  3 
! 161 

16.4 

14.6 

12.5 
10.8 
10.0 

9.8 

11.7 

13.6 

15.7 
15.9 

14.5 

i 10.2 

13.7 

15.4 

13.4 

1 

•puiM  jo  | | 
uoipajici  SaniBAOij  £ 

N.W. 

N.W. 

N.W. 

N.W. 

S. 

s. 

s. 

s. 

E. 

N.W. 

N.W. 

N.W. 

* » * * =* 
£ & £ 

6 

soqouiui  ‘ipsjuiBH  33bioav 

4.22 

3.60 

5.14 
3.34 
2.62 
3.81 

j 3.30 
5.77 
4.46 
1 3.53 
3.73 

4.15 

11.10 

12.88 

11.72 

11.97 

47.67 

' % 

•sAbg  jboio  pun 
are  x jo  jaqujnx  oSbjoav 

© <N  w « CJ  H D iq  ^ b CO  OJ 

o'  oo  o5  oi  » w « h h ei  oo  oo 

C'Jr-Hr^T-«<NC^C'4CJ<N<Nr-1rH 

61.9 

67.8 

62.4 

57.1 

248.7 

• 

r 

•Xlipiuinn  oaijbioh;  uBapj 

Oj  h O)  W lO  h W OO  H iO  l> 

GO  to  ^ CO  05  oi  6 to  <N  to 

75.3 

79.8 

74.8 

76.9 
76.7 

k 

•pouaj 

joj  ajnjBjaduiax  jo  aSuBH 

hht0^h(NiOMiC©ift© 

lOOiOiOrf^COCCrfOiOO 

<M  T*  CO  H © 
i>  ^ © © 1 

a 

•o06  3Aoqy  SBAV 

ajupwaduiax  aqj  qoiqAv 
uo  qjaOH  aj^uig  Aub  ui 
s£b(i  jo  jaqum’M  isajBa’jQ 

OOOOOO.HOOOOO 

: : : : : 

0 

•0Z2  Mopa  SBAV 
ajniBjadruax  aqi  qatqAV 

uo  qiuopi  ajSuig  Aub  ui 
sAbq  jo  aaquxri^  jsojbo'jo 

26 

22 

16 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

27 

r 

Absolute 
Minimum 
Temperature 
for  Period. 

•jsaAvoq 

1 

2 

9 

24 

34 

47 

56 

55 

42 

31 

14 

2 

mu 

•IsaqSiH 

18 

23 

25 
43 
48 
60 
70 
64 
55 
48 
30 

26 

— 
1 ^ 

Absolute 
Maximum 
Temperature 
for  Period. 

•jsaAvox 

43 

42 
48 
59 
72 
79 

79 

80 
75 
67 
55 

43 

1 ; : . . . 

•jsaqSiH 

oc©ic©i-i©»-'Oor^TH©oj| 

lOtCtODOOCOOOOOOOOtOtOl 

- 

•pOIJOa  JOJ  3JUJB 

-jadraax  umuiiutj^  aSBja.vy 

29.4 

31.8 

35.1 

43.0 
53.7 

63.2 

69.3 
: 67.5 
‘ 64.6 
i 51.2 
1 41.8 

32.1 

i 1 

•poijaj  joj  aanjB 
-jadraax  mnuiixBK  aSejaAy 

[ 41.2 

45.0 

47.7 

54.8 

65.8 

74.3 

80.0 
78.5 

75.3 
66.2 

! 54.1 
44.0 

MM! 

1 . 

g«|  1 

5 S § t 

•jsaAvoq  J 

28.6 

28.0 

33.3 

44.0 

55.1 
61.8 
69.5 

68.7 

63.8 

55.2 

41.9 
31.1 

45.6 

68.8 

54.2 

31.3 
50.2 

1 - " O 

*2  O.'-H  C n 

Uo 

! H ® 

•jsaqSiH  j 

x ! 

43.2 

41.7 

47.7 

54.7 

65.2 

71.2 

75.6 

76.6 

74.5 

64.3 

51.6 
43.9 

54.2 
74  2 

62.9 

42.9 
56  0 

1 1 

' < 

■y  uranioo  moaj  paonpaa 
aanjBjaduiax  uBapj  aSBjaAy 

34.2 
35  6 

40.1 

48.1 

58.6 

68.3 

73.6 

73.1 
67.9 
58.8 

46.2 

37.4 

48.9 

71.6 

57.6 

35.7 
53.5 

Mean 

Temperature  of 
Months  at  the 
Hours  of— 

W H II 

34.1 
35.3 

39.6 

47.2 
57.1 

66.6 

71.6 

71.5 

66.7 
57.9 

45.5 

37.3 

mi! 

K VI  8 

36.6 

38.6 
42.9 

51.2 
62.1 

71.6 

77.2 

76.3 

71.3 
62.1 
48  9 
39.5 

i 

K V L 

31.9 

33.1 

37.9 

45.9 

56.7 

66.8 

72.1 
71.6 
65.8 
56.5 

44.2 
354 

January.  ... 
February.... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November. 
December .. 

Spring 

Summer 

Autumn 

Winter 

Year 

2a 


Table  of  Mean  A.  M.,  P.  M.  and  Midnight  Temperatures  at  Atlantic  City  and  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J.,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  New  York  City,  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  and  San  Diego,  Cal.  Degrees  Fahrenheit. 

[From  Annual  Report  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the  Army  for  1887.] 


402  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


JUNE. 

•p  m 

63.9 

65.6 

70.7 
68.1 
66.0 

77.1 

63.1 

DECEMBER. 

•PTK 

34.9 

34.8 
36.2 

33.8 
32.5 
54.1 
54.1 

H <1 

70.4 

73.5 

79.9 
77.7 

73.9 
85.0 

69.5 

•r  a 

38.6 

37.5 

40.4 

37.6 
36.1 

62.5 

62.6 

•r  *y 

65.8 

65.6 

70.2 
67.4 

65.3 

79.3 

60.4 

’R  ’V 

33.3 

33.1 

33.5 

31.5 
30.7 

50.2 
50.2 

MAY. 

‘PIR 

54  6 

56.1 
61.9 

59.2 

56.7 

71.8 

60.2 

NOVEMBER. 

•P1H 

43.4 
44.2 

44.2 

42.4 

41.3 
59.7 

56.5 

•r  a 

60.5 

63.5 

70.9 
69.0 

64.2 

80.9 

66.3 

r ’a 

48.5 
47.9 
49.8 

48.1 

46.5 

68.1 
65.7 

R 'V 

55.9 

53.6 
60.2 
57.5 

55.7 
73.3 

56.8 

•R  V 

42.0 
42  6 

42.2 

40.2 
39.9 

56.5 

52.5 

APRIL 

'PIR 

44.5 

44.6 

51.5 
47.9 
45.4 

65.6 
57.2 

OCTOBER. 

•PTM 

55.5 

55.5 

56.0 
54.3 

54.1 
68.0 

61.2 

R <1 

50.1 
50.9 

59.1 

56.3 

52.4 
75.6 
63.8 

'R  d 

61.6 

60.8 

61.0 

62.6 

60.4 

75.8 

68.8 

•R  V 

44.9 

43.6 

48.7 

45.7 

43.9 
65.1 

52.9 

•R  ‘V 

54.6 

54.2 

53.3 

52.1 

52.2 
66.1 
57.9 

1 

MARCH. 

•PTH 

36.6 

36.0 

41.1 

38.1 

35.3 

60.4 

55.1 

SEPTEMBER. 

•PIR 

65.4 

65.5 
66.1 

64.8 
63.7 

75.9 
65.5 

•r  a 

41.8 

40.5 

46.6 
44.0 

40.8 

69.5 

61.6 

■r  a 

71.0 

71.6 
74.5 

73.1 
70.8 

82.7 

72.1 

*R  V 

35.4 

34.1 
37.9 

35.2 

33.2 

57.2 
51.1 

R V 

65.1 

64.3 
63.8 
62.7 

62.4 
75.0 
62.7 

FEBRUARY. 

'PIR 

32.2 

30.7 

35.8 
32.5 

30.1 

56.2 

53.9 

AUGUST. 

'PIR- 

70.1 

70.7 
72.9 

71.2 
70.0 

77.7 

67.8 

1 'R  a 

\ 

36.6 
34.8 
41.2 

37.6 

34.7 

64.8 
61.0 

•r  a 

75.5 

77.2 

81.3 

79.6 
77.0 

85.7 
74.2 

1 

’R  ’V 

1 

30.5 
29.0 

32.7 

29.8 

27.9 

52.5 

49.5 

•R  'V 

1 70-4 

70.0 
71.2 

70.1 

69.1 

79.2 

65.3 

JANUARY. 

'PIR 

31.0 

30.1 

33.6 

30.6 

29.1 

53.6 
52.8 

JULY. 

‘PIR 

69.6 
71.5 
75.2 
73.4 

71.1 

79.1 

65.7 

r 'a 

35.0 

32.9 

37.5 

34.6 

33.0 

61.9 

60.7 

R • a 

76.2 
78.9 

84.5 
82.4 

78.6 

87.3 

72.4 

•R  V 

29.2 

28.5 

31.0 

28.6 

27.1 

50.2 

48.3 

•R  'V 

71.2 

71.5 

74.7 

72.2 

70.8 

80.9 

63.5 

STATIONS. 

Atlantic  City 

Sandy  Hook 

Baltimore,  Md 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

New  York  City 

Jacksonville,  Fla 

San  Diego,  Cal 

STATIONS. 

9 

Atlantic  City 

Sandy  Hook 

Baltimore,  Md 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

New  York  City 

Jacksonville,  Fla 

San  Diego,  Cal 

Note. — Observations  prior  to  August  25th,  1872,  were  taken  at  7:35  A.  m.,  4:35  and  11:35  p.  m.,  Washington  time;  from  August  25th, 
1872,  to  November  1st,  1879,  at  7:35  a.  m.,  4:35  and  11  p.  m.  ; from  November  1st,  1879,  to  December  31st,  1884,  at  7 A.  m.,  and  3 and  11 
p.  m.,  Washington  time;  and  from  January  1st,  1885,  to  December  31st,  1886,  at  7 A.  M.,  and  3 and  11  p.  m.,  Seventy-fifth  Meridian  time. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


403 


CHRONOLOGICAL  NOTES  OF  THE  WEATHER. 

REMARKABLE  SEASONS;  ICE  IN  RIVERS  AND  HARBORS ; DROUGHTS, 

ETC.,  ETC.,  ETC. 

[Abbreviations:  W,  Webster;  H,  Hazard ; B,  Blodgett ; G,  Gordon.] 

The  following  brief  notes  of  the  weather  have  been  gathered  from 
S.  Hazard’s  “ Register  of  Pennsylvania,”  Yol.  II.,  pp.  23-26  and 
379-386,  Philadelphia,  1828;  Watson’s  “Annals  of  Philadelphia,” 
1844;  Dr.  Noah  Webster’s  “A  Brief  History  of  Epidemics  and  Pesti- 
lential Diseases,”  Hartford,  1798;  Blodgett’s  “Climatology  of  the 
United  States,”  Philadelphia,  1857 ; and  from  meteorological  data 
from  various  stations  in  New  Jersey  and  Philadelphia  since  1843. 

1607-8. — Winter  extremely  cold.  W. 

1631. — De  Vries  arrived  in  the  Delaware  about  the  first  of  February;  the  season 
was  so  mild  that  his  men  could  work  in  the  open  air  in  their  shirt 
sleeves;  (the  earliest  notice  of  weather  on  the  Delaware.)  G. 

1638.  — Summer  very  hot  and  dry.  W. 

1639.  — No  rain  from  April  26th  to  June  4th,  O.  S.  W. 

1641. — Summer  wet  and  cold ; very  sickly  on  the  Delaware  river ; settlement  from 
New  Haven  broken  up,  and  Swedes  suffered  greatly.  W. 

1641-2. — Chesapeake  bay  nearly  frozen  over.  W. 

1656. — Summer  very  hot.  W. 

1678. — December  10th,  the  Shield  arrived  at  Burlington ; river  frozen  next  day.  G. 
1681. — December  11th,  Delaware  river  frozen  over;  the  Bristol  Factor  arrived  at 
Chester  with  settlers  for  Pennsylvania,  where  they  lay  all  winter.  H. 
1683-4. — Winter  was  excessively  severe.  W. 

1697-8. — Winter  very  cold.  Kalm. 

1704. — Snow  fell  a yard  deep.  H. 

1708-9. — A very  severe  winter.  W. 

1714. — February;  flowers  seen  in  the  woods.  H. 

1717. — February  19th-24th,  great  snow — “greatest  ever  known,”  up  to  that  time, 
in  New  England  and  on  Long  Island.  W. 

1719-20. — Winter  very  cold.  W. 

1720.  — February  23d,  Delaware  clear  of  ice.  H. 

December  20th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  27th,  again  clear.  H. 

1721.  — December  19th,  Delaware  full  of  ice.  IT. 

1722.  — February  6th,  Delaware  open  again  to  navigation.  II. 

1723.  — January  6th,  Delaware  free  from  ice,  and  weather  yet  moderate.  H. 
1723-4. — December  and  January,  river  open.  H. 

1724.  — December  15th,  Delaware  full  of  ice.  H. 

1725.  — March  3d,  snow  two  feet  deep.  H. 

1725-6. — December  21st,  Delaware  full  of  ice  until  January  18th. 

February  1st— 15th,  again  blocked  with  ice.  H. 


404  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


1727.  — February  14tli,  very  cold  weather.  H. 

Summer  hot.  W. 

1728.  — January  23d,  severe  weather  for  two  weeks;  booths  set  up  on  the  Dela- 

ware;  no  clearance  of  vessels  mentioned  until  March  5th.  H. 

1729.  — December;  Delaware  open  all  the  month.  H. 

1730.  — January  20th,  a deep  snow,  the  like  not  known  these  several  years;  navi- 

gation closed.  H. 

December  21st,  vessels  forced  back  by  ice;  29tli,  open.  H. 

1731.  — February  9th,  Delaware  open  again.  H. 

1731- 2. — Delaware  full  of  ice  on  December  14th;  February  22d,  navigation  unob- 

structed. H. 

1732- 3. — December,  Delaware  open;  January  18tli,  great  snow  at  Lewes;  March 

8th,  river  open.  H. 

1734.  — January  1st,  Delaware  continues  open  ; very  moderate  weather.  H. 

December  21st,  weather  fine  and  open  ; Delaware  free  from  ice.  H. 

1735.  — January  16th,  weather  fine  and  open  ; Delaware  free  from  ice.  H. 

December,  weather  fine  and  open  ; Delaware  free  from  ice.  H. 

1736.  — January  6th,  Delaware  fast  and  full  of  ice;  February  5th,  open.  H. 

December,  Delaware  open.  H. 

1737.  — January  20th,  weather  very  cold;  February  3d,  ice  broke  up  in  Schuyl- 

kill. II. 

1738.  — January  and  February,  Delaware  open.  IJ. 

1739.  — January  25th,  Delaware  now  open,  having  been  fast  since  December 

18th.  H. 

1739- 40. — December,  Delaware  open;  January  10th,  closed;  February  21st,  arrivals ; 

March  15th,  ice  broke  up.  H. 

1740- 41. — An  exceptionally  cold  winter.  Jefferson  says  that  it  was  only  less  severe 

than  that  of  1779  80.  B.  Long  Island  Sound  frozen  over  three 
leagues  across.  W.  Delaware  not  navigable  from  December  19th 
until  March  13th  ; January  8th,  at  Lewes,  Del.,  ’tis  all  ice  towards  the 
sea  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach  ; snow  three  feet  deep  in  back  country. 
Much  suffering  among  inhabitants  and  cattle.  H. 

1741- 2. — Delaware  open  during  December  and  January,  and  no  mention  of  ice  in 

February  and  March.  H. 

1742- 3. — Another  open  winter.  H. 

1744. — January  3d,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January  19th,  open.  H. 

1744- 5. — No  mention  of  ice;  clearances  and  entries  in  all  the  winter  months.  H. 

1745- 6. — No  ice  mentioned;  entries  and  clearances  in  December.  H. 

1746- 7. — Delaware  closed  (no  arrivals)  from  December  23d  to  February  24th.  H. 

1747- 8. — December  15th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January  12th,  open;  26th,  closed,. 

and  severe  weather ; February  2d,  open ; 9th,  closed  until  March 
1st.  H. 

1748- 9. — Delaware  open  during  December;  closed  in  January;  February  14th,. 

arrivals.  H. 

1750. — January  22d,  Delaware  opened ; February  6th,  free  of  ice;  May  30th,  frost 
last  week  and  snow  in  places.  H. 

1750- 51. — Very  severe  winter.  W.  Delaware  open  January  22d.  H. 

1751- 52. — Delaware  full  of  ice,  December  24th  ; clear  again,  February  18th.  H. 
1752. — A summer  marked  by  intense  heat  in  all  parts  of  America;  sickly.  W. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


405 


1753.  — January  2d,  navigation  on  Delaware  stopped;  January  9th,  open;  23d, 

clear.  H. 

1754.  — January  15th,  Delaware  for  some  days  clear  of  ice.  H. 

1754- 5. — Winter  unusually  mild.  Troops  sailed  from  New  York  to  Albany  in  Jan- 

uary and  February.  W.  January  14th,  Delaware  stopped;  21st, 
clear  again.  H. 

1755- 6. — Another  mild  winter.  W.  No  mention  of  ice  in  the  Delaware  this  winter, 

and  entries  and  clearances  every  month.  H. 

1756- 7. — No  mention  of  ice  in  the  Delaware,  and  entries  and  clearances  throughout 

December  and  January.  H. 

1757- 8. — Delaware  open  in  December;  February  2d,  closed  for  few  days.  H. 

1758- 9. — December  28th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January  lltli,  open;  25th,  inter- 

rupted; February  1st,  open.  H. 

1759- 60. — December  28th,  Delaware  closed  for  a week  ; February  14th,  open  ; March 

20th,  extraordinary  snow  storm,  and  greatest  fall  of  snow  since  the 
settlement  of  the  Province.  H. 

1760- 61. — No  entries  or  clearances  at  Philadelphia  from  January  15th  to  February 

5th.  H. 

1761- 2. — December  17th,  Delaware  interrupted  by  ice  for  several  days;  December 

24tli,  quite  stopped;  January  21st,  open.  H. 

1762. — Heat  and  drought  exceeded  what  was  ever  known  before;  from  June  to 
September  scarcely  a drop  of  rain  ; forest  trees  scorched.  W. 

1762- 3. — Snow  fell  November  8th,  and  it  lay  until  March  20th.  W.  Delaware  open 

in  December;  January  13th,  stopped  for  some  days.  H. 

] 763-4. — Delaware  open  during  December  and  January.  H. 

1764- 5. — Navigation  in  the  Delaware  much  obstructed  by  ice,  from  December  27th 

until  February  28th;  February  7th,  an  ox  roasted  whole  on  the  ice  at 
Philadelphia.  H.  March  28th,  snow  fell  two  to  two  and  one-half 
feet  deep  on  a level  (last  Saturday  night  and  Sunday).  H. 

1765- 6. — Delaware  open  until  January  9th  ; February  6th,  arrivals.  H. 

1766- 7. — Delaware  open  until  January  1st ; a thaw,  January  8th.  H.  At  Brandy- 

wine, Del.,  20°  below  zero.  W. 

1767- 8. — Delaware  closed  for  a day  or  two,  December  24th;  clear  of  ice,  February 

11th.  H.  , ' 

1768- 9. — Navigation  throughout  December  and  January.  H. 

1769-70. — December  21st,  navigation  at  a stand  for  several  days;  February  15th, 
river  clear.  H. 

1770- 1. — December,  Delaware  open  ; January,  Delaware  open  ; February  14th,  river 

full  of  ice,  stopping  navigation  ; 28th,  clear.  H. 

1771- 2. — December  26th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January,  excessively  cold  month; 

February  20th,  river  open ; March  16th,  snow  in  many  places  two 
feet  deep ; much  ice  in  river.  II.  April  2d,  snow  fell  in  several 
places  six  inches  deep.  H. 

1772- 3. — January  20th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  21st,  very  cold;  March  3d,  navigation 

opened.  H. 

1773- 4. — Delaware  open  in  December;  stopped  January  12th,  and  February  14th, 

still  fast.  II. 

1774- 5. — December  30th,  ice  in  river;  open  January  17th.  H. 

1778. — Summer  very  hot.  W. 


406  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


1779.  — January  19th,  Delaware  closed ; February,  leaves  of  willows,  blossoms  of 

peach,  and  dandelion  flowers  were  seen.  H. 

1779- 80. — Coldest  winter  since  1740-41 ; from  November  25tli  to  middle  of  March 

cold  was  intense  and  almost  uninterrupted  ; snow  nearly  four  feet  deep 
for  three  months ; the  sound  was  entirely  covered  with  ice  between 
Long  Island  and  the  main,  and  between  New  York  and  Staten  Island. 
W.  Troops  crossed  from  New  Jersey  to  Staten  Island  on  the  ice;  the 
Delaware  river  was  closed  from  the  first  of  December  to  the  fourteenth 
of  March — the  ice  being  two  to  three  feet  thick.  B.  During  the 
month  of  January  the  mercury  in  Philadelphia  did  not  rise  to  the 
freezing  point,  excepting  one  day.  H. 

1780.  — May  19th,  dark  day,  which  reached  as  far  south  as  New  Jersey.  W. 

Summer  hot.  W. 

1780- 81. — January  27th,  winter  thus  far  remarkably  mild,  so  that  the  earth  has- 

scarcely  been  frozen  half  an  inch  deep.  H. 

1782.  — January,  Delaware  frozen  up  since  December  30th;  closed  to  February 

16th.  H. 

1783.  — November  28th,  navigation  in  Delaware  stopped,  and  river  frozen  over 

until  March  18th.  B. 

1784.  — January,  a thaw  for  two  days ; then  a fall  of  53°  in  a few  hours.  II.  Sum- 

mer extremely  hot  at  Hartford.  W. 

1784-5. — December  26th,  Delaware  navigation  at  a stand;  open  January  3d;  closed 
again  4th  ; open  last  of  January  ; February  2d,  closed.  IT. 

1786. — January  26th,  mild  winter  until  middle  of  January;  May,  remarkable  for 
the  absence  of  the  sun  for  two  weeks,  and  a constantly  damp  or  rainy 
weather.  H. 

1786-7. — Winter  began  early  and  was  very  severe.  W. 

1788-9. — A severe  winter;  the  Delaware  was  closed  from  December  26tli  to  March 
10th  ; at  Hartford,  Conn.,  28°  below  zero,  February  2d.  W. 

1789- 90. — Very  open  winter;  February  7th  to  17th,  Delaware  stopped  with  ice; 

March  10th,  only  considerable  snow  of  the  winter — remaining  on  the- 
ground  three  days.  II. 

1790- 91. — Delaware  closed  from  December  18th  to  January  18th.  H. 

1791. — Excessively  hot  summer.  W. 

1791- 2. — Delaware  closed  December  23d  to  end  of  month.  H. 

1792- 3. — Delaware  open  during  December;  April  weather  in  middle  of  January. 
1793. — April  1st,  blossoms  universally — two  weeks  earlier  than  usual.  H. 

1793- 4. — Very  mild  winter;  lowest  in  New  York,  13°  above  zero.  W.  January 

13th,  Delaware  open.  H. 

1794- 5. — Mild  weather  until  middle  of  January  ; the  Delaware  closed  from  January 

21st  to  26th.  H. 

1795- 6. — Winter  most  moderate  for  forty-five  years;  navigation  interrupted  on  Dela- 

ware for  one  week  in  February  by  driving  ice.  H.  The  Hudson  river 
closed  by  ice  at  Albany,  January  23d,  1796. 

1796- 7. — Delaware  closed,  December  23d;  Susquehanna  closed,  December  6th; 

January  10th,  as  cold  weather  as  remembered  in  fifty  years.  H.  At 
South  and  West  extremely  cold.  W. 

1797- 8. — Winter  long  and  cold  ; Hudson  river  closed  in  November.  W.  Delaware 

frozen  over,  December  1st;  open  again,  February  5th.  H. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


407 


1798-9. — A long  and  severe  winter,  with  much  snow;  March  12th,  deep  snow.  H. 
1799. — Cold  weather  in  spring;  ice,  April  20th;  frost,  June  6th.  H. 

1799-1800. — A remarkably  open  winter  until  January  6th  ; Delaware  open  again  on 
18th.  H.  Snow  three  feet  deep  in  Georgia ; snow  and  hail  at  St. 
Mary’s  river,  in  Florida.  B. 

1801- 2. — February  22d,  no  obstructions  this  winter  to  impede  navigation  in  Dela- 

ware, except  floating  ice.  H. 

1802- 3. — Delaware  frozen  over  December  19th.  H. 

1803 — May  7th,  ice;  on  the  8th,  a snow  which  broke  down  the  poplars  and  other 
trees  in  leaf.  H. 

1804.  — January  1st,  vessels  come  and  go  on  Delaware  as  in  summer.  H. 

January  21st,  river  full  of  ice;  March  5th,  still  frozen;  clear  on  March 
7th.  H. 

1804- 5. — Delaware  obstructed  by  ice,  December  18th ; February  28th,  again  navi- 

gable ; a variable  winter.  H. 

1805.  — Summer;  no  rain  after  middle  of  June;  all  through  July,  heat  90°-96°. 

Watson. 

1805- 6. — An  open  winter;  Hudson  river  free  from  ice,  February  20th.  H. 

1806- 7. — Navigation  stopped  December  18th  until  20th.  H. 

1807- 8. — Delaware  open  until  January  11th.  H. 

1808- 9. — Delaware  open  until  January  5th  ; then  much  ice  drifting  at  Cape  May.  H. 

1809.  — April  13th,  snow ; 26th,  ice  as  thick  as  a dollar.  H. 

May  6th,  ice ; 13th,  frost ; cold  May.  H. 

November  24th,  snow  one  foot  deep  ; sleighing.  H. 

1810.  — January  10th,  first  ice  of  the  season  in  the  Delaware;  river  closed  and 

opened  several  times;  clear  February  lltli.  H. 

Hudson  river  open  until  January  19th.  H. 

1810- 11. — Navigation  on  Delaware  stopped  December  18th;  open  early  part  of  Jan- 

uary ; ice  in  February.  H. 

1811- 12. — December  25th,  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January  12th,  river  fast  until  Feb- 

ruary 8th.  H. 

1812. — May  4th,  rain  and  snow ; spring  very  backward.  H.  Memorable  as  a 
“cold  summer.”  B.  Very  wet  at  harvest.  W. 

1812- 13. — December  9th,  Schuylkill  fast;  Delaware  full  of  ice;  January  11th,  Dela- 

ware full  of  ice  ; February  26th,  open.  H. 

1814. — January  9th,  Delaware  closed  to  navigation ; February  2d,  open  and  ar- 
rivals. H. 

1814-15. — December  15th,  floating  ice  in  Delaware;  March  5th,  ice  cleared.  H. 

1816.  — Summer  cold;  both  1812  and  1816  were  memorable  as  “cold  summers”  for 

all  the  northern  United  States;  from  May  to  September  of  1812,  each 
month  was  from  3°.6  to  7°.2  below  the  average ; June  and  July,  1816, 
were  5°  and  5°.8  below  ; in  the  Northern  States  snows  and  frosts  occur- 
red in  every  month  of  both  summers;  Indian  corn  did  not  ripen.  B. 
Frosts  at  Philadelphia  in  June,  July  and  August.  B.  & H. 

1817.  — January  19th,  Delaware  closed;  March  9th,  opened.  II. 

1817- 18. — January  31st,  Delaware  closed;  February  28th,  opened.  H.  Hudson 

river  closed  for  108  days,  until  March  25th. 

1818- 19. — Winter  severe  in  New  England.  B.  Delaware  was  obstructed  by  ice  in 

December;  open  in  January  for  a time.  H.  Hudson  river  free  from 
ice  April  3d. 


408  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


1819.— October  25th,  snow  in  southeastern  Pennsylvania.  H. 

1819- 20. — December,  Delaware  open  ; February  4th,  bay  full  of  ice.  H. 

1820- 21. — “This  winter  was  one  of  four,  during  a century,  in  which  the  Hudson, 

between  New  York  and  Paulus  Hook,  was  crossed  on  the  ice.”  B.  It 
closed  November  13th,  but  opened  again  on  20th;  closed  December 
1st;  Delaware  open  during  December ; open  February  14th.  H. 

1823.  — January  22d,  navigation  in  Delaware  clear.  H. 

1824- 5. — December,  Delaware  open  ; February  14th,  clear  of  ice.  H.  Hudson  river 

open  until  January  5th,  1825. 

1824.  — July  29th,  4 J inches  of  rain  fell  at  Philadelphia;  11  inches  at  German- 

town. 

1825- 6. — A cold  winter;  December  28th,  ice  in  Delaware;  January  31st,  closed  until 

February  8th.  H. 

1826- 7. — Delaware  open  during  December.  H. 

1827- 8. — Navigation  uninterrupted  on  the  Delaware  this  winter ; ice-houses  unfilled. 

H.  The  Hudson  at  Albany  closed  for  43  days  only ; February  8th, 
free  from  ice. 

1828- 9. — Hudson  river  closed  December  23d;  free  from  ice  April  1st. 

1829-30. — Hudson  river  at  Albany  closed  January  l'lth  (1830);  and  free  from  ice 
again  March  15th. 

1830-1. — Winter  very  cold  at  Southwest;  ice  formed  at  New  Orleans.  B. 

1835. — January  and  February  both  very  cold;  February  8th,  thermometer  fell 
below  zero,  nearly  all  over  the  country  north  of  Savannah  and 
Natchez;  Long  Island  Sound  was  closed  by  ice;  coldest  winter  since 
1779-80.  B. 

1837. — Summer  mean  temperature,  low.  B. 

1843.  — March  was  coldest  month  of  winter  of  1842-3 ; snow  15  inches  deep  in 

Georgia.  B.  August,  a remarkably  heavy  rainfall  at  Newark,  22.84 
inches ; at  Lambertville,  15.26  inches  ; Hudson  river  free  from  ice  at 
Albany  April  13th,  having  closed  November  26th,  1842. 

1844.  — January,  cold  ; spring,  warm  ; summer,  below  the  mean  temperature. 

1845.  — January,  warm;  minima,  8°  to  18°  above  zero;  minima  for  winter  of 

1844-5,  3°  to  6°  above  zero. 

1846.  — Winter  of  1845-6,  colder  than  usual,  but  no  very  low  temperatures ; spring 

and  summer  cooler,  and  autumn  warmer  than  average  seasons. 

1848.  — Winter  of  1847-8,  warmer  than  average. 

1849.  — Below  zero  in  January  and  also  in  February;  autumn,  warm. 

1850.  — Mean  temperature  for  the  year,  high  ; winter  of  1849-50,  warm  ; minima, 

3°  to  8°  above  zero ; autumn  remarkable  for  its  high  mean  temperature. 

1851.  — Winter  of  1850-1  also  warmer  than  average;  no  temperatures  below  zero 

recorded. 

1852.  — Winter  of  1851-2,  cold;  mean  temperatures  of  the  months,  3°  to  8°  below 

the  average;  East  river  crossed  on  the  ice  January  30th,  and  for  three 
days  following ; Susquehanna  at  Havre  de  Grace  frozen  over  for  seven 
weeks;  cold  and  snows  as  far  south  as  New  Orleans  and  Jacksonville, 
Fla.  B. 

1853.  — A warm  year  ; range  of  temperature  2°  to  98° ; winter  of  1852-3,  one  of 

the  warmest  on  record,  and  very  wet,  the  rainfall  at  Newark  having 
been  15.85  inches. 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


409 


1856.  — One  of  the  coldest  years  in  our  records ; the  first  three  months  of  this 

year  very  cold;  a reproduction  of  1779-80;  March  had  minima  of 
0°.75  below  zero  to  4°  above ; in  April  the  lowest  temperature  at 
Lambertville  was  only  17° ; the  mean  temperatures  for  each  of  the 
spring  months  were  below  their  averages  since ; Long  Island  Sound 
was  closed  to  navigation  from  January  25th  to  February  27th ; New 
York  harbor  was  much  obstructed  by  ice,  and  that  of  Philadelphia 
was  closed  until  late  in  March  ; the  Hudson  river  did  not  open  until 
April  10th.  The  rainfall  at  Newark  for  the  year  only  34.07  inches. 

1857.  — Followed  as  another  cold  year;  and  the  mean  temperatures  for  the  winter 

of  1856-7,  of  the  following  spring,  summer  and  autumn  were  all  low ; 
all  of  the  winter  months  were  marked  by  low  temperatures,  and  in 
January  of  this  year  the  cold  was  intense ; on  the  24th,  readings  of  1° 
to  20°  below  zero  were  recorded,  and  the  highest  reached  35°  to  47° 
only ; the  means  for  the  month  were  16°.22  to  22°.06 ; like  1856,  the 
spring  months  were  colder  than  the  average ; the  summer  was  notable 
for  its  absence  of  extremely  high  temperatures,  and  its  mean  was  low ; 
altogether  it  was  an  exceptional  year. 

1858.  — The  cold  seasons  of  1857  were  succeeded  by  the  warm  winter  of  1857-8, 

although  in  February  the  thermometer,  at  several  localities,  fell  to  6° 
to  8°  below  zero. 

1859.  — The  year  was  exceptional  in  its  cold  summer;  at  Newark,  the  coldest  in 

thirty-eight  years,  and  3°.2  below  the  average;  the  July  mean  was 
nearly  4°  below  the  mean  for  the  summers  of  the  whole  period ; at 
Lambertville,  the  difference  was  1°.4 ; the  maximum,  however,  ranged 
from  91°  to  100° ; all  the  seasons  were  wet. 

1860-2. — These  years  were  noted  for  their  rather  cooler  summers,  and  the  absence 
of  excessively  high  temperatures;  February,' 1861,  was  marked  by 
depressions  of  2°  above  zero  to  7°.5  below  zero. 

1863. — The  winter  of  1862-3,  like  those  of  1859-60  and  1860-1,  was  also  character- 
ized by  its  minimum  occurring  in  February. 

1865.  — January  was  cold ; the  extremes  were  11°  below  zero  and  57°  above. 

1866.  — This  year  was  everywhere  one  of  great  range  of  temperature ; the  mean 

temperatures  of  the  months  and  seasons  were  not  far  from  the  aver- 
age; January  8th,  the  readings  ranged  between  9°  and  20°  below  zero, 
at  the  several  stations  in  New  Jersey,  and  in  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York;  on  the  17th  of  July,  the  maxima  at 
these  same  places  were  92°  to  102°,  making  the  range  for  the  year 
107°  to  114°;  in  this  respect  the  year  is  altogether  exceptional. 

1867.  — Unlike  the  last,  1867  was  more  even  in  temperature,  the  range  being  from 

0°.5  to  88°  at  Newark ; the  spring  and  summer  were  cooler  and  the 
autumn  a little  warmer  than  the  means  for  38  years ; the  year  was 
wet,  and  the  summer  rainfall  at  Newark  amounted  to  24.11  inches;  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  to  30.82  inches,  and  that  for  the  year  to  62.94 
inches — a great  excess. 

1868.  — The  winter  of  1867-8  was  cold ; at  Newark  it  was  the  coldest  of  the 

thirty-eight-year  period ; and  on  forty-seven  days  the  thermometer  did 
not  rise  above  freezing  (32°).  In  February,  records  of  3°  to  10°  below 


410  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


zero  were  made  at  several  stations,  and  the  mean  for  that  month 
ranged  from  5°  to  10°  below  the  average ; it  was  the  coldest  February- 
observed  at  Newark ; the  total  depth  of  snow  was  six  feet  three 
inches,  the  deepest  in  the  series ; March  and  April  were  cold,  and 
freezing  weather  continued  to  the  middle  of  April ; the  Hudson  river 
was  not  open  to  navigation  at  Albany  until  April  5th;  the  yearly 
mean  was  also  lower  than  usual. 

1869.  — The  winter  of  1868-9  had  no  extremely  cold  weather,  and  the  lowest  tem- 

peratures were  3°  to  8°  above  zero;  the  Hudson  river  closed  early — 
December  5th. 

1870.  — Again  in  1869-70  the  winter  was  warm  and  remarkable  for  its  low  range 

of  temperature ; the  lowest  readings  did  not  reach  zero,  and  the  aver- 
age among  the  several  stations  was  between  5°  and  13°  above ; the 
summer  was  above  the  average  temperature. 

1871.  — The  extremes  of  the  winter  of  1870  T were  quite  low  in  all  the  months, 

although  the  average  was  high ; the  spring  was  warmer  than  usual, 
and  readings  of  82°  and  upwards  occurred  in  April ; a depression  of 
1°  to  6°  below  zero  took  place  in  December  (21st) ; the  Hudson  river 
closed  at  Albany  very  early — November  29th. 

1872.  — The  spring  was  colder  and  the  summer  warmer  than  the  means  for  those 

seasons  show ; March,  at  Newark,  was  the  coldest  in  the  38  years  of 
observations. 

1873.  — The  winter  months  (1872-3)  all  were  remarkable  for  low  temperatures ; 

the  minima  of  December,  1872,  were  zero  to  7°  above;  those  of  Janu- 
ary, 1873,  were  between  0°.5  and  22°  below  zero;  the  depression  over 
the  northern  half  of  the  State  was  severe  (12°  to  22°  below  zero); 
in  February,  also,  the  observations  showed  readings  for  zero  to  6° 
below  zero ; the  Newark  record  shows  that  in  43  days  the  thermometer 
did  not  rise  above  freezing ; the  Hudson  river  was  closed  from  Decem- 
ber 9th  to  April  16th. 

1874.  — The  year  was  notable  for  its  lesser  range  of  temperatures  than  ordinary. 

1875. — A cold  year;  its  mean  temperature  at  Newark,  only  48°.2,  or  nearly  3° 

below  the  average,  and  the  coldest  in  the  series ; the  winter  of  1874- 
5,  the  following  spring  and  autumn  were  all  cold ; the  spring  and 
autumn  were  the  coldest  observed  at  Newark,  in  that  all  the  months 
were  either  below  or  little  above  the  average  mean,  and  the  monthly 
ranges  were  generally  small ; the  highest  temperature  in  January,  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State,  was  41°  ; the  lowest  8°  below  zero ; the 
summer  was  very  wet. 

1876.  — The  winter  of  1875-6  was  comparatively  mild;  the  summer  was  remark- 

able for  its  long-continued  heat  and  its  severe  drought ; the  records 
show  maxima  of  90°  and  upwards  for  each  of  the  summer  months  at 
all  the  stations;  the  mean  monthly  temperatures  range  from  70°  to  80° 
at  very  nearly  all  of  them ; the  rainfall  at  Newark  was  little  more 
than  half  the  usual  depth. 

1877.  — The  winter  of  1876-7  was  cold;  December,  at  Newark,  had  a mean  tem- 

perature of  23°.8,  the  lowest  in  the  44  years’  period ; the  month  cor- 
responded to  our  January,  ordinarily;  the  Hudson  river  closed  at 
Albany  on  the  2d  of  December,  and  did  not  open  until  March  30th ; 
the  summer  of  1877  was  the  warmest  in  the  Newark  series ;.  the 


CLIMATOLOGY. 


411 


autumn,  also,  was  warmer  than  usual ; no  readings  below  freezing 
(32°)  were  recorded  in  October,  and  the  length  of  the  seasons  between 
frosts  was  much  greater  than  common ; the  Moorestown  record  shows 
203  days,  from  April  13th  to  November  4th  ; December  of  this  year 
is  noted  for  the  entire  absence  of  snow  in  all  the  central  part  of  the 
State. 

1878.  — The  winter  of  1877-8  had  a high  mean  temperature;  the  snowfall  at 

Newark  was  but  1 foot  2 inches  in  depth ; the  Hudson  river  did  not 
close  until  December  31st ; the  spring  was  unusually  warm,  and  the 
month  of  April  was  the  warmest  in  the  Newark  series,  its  minimum 
being  40°  and  its  mean  temperature  55°.5,  or  within  5°  of  the  average 
May  temperature  ; the  summer,  also,  was  warmer  than  the  average. 
The  yearly  mean  temperature  at  Newark  was  53°.6,  the  highest  in  44 
years. 

1879.  — The  winter  of  1878-9  ranked  among  the  colder  winters;  the  Hudson  was 

closed  between  December  20th  and  April  4th  — 100  days ; the  autumn 
was  remarkably  dry,  the  rainfall  at  New  Brunswick  amounting  to  3.58 
inches  only. 

1880.  — An  exceptional  year  in  several  ways.  The  winter  of  1879-80  was  remark- 

ably warm — above  the  average  at  Newark ; the  average  for  January 
being  37°.6,  highest  in  the  44  years’  record,  and  18°.3  above  that  of 
January,  1857  ; May  remarkably  Avarm,  the  average  at  Newark,  68°.4, 
highest  in  the  record,  and  having  reached  a maximum  of  96°  ; Decem- 
ber was  noted  for  its  low  temperatures,  from  zero  downwards,  all  over 
the  State,  north  of  Cape  May.  The  year  was  dry,  and  the  drought 
was  such  that  wells  and  springs  were  lower  than  for  38  years  past. 

1881.  — The  winter  of  1880-1  was  a cold  one,  and  the  snowfall  was  deep.  For 

153  days,  from  November  22d,  1880 , to  April  23d,  1881,  inclusive,  the 
average  temperature  at  New  Brunswick  was  29°. 3,  or  the  average  for  the 
three  winter  months  (a  winter  of  five  months).  At  Freehold,  75  inches  of 
snow.  Hudson  river  closed  at  Albany,  November  25th,  and  opened 
March  21st,  1881.  The  summer  and  autumn  were  warm,  and  marked 
by  a most  severe  drought.  [See  page  375.]  At  Newark  and  New 
Brunswick  the  months  of  August,  September  and  October  were  marked 
by  uncommonly  high  temperatures.  The  7th  of  September  had  an 
average  temperature  of  89°.7  at  Newark;  and  the  maximum  was 
100°.5 — “ above  that  of  any  day  in  any  month  in  any  year  during  the  whole 
period .” 

1882.  — The  winter  of  1881-2  was  one  of  the  warmest  on  record,  the  average  tem- 

perature at  Newark  being  33°.7 ; the  Hudson  river,  at  Albany,  was 
open  until  January  2d,  1882;  the  summer  was  warm  and  dry;  the 
autumn  was  exceptionally  Avet,  and  September  Avas  memorable  for  its 
heavy  rainfall,  amounting  to  17.6  inches  at  Newark,  15.5  inches  at 
New  Brunswick,  14.9  inches  at  Atlantic  City,  and  25.9  inches  at  Pat- 
erson. 

1883.  — The  Avinter  of  1882-3  was  longer  and  colder  than  the  average ; the  summer 

was  marked  by  an  absence  of  excessively  hot  weather. 

1884. — An  average  year  in  temperature  and  rainfall.  September  was  the  driest 

on  record,  the  rainfall  varying  from  two  to  four-tenths  of  an  inch  only. 
Warmest  April  on  the  Newark  record. 


412  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


1885.  — Another  year  of  comparatively  more  even  temperature,  excepting  April, 

whose  maximum  was  86°  at  Newark  ; Hudson  river  at  Albany  closed 
to  navigation  until  April  7th. 

1886.  — No  great  extremes  either  in  temperature  or  rainfall  marked  the  year  ; the 

minimum  for  October,  at  Newark,  was  36°,  the  highest  on  the  record 
at  that  place. 

1887.  — The  average  winter  temperature  for  the  State  was  32°.6 ; the  range  from 

102°  to  — 4°.5  ; the  rainfall  varied  from  37.9  inches,  at  Atlantic  City, 
to  53.3  inches  at  Somerville.*  The  year,  at  Newark,  had  the  following 
extremes : minimum  of  16°  for  February,  maximum  of  50°  in  March, 
minimum  of  46°  in  May,  and  of  66°  in  July. 

1888.  — March  12th  and  13th  were  noted  for  the  occurrence  of  a furious  storm 

(blizzard)  of  wind,  snow  and  extreme  cold ; the  snow  drifted  into  hard- 
packed  banks  5 to  15  feet  high  ; the  thermometer  was  but  little  above 
zero,  and  all  railroad  and  telegraphic  communication  was  stopped  for 
several  days.  It  was  an  unexampled  storm  in  this  generation. 

These  notes  show  the  great  variation  in  temperature  and  rainfall 
from  year  to  year  and  for  the  corresponding  seasons  of  the  years. 
Extending  as  they  do,  over  two  and  a half  centuries,  this  range  of 
extremes  is  greater  than  that  which  is  shown  by  our  meteorological 
records,  whose  lengths  are  limited  to  periods  of  twenty  to  thirty,  and 
in  three  cases  only,  to  more  than  forty  years.  They  show  further 
how  incomplete  measures  of  these  extreme  phenomena  our  records  are, 
although  the  averages  may  be  approximately  attained  in  the  twenty 
to  fifty-year  periods  or  series.  Of  course  many  of  the  earlier  notes 
are  very  fragmentary,  and  give  results  of  great  heat  and  severe  cold 
instead  of  any  proper  meteorological  measurements  of  their  intensity. 
However,  the  winters  of  1740-1,  of  1779-80,  of  1820-1,  and  of  1856  ; 
the  snows  and  ice  in  May,  1808  ; the  severe  snow  storm  and  blockaded 
roads  and  railways  in  March,  1888;  the  frosts  every  month  in  the 
summer  of  1812,  and  again  in  that  of  1816,  are  quite  as  decisive  and 
emphatic  as  any  thermometric  records  would  be,  and  they  indicate  to 
us  the  possibilities  in  weather  phenomena.  In  short,  they  may  occur 
again,  and  the  experiences  of  the  past  be  repeated  in  our  time.  They 
constitute  a striking  illustration  of  the  uncertainties  of  the  weather, 
and  in  them  we  discover  no  law  which  would  enable  us  to  predict  the 
seasons  in  advance,  or  solve  the  problem  of  meteorology. 


*From  Mr.  E.  W.  McGann’s  Ann.  Sum.  for  1887. 


CLIMATOLOGY 


413 


Dates  of  Opening-  and  Closing  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  Albany, 
and  the  Number  of  Days  of  Navigation. 

[From  the  reports  of  the  Regents  of  the  University,  and  other  sources.] 


SEASONS. 

RIVER  FREE  FROM  ICE. 

RIVER  CLOSED  BY  ICE. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

November  25th 

1675-6  

February  26th 

1786  

March  23d 

1789  

February  3d,  (1790) 

1790  

March  27  th 

December  8t,h 

256 

266 

1791  

March  17  th 

December  8th 

1792  

December  1 2t,h 

1793  

March  6th 

December  26th  .. 

295 

301 

1794 

March  17th. 

January  12t,h,  (1795) 

1795 

January  23d,  (1796)  

1796  

November  28th 

1797 

November  26lh 

1798  

November  23d  

1799 

January  6th  (1800). 

1800  

January  3d  (1801)  ,, 

1801  

February  28th 

February  3d  (1802) 

340 

1802 

December  1 6th 

1803  

January  12th,  (1804) 

1804  

April  6th 

December  13th  

251 

1805  

January  9th,  (1806) 

1806  

February  20th 

December  11th 

294 

271 

274 

1807 

April  8th 

January  4th  (1808) 

1808  

March  10th 

December  9th. . . 

1809  

January  19th,  (1810) 

1810 

December  14th  .. 

1811 

December  20th.  .. 

1812 

December  21st 

1813.,.. 

March  12th 

December  22d 

285 

414  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  Albany, 
and  the  Number  of  Days  of  Navigation— Continued. 


SEASONS. 

RIVER  FREE  FROM  ICE. 

RIVER  CEOSED  BY  ICE. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1814 

December  1 Otli 

1815 

December  2d 

1816 

December  1 6tli 

1817 

December  7th 

1818 

March  25tli 

December  14th 

264 

1819 

April  3d 

December  13th.. 

254 

1820  

March  25tli 

November  13th 

233 

1821 

AT arch  15th 

December  13th 

273 

1822  

March  15th.  

December  24th 

284 

1823  . 

March  24th 

December  16th 

267 

1824  

March  3d 

January  5th,  (1825) 

308 

1825  

March  6tli 

December  13tli 

282 

1826  

February  26th  

December  24th 

301 

1827  ... 

March  20th 

December  25th 

280 

1828  

February  8th 

December  23d 

319 

1 829  

A pril  1st 

January  11th,  (1830) 

285 

1 830  

AT  a rch  1 5 th 

December  23d 

283 

1831 

March  15  th 

December  5th 

265 

1832  

March  25th 

December  21st 

271 

1 833  

March  21st, 

December  13th 

267 

1834  

Fp.bnia.rv  21st 

December  15th 

297 

1 835  

March  25th 

November  30th 

250 

1836 

April  4t,h 

December  7th 

247 

1837  

March  28th 

December  13th.  

260 

1838  . 

March  19  th 

November  25th 

251 

1839  . 

ATarch  21st 

December  18  th 

272 

1840 

February  21st 

December  5th 

288 

1841  

ATarch  24th 

December  19th.  

270 

1842 

February  4tli 

November  29tli 

298 

CLIMATOLOGY 


415 


Dates  of  Opening-  and  Closing  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  Albany, 
and  the  Number  of  Days  of  Navigation— Continued. 


SEASONS. 

RIVER  FREE  FROM  ICE. 

RIVER  CLOSED  BY  ICE. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1843 

April  13th 

December  9th... 

240 

1844  

March  14th 

December  11th 

272 

1845 

February  24th  

December  4t,h 

283 

1846 

March  15  th 

December  15th 

275 

1847 

April  6th 

1 December  24th 

262 

1848 

March  22d 

December  27th... 

280 

1849 

March  19  th 

December  25t,h.... 

281 

1850 

March  9th 

December  17  th 

283 

1851 

February  25th  

December  13th 

291 

1852 

March  28th 

December  22H 

269 

1853 

March  21st. 

December  21st 

275 

1854 

March  17th 

December  8th 

266 

1855 

March  20th 

December  20th 

275 

1856 

April  10th 

December  16th 

250 

1857 

February  27  th 

December  27th . . 

303 

1858 

March  20th 

December  18  th.. 

273 

1859 

March  13th., 

December  10th 

272 

1860 

March  6th 

December  1 4th  

283 

1861 

March  5th 

December  23d 

293 

1862 

April  4th 

December  19  th 

259 

1863  

April  3d 

December  11th  .. 

252 

1864 

March  11th 

December  12th 

276 

1865  

March  2 2d 

December  16th.  .. 

269 

1866  

March  20th 

December  15th 

270 

1867 

March  26th.  

December  8th.  . 

257 

1868  

March  24th 

December  5th.  . 

256 

1869 

April  5th 

December  9th 

248 

1870 

March  31st 

December  1 7 th 

261 

1871 

March  12th 

November  29tli 

262 

416  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  Albany,, 
and  the  Number  of  Days  of  Navigation — Continued. 


SEASONS. 

RIVER  FREE  FROM  ICE. 

RIVER  CLOSED  BY  ICE. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1872 

April  7th 

December  9th 

246 

1873 

April  1 6t,li 

November  22d 

220 

1874 

March  19th 

December  12th 

268 

1875. 

April  13th 

November  29th. 

230 

1876  

April  1st 

December  2d 

245 

1877 

March  30th 

December  31st 

276 

1878 

March  14th 

December  20th 

281 

1879 

April  4tli 

December  20th 

260 

1880 

March  5th 

November  25th 

265 

1881 

March  21st, 

January  2d,  (1882); 

287 

1882 

March  8th 

December  4th 

272 

1883  

March  29th 

December  15th 

261 

1884 

March  25th.  

December  19th. 

269 

1885 

April  7tli 

December  13th.  

250 

1886  ... 

March  30th 

December  3d 

248 

1887 

April  9th 

December  20th. 

255 

1888  . 

April  5th 

CLIMATOLOGY. 


417 


Dates  of  Closing  of  Navigation  on  the  Delaware  River  since 

1872. 


YEAR. 

CLOSING. 

YEAR. 

CLOSING. 

1872 

December  1st. 

1880 

December  11th. 

1873 

January  15th,  1874. 

1881 

January  4th,  1882. 

1874 

December  30th. 

1882 

December  20th. 

1875 

December  19tli. 

1883 

December  25th. 

1876 

December  10th. 

1884 

December  20th. 

1877  % 

January  3d,  1878. 

1885 

January  10th,  1886. 

1878 

December  23d. 

1886 

December  6th. 

1879 

December  31st. 

1887 

December  29th. 

The  above  dates  were  kindly  furnished  by  Capt.  II.  E.  Melville, 
Superintendent  of  the  Philadelphia  city  ice  boats,  who  states  in  his 
letter  of  transmittal  “ that  the  Delaware  river  is  not  closed  by  ice,  as 
the  ice  boats  are  maintained  by  the  city  of  Philadelphia  to  keep  it 
open.  The  dates  are  those  when  the  river  was  sufficiently  obstructed 
by  ice  to  warrant  the  city  ice  boats  being  placed  in  commission,  since 
the  year  1872.  They  are  generally  in  commission  until  the  middle 
of  February,  with  a few  exceptional  seasons.” 


2b 


418  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY, 


Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on  Delaware  and 
Raritan  Canal,  from  1834  to  1888. 


YEAR. 

OPENING. 

CLOSING. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1834  

August  20th 

December  1 5th 

117 

1835 

March  16th 

1836 

April  18th 

1837 

April  20th 

1838 

April  10th 

1839 

March  15th 

1841 

April  5th 

1842 

March  28th 

1843  

May  1st 

1845.... 

March  18th 

1846 

A pri  1 1 5th 

1847 

March  5th 

1848 

March  20th 

December  25th 

280 

1849 

M arch  1 5th 

December  20th 

280 

1850  

March  11th 

December  28  th 

292 

1851 

March  14th 

December  20th 

281 

1852 

March  15  th 

December  24th 

284 

1853 

April  4th 

1854 

March  1st 

1855  

F*  ebruary  1 5th 

December  25th 

313 

1856 

March  28th 

December  25th 

272 

1857  

March  12  th 

January  10th  (1858) 

304 

1858 

December  25th 

1859 

March  15  th 

December  24th 

284 

I860  

March  20th 

December  24th 

279 

1861 

March  21st  

December  20tli 

274 

1862  ... 

M arch  20th 

December  20tli , 

275 

1863  . 

M a.rch  1 Oth 

December  25th 

290 

1864 

March  8th 

December  17  th 

1 284 

CLIMATOLOGY. 


419 


Dates  of  Opening-  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on  Delaware  and 
Raritan  Canal,  from  1834  to  1888— Continued. 


YEAR. 

OPENING. 

CLOSING. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1865  . 

March  14th 

December  23d 

284 

1866 

March  15  th 

December  18tli 

278 

1867  

March  18th 

December  20th 

277 

1868  

March  23d 

December  19th 

271 

1869  . 

March  10th 

December  25t,h 

290 

1870  

March  10th 

December  24th 

289 

1871  

March  13th. 

December  15th 

277 

1872  

March  15th 

December  15th 

275 

1873 

March  17th 

December  20th 

278 

1874  

[March  16th 

December  19th...  

278 

1875  

1 March  22d 

December  24th 

277 

1876 

I March  20th 

December  20th. 

275 

1877 

March  19  th 

December  22d 

278 

1878 

March  18th 

December  21st 

278 

1879  

March  17  th 

December  20th 

278 

1880  

March  15th 

December  18th 

278 

1881 

March  21st 

December  20th. 

274 

1882  

March  6th 

December  20th.  . 

289 

1883  

March  12th 

December  20th 

288 

1884  

March  10  th 

December  20th 

285 

1885  

March  16th 

December  1 9th 

278 

1886  

March  15th 

December  20tli 

280 

1887  

March  14th 

December  19th 

280 

1888 

March  12th 

1 

420  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


Dates  of  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on  Morris  Canal,, 

from  1869  to  1887. 


YEAR. 

OPENING. 

CLOSING. 

NO.  OF 
DAYS 
OPEN. 

1869 

March  25th 

December  6tli 

256 

1870  

March  28th 

December  6th 

253 

1871  

April  1st 

December  5th 

248 

1872  

April  9th 

December  4th 

239 

1873 

April  9th 

November  27  th 

232 

1874  

March  23d 

November  27th 

249' 

1875 

April  9th 

December  7th 

242 

1876 

April  7th  

December  1st..  

238 

1877  

March  26th  

December  5tli 

254 

1878  

March  20th 

December  6th 

261 

1879  

March  29th  ... 

December  5th 

251 

1880  

March  23d 

November  27th 

249- 

1881 

March  28th  ... 

December  10th 

257 

1882  

M a rch  29t,h 

November  29th 

245’ 

1883  

April  2d 

December  8th 

250 

1884  

March  29t,h  

December  8th.. 

254 

1885  

April  13th 

December  11th 

242 

1886 

March  29th  

December  4th 

250 

1887 

December  2d 

245 

April  1st,  j 

CLIMATOLOGY. 


421 


First-Frost  Notes. 

The  first-frost  notes  at  Rio  Grande,  Cape  May  county,  New  Jer- 
sey, since  1882,  are  recorded  as  follows  : 


1882  November  3d. 

1883  October  3d. 

1884  October  10th. 

1887  September  26th. 

1888  October  4tli. 


The  following  statement  relating  to  dates  of  first  killing  frosts  is 
taken  from  the  “ United  States  Signal  Service  Weather  Review,”  for 
July,  1888. 


STATION. 

Number  of  years’  record. 

AVERAGE 

DATE. 

EARLIEST 

DATE. 

LATEST 

DATE. 

Number  of  variations 
from  the  average  of 
10  days  or  more. 

Per  cent,  of  variations 
of  less  than  10  days. 

Dover 

5 

September  19tli. 

September  10th. 

October  1st... 

1 

80 

South  Orange... 

18 

October  20th.... 

October  5th 

November  3d. 

5 

72 

Readington  .... 

13 

October  4th 

September  14th. 

November  3d. 

5 

62 

Rillingsport 

( 

October  16th... 

October  3d.  

November  3d. 

3 

57 

INDEX. 


INDEX. 


A.  PAGE. 

Accuracy  of  Triangulation 12 

Act  Concerning  Boundary  Line,  1764 46 

1876 61 

Supplement  to,  1881 61 

to  Complete  the  Geological  Survey 3 

Adirondacks,  The 113 

Alamuche-Pohatcong  Range...... 149 

Allegheny  Mountain 115 

Angles,  Measurement  of 11 

Anti-Cyclones,  Movement  of 360 

Appalachian  Region,  Boundaries  of. 112 

Apple-Pie  Hill 170 

Archaean  Highlands,  Disturbance  of  Needle 300 

Areas,  County 95 

Lakes  and  Ponds 109 

Summary  of. 94 

Tidal  Waters Ill 

Township.  96-108 

Arney’s  Mount 172 

Arthur  Kill  161,163 

Assistants  Employed 6 

Atlantic  City  as  a Winter  Resort 353 

Temperature  of,  Compared  with  Philadelphia..  350 

Coast,  or  Seashore  Belt,  Climatology 347-354 

as  a Summer  Resort 352 

Influence  of  the  Ocean 347 

Limits  of 347 

Sea-Beaches,  Climate  of , 349 

Stations  for  Observations 348 

Temperature  Compared  with  other  Sections 349 

Atmospheric  Precipitation 362-378 

B. 

Barnegat  Bay 180 

Inlet.. 180 

Barometric  Pressure 359-362 

High,  Characteristics  of. 360 

Low,  Accompanied  by  Rain 360 

Variation  in 359 


(425) 


26 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Barren  Ridge 167 

Beacon  Hill . 16$ 

Beans,  Thomas  J.,  Table  of  Frosts  at  Moorestown 345- 

Bearfort  Mountain 141, 144 

Bear  Swamp ...  173 

Beaver  Brook 129 

Valley „ 139 

Run  Valley 128 

Belleville  Mountain 144 

Bernardsville,  Sandstone  and  Trap  Ridge  near 158 

Bench-Marks,  List  of.. 231-297 

Atlantic  County..., 232 

Bergen  County.. 235 

Burlington  County 238 

Camden  County 239 

Cape  May  County,.... 241 

Cumberland  County 242 

Essex  County 244 

Gloucester  County 245 

Hudson  County 246 

Hunterdon  County 247 

Mercer  County.  248 

Middlesex  County 249' 

Monmouth  County 252 

Morris  County 257 

Ocean  County 260 

Passaic  County 262 

Salem  County 263- 

Somerset  County 264 

Sussex  County &. 266 

Union  County 270 

Warren  County 271 

Bien,  Julius  & Co 8 

Billingsport,  First  Killing  Frost  at 421 

Black  Dome,  North  Carolina,  Elevation  of. 113 

Meadows 159 

River  Valley 140 

Blue  Ridge  Mountains 113 

Board  of  Managers,  List  of  Members 5 

Bog-and-Vly  Meadows 157 

Boundaries 40-89 

Boundary  Commission  of  1719 45 

1767 48 

Minority  Report  of. 51 

Report  of 49' 

of  1833 74 

1881 62: 


INDEX. 


427 


PAGE. 

Boundary  Commission,  Agreement  of. 69 

Report  of. 62 

of  1886 78 

Agreement  of.. 79 

Joint  Resolution  Authorizing 78 

Eastern,  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York 73-81 

Northern,  between  New  Jersey  and  New  York 44-73 

Southwestern,  between  New  Jersey  and  Delaware 81-84 

Western,  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 84-89 

Bowling  Green  Mountain 142 

Bow’ser,  Prof.  Edward  A 6 

Report  on  Geodetic  Survey 10-13 

Buckabear  Pond 142 

Budd’s  Lake....". 134, 146 

Drift  Dam  at 117 

Budd,  Thomas,  Note  on  Climate,  1685 384 

Bull’s  Island 168 


C. 

Cakepoulin  Creek 167 

Cape  May,  Climate  of,  Tabular  Record.. 401 

Temperature  of,  Compared  with  Other  Stations 351 

Total  Air  Movement  at 359 

Catfish  Pond  Gap. 121 

Catskill  Mountains.. 114 

Cat  Swamp  Mountain 149 

Cedar  Pond 142 

Central  Highland  Plateau 143-147 

Passaic  Valley 159 

Charts,  Rain 366 

Chatham,  Trap  Ridges  near 158 

Chronological  Notes  of  the  Weather 403-412 

Clay  and  Marl  Region 172 

Climate,  Definition  of. 325 

Different  Types  of. 325 

Diversities  of,  in  New  Jersey 326 

Elements  of. 325 

Lack  of  Periodicity  in 380 

Note  Concerning,  in  1648 383 

Permanency  of. 379 

Climatic  Divisions  of  New  Jersey 326 

Climatology 325-421 

Clove,  Definition  of  the  Term 114 

Collection  of  Magnetic  Declinations 301 

Colony  of  New  Jersey,  Early  Map  of. 42 

Contents,  Table  of. vii 


428 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Copperas  Mountain 138 

Corson’s  Inlet 180 

Counties,  Formation  of. 91 

Crawford’s  Corner,  Elevation  of  Hill  near 169 

Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Plain 169-172 

Culver’s  Gap 121 

Temperature  at 333 

Pond 123 

Cumberland  Valley 114 

Curves  of  Temperature,  Plate  1 329 

Explanation  of. 328 

Cushetunk  Mountain 166 

D. 

Dates  of  Hudson  River  Navigation.... 413 

Datum  Plane  of  Reference , 4,  231 

Decennial  Values  of  Magnetic  Declination 319 

Declination,  Magnetic,  Decennial  Values  of 319 

Distribution  of. 298 

Rate  of  Increase  of. 299 

Secular  Change  of 319 

T)eclinations,  Magnetic,  Collection  of. 301-317 

Atlantic  County . 302 

Bergen  County 302 

Burlington  County... 303 

Camden  County 304 

Cape  May  County . 305 

Cumberland  County 305 

Essex  County 306 

Gloucester  County 306 

Hudson  County 307 

Hunterdon  County 308 

Mercer  County 309 

Middlesex  County 309 

Monmouth  County 310 

Morris  County 311 

Ocean  County 312 

Passaic  County . 313 

Salem  County 313 

Somerset  County 313 

Sussex  County 314 

Union  County 316 

Warren  County 316 

Deductions  from  Magnetic  Observations 301 

Deflection  of  the  Needle  Eastward  in  Kittatinny  Valley , 300 

Westward 299 


INDEX. 


429 


PAGE. 

Delaware  and  New  Jersey  Boundary 81-84 

River,  Closing  of  Navigation  on  the 417 

Fall  of. 118 

Water  Gap 121 

and  Raritan  Canal,  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on,  418-419 

Denbrook  Valley 139 

Denmark  Pond 138 

Dips  and  Intensities,  Magnetic 318 

Direction  of  Winds,  Mean 355 

Prevailing 354,356 

Disturbances  and  Storms,  Magnetic 322 

of  Needle  near  Trap  Ridges 299 

Diurnal  Variation,  Solar 321 

Divergence  of  Isothermal  Lines 330 

Divisions  of  New  Jersey,  Climatic 326 

Political  89-93 


Dover,  First  Killing  Frosts  at 421 

Temperature  at 334 

Drainage  Systems  and  Public  Water-Supply 188-199 

Droughts  and  Extreme  Precipitation 373-377 

Dunes,  Sand 179 


E. 

Easton,  Extreme  Temperatures  at 334 

Elevation,  Effect  of,  on  Temperature 332 

Elevations  of  Bench-Marks,  List  of. 232-275 

Prominent  Points,  List  of. 276-297 

Atlantic  County 276 

Bergen  County 276 

Burlington  County... 278 

Camden  County 279 

Cape  May  County 280 

Cumberland  County 280 

Essex  County 281 

Gloucester  County 282 

Hudson  County 283 

Hunterdon  County 283 

Mercer  County. 285 

Middlesex  County 286 

Monmouth  County.. 286 

Morris  County..... 287 

Ocean  County 289 

Passaic  County 290 

Salem  County 291 

Somerset  County 292 


430 


INDEX. 


Elevations  of  Prominent  Points,  List  of—  Continued.  page. 

Sussex  County 292 

Union  County 295 

Warren  County 295 

Elevations  of  Tide-Marsh,  High,  Mean,  and  Low  Water 183-187 

Extreme  Length  and  Breadth  of  State.. 39 

P. 

First- Frost  Notes ; 421 

Mountain 153 

Flatbrook  Valley 119 

Ford  and  Schofield  Mines 145 

Formation  of  Counties 91 

Foul  Rift 131 

Franklin  Furnace  Mines 148 

Freehold,  Temperature  at 343 

Frontier,  Length  of. 40 

Frosts  at  Billingsport 421 

Dover  421 

Moorestown,  Table  of... 345 

Readington 421 

Rio  Grande , 421 

South  Orange... 421 

Vineland,  Table  of. 346 

G. 

Geodetic  Stations. 14 

Latitude  and  Longitude  of 15-38 

Geodetic  Survey 10-38 

Geographical  Positions,  Table  of. 15-38 

Monuments  13 

Office  Work . 12 

Reconnoissance 10 

Triangulation 11 

Geological  Reports 2 

Geographical  Position  of  New  Jersey 39 

Positions,  Table  of 15-38 

Atlantic  County 15,34 

Bergen  County 16,34 

Burlington  County 16,  34 

Camden  County 18, 35 

Cape  May  County * 19,  35 

Cumberland  County  ..., 20,35 

Essex  County 23,36 

Gloucester  County 23,  36 

Hudson  County 24 


INDEX. 


431 


Geographical  Positions,  Table  of—  Continued.  page. 

Hunterdon  County 25, 36 

Mercer  County 26,  36 

Middlesex  County 26,  37 

Monmouth  County 27,  37 

Morris  County 29,  37 

Ocean  County 29, 37 

Passaic  County 30,  37 

Salem  County 30, 37 

Somerset  County 32,  38 

Sussex  County 32,38 

Union  County 33,38 

Warren  County 34,  38 

German-Longwood  Valley 140-143 

Germany  Flats 126 

Glacial  Action,  Effect  of,  on  Topography 116 

Glacier,  Movement  of. 116 

Southern  Limit  of 116 

Goat  Hill . 167 

Goffle 154 

Goshen,  N.  Y.,  Temperature  at 334 

Governors  of  New  Jersey  since  1864 4 

Gravel  Hill 167 

Terraces  along  Delaware  River 118 

Great  Appalachian  Valley 113 

Bay 181 

Egg  Harbor  Bay... 181 

Notch 154 

Piece  Meadows 159 

Swamp 158 

Green  Brook 155 

Mountains 112 

Pond 134,138 

Drift  Dam  at 117 

Pond  Mountain 138, 141 

Greenwich,  Temperature  of. 347 

Greenwood  Lake. 136,140 

Gulf  Stream,  Influence  on  Temperature 350 


H. 

Hackensack  Valley 162-164 

Hamburg  Mountain 144 

Hank’s  Pond. 142 

Hanover  Neck 160 

Harker’s  Hollow 151 

Hibernia  Iron  Mines 138 


432 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Highlands  and  Kittatinny  Valley,  Climatology 331-336- 

Attractions  as  a Summer  Resort..  333,  335 

Elevations  in 331 

Nature  of  Surface 331 

of  Navesink 169' 

Physical  Description 113, 132-135 

Elevation  of. 133 

Extent  of. 132 

Percentage  of  Forest 134 

Southeastern  Slope  of. 133 

High  Mountain 153; 

Point,  Elevation  of.. 120 

Historical  Notes  of  Weather  Phenomena 383-387 

Hohokus  Creek 163 

Hominy  Hills 174 

Hook  Mountain 157 

Hoosic  Mountains 112 

Hopatcong,  Lake. 134,145 

Hudson  Range 135 

River,  Opening  and  Closing  of  the 413-416- 

Valley  of. 112 

Humidity,  Relative 360-362 

Effect  on  Temperature. 361 

Influence  on  Vegetation 361 

Seaside  compared  with  Inland 362: 

Hunterdon,  West,  Sandstone  Plateau 167 

Hygrometer 361 

I. 

Imperfections  of  Needle  Instruments 323: 

Instruments  used  in  Magnetic  Survey 298 

Intensities  and  Dips,  Magnetic 318 

Indian  Summer 341 

Ingram,  Dr.  J.,  Table  of  Frosts  at  Vineland 346- 

Introduction... 1-9 

Island  Beach 179 

Isogonic  Chart,  Preparation  of 299 

Isothermal  Line  of  36° 351 

Lines,  Divergence  of. 3301 


J. 

January  Thaw 341 

Jenny  Jump  Mountain 125, 127 

Jurisdiction,  Limits  of 43-44 


INDEX. 


433 


PAGE. 

K. 

Kalm,  Peter,  Notes  on  Climate 384 

Kanouse  Mountain 137, 141 

Katahdin,  Mount,  Maine,  Elevation  of. 112 

Keith,  George,  East  and  West  Jersey  Line 45 

Kill  Van  Kull 161,  163 

Kitchell,  Dr.  William 1 

Kittatinny  Mountain,  Elevation  and  Extent  of. 120 

Percentage  Cultivated 122 

Valley 122-132 

Deflection  of  Needle  Eastward 300 

Elevation  of. 123 

Nature  of  Soil  of 123 

Products  of. 132 

Width  and  Limits  of. 122 

L. 

Lake  Erie,  Elevation  of. 112 

Lakewood  as  a Winter  Resort 353 

Lambertville  and  Newark  Temperature  Records 340 

Latitude  and  Longitude  of  Geodetic  Stations 15-38 

Lawrence’s  Brook 173 

Length  of  Frontier 40 

State,  Extreme 39 

Levels,  Primary,  Objects  of. 231 

Limits  of  Jurisdiction 43 

Little  Egg  Harbor  Bay 180 

Long  Beach 179 

Hill 158 

Pond 123 

Longhouse  Brook ... 144 

Lubber’s  Run 148 


M. 

McGann,  E.  W.,  United  States  Signal  Service 8 

Macopin  Lake 137, 142 

Madison,  Thickness  of  Drift  at 160 

Magnetic  Declination,  Decennial  Values  of 319 

Secular  Change  of 319 

Declinations,  Collection  of. 301 

Dips  and  Intensities 318 

Disturbances  and  Storms 322 

Observations,  Deductions  from 301 

Survey 298-324 

Mahwah  Valley 161 


2c 


434 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Managers,  Board  of,  List  of  Members 5- 

Manasquan  River 174 

Marble  Mountain 151 

Marcia,  Lake,  Elevation  of. 120 

Marcy,  Dr.  S.  S.,  Climate  of  Cape  May 352 

Mount,  Elevation  of. 113 

Marl  and  Clay  Region 172 

Mean  Direction  of  Winds 355 

Temperatures,  Deductions  from 328 

Difference  in  North  and  South  Jersey 330 

Method  of  Obtaining.  328 

Range  of. 328 

Table  of. 327 

Measurement  of  Angles 11 

Meridian,  Methods  of  Determining.. 298 

Middle  Brook 155 

Forge  Pond 138 

Mile-Stones  on  Northern  Boundary :...  64 

Millbrook  Valley 119 

Mine  Mountain 140 

Minisink  Valley 117-119 

Minutes  of  Proprietors,  Extracts  from 52,  57 

Moggy  Hollow 156 

Mohawk  Valley 113 

Mohepinoke,  Mount 127 

Monroe  County,  Pa.,  Elevation  of  Plateau  in - 118 

Montville,  Glacial  Drift  about 157 

Monuments  for  Elevations 231 

Geodetic 13 

Moorestown,  Table  of  Frosts  at 345 

Moraine,  Terminal 116 

Morris,  Lewis,  Record  concerning  Boundary 44 

Morris  Canal,  Opening  and  Closing  of  Navigation  on 420 

Pond 148 

Mossman’s  Brook 144 

Mountain  View,  Gap  at 157 

Mount  Canoe  , 168 

Freedom 139 

Holly 172 

Hope  Iron  Mines 138 

Horeb 155- 

Laurel 172 

N. 

Navesink  Highlands... 169- 

River  173 


INDEX. 


435 


PAGE. 


Needle  Instruments,  Imperfection  of 323 

Newark  and  Lambertville,  Temperature  at 340 

Climate  of,  Tabular  Record 400 

New  Brunswick,  Tornado  at,  1835 358 

Jersey  as  a Colony,  Boundary  of. 40 

O. 

Observations,  Magnetic,  Number  of. 299 

Deductions  from 301 

Ocean  County,  Percentage  of  Cleared  Land 176 

Ogden  Mines 145 

Ogdensburg,  Ridge  of  Gravel  at 147 

Ohio  River  at  Pittsburgh,  Elevation  of. 112 

Orange  Mountain , 154 

Otter,  Peaks  of,  Virginia,  Elevation  of. 113 

Overpeck  Creek 164 

Oxford  Furnace  Mines 151 


P. 

Palisades  Mountain 161 

Effect  on  Needle 300 

Papakating  Valley... 128 

Parsippany,  Rainfall  at,  March,  1875 365 

Passaic  Range 136-140 

Valley  and  Watchung  Mountains 153-161 

Paterson,  Rainfall  at,  March,  1881.. 365 

Paulinskill  Basin 126 

Peck  man’s  Brook 154 

Pequannock  River 137,141 

Pequest  Drainage  Basin 126 

Permanency  of  Climate 379-383 

Philadelphia,  Temperature  of,  compared  with  Atlantic  City 350 

Physical  Description  of  New  Jersey 39-199 

Pike  County,  Pa.,  Elevation  of  Plateau  in 118 

Pimple  Hill  Ridge 125 

Pine  Hill,  near  Clementon. 170 

Manalapan 170 

Plains 173-178 

Pochuck  Meadows... 125 

Mountain 124 

Pocono  Mountain 114 

Pohatcong  Mountain  150 

Valley 150 

Political  Divisions  and  Areas 89-112 

Pompton  Plains 157 

Ridge  of  Trap  near 157 


436 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Pompton  River 157 

Population  at  Different  Periods,  Table  of. 202 

Causes  of  Increase  in 208 

Elements  of. 203 

Growth  of,  by  Counties 207 

History  of. 200 

Movement  of. 205 

Native  and  Foreign-Born 204 

Port  Jervis,  Average  Temperature 332 

Preakness  Mountain 153 

Precipitation,  Atmospheric... 362-378 

Amounts  of. 365 

Conditions  which  Control... 362 

Courses  of  Storms 363 

Forms  of. 363 

Snow,  Varying  Amount  of. 364 

Storms,  Velocity,  Duration,  etc 363 

Prevailing  Direction  of  Winds 354,  356 

Proprietors  of  East  Jersey,  Extracts  from  Minutes 52,  57 

R. 

Ragged  Ridge 151 

Rahway  River.. 154,164 

Rain  and  Melted  Snow,  Table  of.. 368,  392-399 

Explanation  of  Table 391 

Charts 366> 

Rainfall,  Comparison  of  Several  Stations 371 

Effect  of  Clearing  away  Forests 382 

Extreme,  Table  of. 374 

Fluctuations  in 373 

Increase  of,  in  going  Southeast 370 

Mean  Annual 370 

Variation  in 375 

Ramapo  River  Valley 135, 153 

Raritan,  Valley  of  the 164-167 

Readington,  First  Killing  Frosts  at 421 

Temperature  at 339- 

Reconnoissance  for  Geodetic  Survey 10 

Difficulty  of. 11 

Red  Sandstone  Plain,  Physical  Description 152-153 

Climatology  337-342 

Limits  of. 337 

Mean  Annual  Temperature 339 

Number  of  Inhabitants 339- 

Range  of  Temperature 340 

Slope  of. 337 

Surface,  Nature  of. 337 


INDEX. 


437 


PAGE. 

Relative  Humidity 360-362 

Riker  Hill 159 

Rio  Grande,  First-Frost  Notes  at 421 

Ringwood  Iron  Mines 136 

Rockaway  River  Valley 139 

Rogers,  Prof.  Henry  D... 1 

Roseville  Mine 149 

Round  Pond 121 

Valley 166 

Rudyard,  Thomas,  Note  on  Climate,  1683 384 


S. 

Saddle  River 163 

Sand  Pond,  Elevation  of 120 

Sandy  Hook 179 

Total  Air  Movement  at 359 

Sanitary  Relations . 378 

Schofield  Mine 145 

Schooley’s  Mountain 143,146 

Scott’s  Mountain 130, 151 

Sea  Breezes 356-359 

Seasons,  Division  of 341 

Second  Mountain 153 

Secular  Change  of  Magnetic  Declination 319 

Seven-Mile  Beach 179 

Shark  River  Bay 174 

Shawangunk  Mountain 114 

Shrewsbury  River 173 

Smoky  or  Unaka  Mountains 113 

Snow 364,377 

Solar  Diurnal  Variation 321 

Sourland  Mountain ..  167-169 

Southern  Interior,  Climatology 342-347 

Compared  with  Red  Sandstone  Plain 344 

Effect  of  Soil  on  Temperature 343 

Limits  and  Elevation  of. 342 

Range  of  Temperature 343 

Soil,  Nature  of. 342 

South  Orange,  First  Killing  Frosts  at 421 

South  River  Valley 173 

Sparkill  Creek 161, 164 

Sparta  and  Musconetcong  Valleys 147 

Spruce  Run 146 

Staten  Island,  Moraine  Hills  of. 161 

Sterling  Hill  Zinc  Mines 148 

Iron  Mines 136 


438 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Stony  Brook..  155 

Storms,  Courses  and  Velocities  of 363 

Duration  of. , 364 

Magnetic 322 

Succasunna  Plains 143 

Summary  of  Areas.. 94 

Swartswood  Lake 124 


T. 

Table  of  Contents 

Taghkanic  Mountains,  Elevation  of 

Tanner’s  Brook 

Temperature 

Extreme,  Table  of. 

Mean  a.  m.,  p.  m.  and  Midnight. 

Minimum,  Lower  on  Hills 

Table  of,  Explanation  of 

Terminal  Monument,  Description  of. 

Moraine 

Terraces,  Gravel,  along  Delaware  River 

Territorial  Boundaries 

Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  Plain 

Thunder  Storms 

Tidal  Observations  at  Sandy  Hook 

Plain 

Tide  Gauge  at  Sandy  Hook 

Titles  of  the  Atlas  Sheets 

Titsworth,  Prof.  A.  A 

Topographical  Description 

Topographic  Survey 

Tornado  at  New  Brunswick,  1835 

Towakhow  or  Hook  Mountain 

Township  Areas 

Trenton,  Rainfall  near,  August  24th,  1877...., 

Triangulation,  Geodetic  Survey 

Accuracy  of. 

Tri  States  Rock,  Latitude  and  Longitude  of. 

Troy  Meadows 

Tuxedo  Lake 

U. 

Unaka  or  Smoky  Mountains 


vii 

112 

140 

326-354 

390 

402 

335 

388 

66 

116 

118 

41 

1G9-172 

364 
4 

178-183 

182 

9 

10 

112-183 

2 

358 

157 

96-108 

365 
11 
12 
39 

159 

136 


113 


V. 


Variation,  Solar  Diurnal 

Vineland,  Table  of  Frosts  at, 


321 

346 


INDEX. 


439 


PAGE. 

W. 

Wallkill  Drainage  Basin 126 

Wallpack  Ridge 119 

Wanaque  Valley.. 135 

Washington,  Mount,  N.  H.,  Elevation  of. 112 

Washington  Valley — 155 

Watchung  Mountains  and  Passaic  Valley 153-161 

WaterPower 195-198 

Sheds,  Areas  of 190-195 

Supply  and  Drainage  Systems 1SS-199 

Wawayanda  Lake  and  Mountain 144 

Weather,  Chronological  Notes  of 403-412 

West  Hunterdon  Sandstone  Plateau 167 

Whippany  River  Valley 140,160 

White  Lake 124 

Width  of  State,  Extreme 39 

Winbeam  Mountain 137 

Winds 354-359 

Mean  Direction  of. 355 

Prevailing  Direction  of. 354,  356 

Sea  Breezes 356 

i Total  Air  Movement 359 

Velocities  of. 358 

Wright’s  Pond 149 


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